1
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Schoeggl Toledano A, Bitai J, Covini D, Karolyi-Oezguer J, Dank C, Berger H, Gollner A. Synthesis of Indazoles via N-N Bond-Forming Oxidative Cyclization from 2-Aminomethyl-phenylamines. Org Lett 2024; 26:1229-1232. [PMID: 38315455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein we report a method for the synthesis of indazoles from readily available 2-aminomethyl-phenylamines via N-N bond-forming oxidative cyclization. Inspired by indazole formation initially observed as a side product by N. Coskun et al. we developed a robust protocol to access indazoles in all three tautomeric forms. The method selectively gives access to various 2-substituted 2H-indazoles which are frequently used in drug design, and we also demonstrated its applicability to less studied 3H-indazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schoeggl Toledano
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacqueline Bitai
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Covini
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jale Karolyi-Oezguer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dank
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Berger
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Ramharter J, Kulhanek M, Dettling M, Gmaschitz G, Karolyi-Oezguer J, Weinstabl H, Gollner A. Synthesis of MDM2-p53 Inhibitor BI-0282 via a Dipolar Cycloaddition and Late-Stage Davis–Beirut Reaction. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:2526-2531. [PMID: 36032359 PMCID: PMC9396656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
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Herein, we report
the structure and synthesis of the potent MDM2-p53
inhibitor BI-0282. The complex spirooxindole scaffold bearing four
stereocenters embedded in a rigid polycyclic ring-system was effectively
prepared on a multi-gram scale in only five synthesis steps employing
a three-component 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and a late-stage Davis–Beirut
reaction as key steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juergen Ramharter
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Kulhanek
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maike Dettling
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Gmaschitz
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jale Karolyi-Oezguer
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Weinstabl
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gollner
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Dr. Boehringer-Gasse 5-11, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Li D, Zhang W, Zhu L, Yin S, Kambe N, Qiu R. FeO(OH)@C-Catalyzed Selective Hydrazine Substitution of p-Nitro-Aryl Fluorides and their Application for the Synthesis of Phthalazinones. ChemistryOpen 2022; 11:e202200023. [PMID: 35585033 PMCID: PMC9117154 DOI: 10.1002/open.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient hydrazine substitution of p-nitro-aryl fluorides with hydrazine hydrates catalyzed by FeO(OH)@C nanoparticles is described. This hydrazine substitutions of p-nitro-aryl fluorides bearing electron-withdrawing groups proceeded efficiently with high yield and selectivity. Similarly, hydrogenations of p-nitro-aryl fluorides containing electron-donating groups also smoothly proceeded under mild conditions. Furthermore, with these prepared aryl hydrazines, some phthalazinones, interesting as potential structures for pharmaceuticals, have successfully been synthesized in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingzhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Longzhi Zhu
- Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics (CBOP) & College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Lab of Optoelectronics Devices and systems of Ministry of Education/Guangdong ProvinceShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Shuang‐Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan UniversityChangsha410082P. R. China
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4
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Tabey A, Vemuri PY, Patureau FW. Cross-dehydrogenative N-N couplings. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14343-14352. [PMID: 34880984 PMCID: PMC8580018 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03851f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively high electronegativity of nitrogen makes N-N bond forming cross-coupling reactions particularly difficult, especially in an intermolecular fashion. The challenge increases even further when considering the case of dehydrogenative N-N coupling reactions, which are advantageous in terms of step and atom economy, but introduce the problem of the oxidant in order to become thermodynamically feasible. Indeed, the oxidizing system must be designed to activate the target N-H bonds, while at the same time avoid undesired N-N homocoupling as well as C-N and C-C coupled side products. Thus, preciously few intermolecular hetero N-N cross-dehydrogenative couplings exist, in spite of the central importance of N-N bonds in organic chemistry. This review aims at analyzing these few rare cases and provides a perspective for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Tabey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Pooja Y Vemuri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Frederic W Patureau
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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5
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Hu W, Yuan Y, Wang CH, Tian HT, Guo AD, Nie HJ, Hu H, Tan M, Tang Z, Chen XH. Genetically Encoded Residue-Selective Photo-Crosslinker to Capture Protein-Protein Interactions in Living Cells. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Diverse Chemistries of Highly Reactive Nitroso Intermediates in Heterocycle Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2256-2265. [PMID: 31328502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles because of their excellent performance in biologically relevant applications, such as in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. In these applications, convenient synthesis using commercially available and diverse building blocks is highly desirable. Within this broad class, 2H-indazoles are relatively underexploited when compared to 1H-indazole, perhaps because of regioselectivity issues associated with the synthesis of 2H-indazoles. This Account describes our unfolding of the synthetic utility of the Davis-Beirut reaction (DBR) for the construction of 2H-indazoles and their derivatives; parallel unfoldings of mechanistic models for these interrelated N-N bond forming reactions are also summarized. The Davis-Beirut reaction is a robust method that exploits the diverse chemistries of a key nitroso imine or nitroso benzaldehyde intermediate generated in situ under redox neutral conditions. The resulting N-N bond-forming heterocyclization between nucleophilic and electrophilic nitrogens can be leveraged for the synthesis of multiple classes of indazoles and their derivatives, such as simple or fused indazolones, thiazolo-indazoles, 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles, 2H-indazole N-oxides, and 2H-indazoles with various substitutions on the ring system or the nitrogens. These diverse products can all be synthesized under alkaline conditions and the various strategies for accessing these heterocycles are discussed. Alternatively, we have also developed methods involving mild photochemical conditions for the nitrobenzyl → aci-nitro → nitroso imine sequence. Solvent consideration is especially important for modulating the chemistry of the reactive intermediates in these reactions; the presence of water is critically important in some cases, but water's beneficial effect has a ceiling because of the alternative reaction pathways it enables. Fused 2H-indazoles readily undergo ring opening reactions to give indazolones when treated with nucleophiles or electrophiles. Furthermore, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, the Sonagashira reaction, EDC amide coupling, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile oxides, copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (click reaction), as well as copper-free click reactions, can all be used late-stage to modify 2H-indazoles and indazolones. The continued development and applications of the Davis-Beirut reaction has provided many insights for taming the reactivity of highly reactive nitro and nitroso groups, which still has a plethora of underexplored chemistries and challenges. For example, there is currently a limited number of nonfused 2H-indazole examples containing an aryl substitution at nitrogen. This is caused by relatively slow N-N bond formation between N-aryl imine and nitroso reactants, which allows water to add to the key nitroso imine intermediate causing imine bond cleavage to be a competitive reaction pathway rather than proceeding through the desired N-N bond-forming heterocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
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7
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Kraemer N, Li CJ, Zhu JS, Larach JM, Tsui KY, Tantillo DJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: A Photochemical Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Route to N-Aryl 2 H-Indazoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:6058-6062. [PMID: 31339318 PMCID: PMC6698363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Davis-Beirut reaction provides access to 2H-indazoles from aromatic nitro compounds. However, N-aryl targets have been traditionally challenging to access due to competitive alternate reaction pathways. Previously, the key nitroso imine intermediate was generated under alkaline conditions, but as reported here, the photochemistry of o-nitrobenzyl alcohols empowered Brønsted acid catalyzed conditions for accessing N-aryl targets. Anilines and alkyl amines give different outcomes under optimized conditions; the proposed mechanism was studied using quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Clarabella J. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Julio M. Larach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ka Yi Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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8
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Yang T, Lu H, Qiu R, Hong L, Yin S, Kambe N. Photocatalyst‐free Synthesis of Indazolones under CO
2
Atmosphere. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1436-1442. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Huiai Lu
- College of BiologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Renhua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
- Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ling Hong
- College of BiologyHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 Hubei P. R. China
| | - Shuang‐Feng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
| | - Nobuaki Kambe
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and ChemometricsCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHunan University Changsha 410082 P. R. China
- Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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9
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Nie HJ, Guo AD, Lin HX, Chen XH. Rapid and halide compatible synthesis of 2- N-substituted indazolone derivatives via photochemical cyclization in aqueous media. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13249-13253. [PMID: 35520758 PMCID: PMC9063774 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02466b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward protocol for the rapid construction of privileged indazolone architectures suggests a new avenue of great importance to medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Nie
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center
- College of Sciences Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - An-Di Guo
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
| | - Hai-Xia Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Innovative Drug Research Center
- College of Sciences Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Xiao-Hua Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Receptor Research
- Synthetic Organic & Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
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10
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Liu S, Xu L, Wei Y. One-Pot, Multistep Reactions for the Modular Synthesis of N,N′-Diarylindazol-3-ones. J Org Chem 2018; 84:1596-1604. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xin-jiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Liang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xin-jiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yu Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xin-jiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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11
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Zhu JS, Kraemer N, Li CJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Photochemical Preparation of 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-ones in Aqueous Solvent at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15493-15498. [PMID: 30468072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
o-Nitrosobenzaldehyde is a reactive intermediate useful in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. Previous strategies for using o-nitrosobenzaldehyde involve its isolation via chromatography and/or formation under harsh conditions. Herein, this intermediate was photochemically generated in situ from o-nitrobenzyl alcohols in a mild, efficient manner for the construction of 1,2-dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-ones using an aqueous solvent at room temperature. This convenient reaction offers several advantages over reported methods. The commercially available photoreactor employed 3 × 18 W bulbs outputting broad emission above 365 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clarabella J Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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12
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Zhu JS, Kraemer N, Shatskikh ME, Li CJ, Son JH, Haddadin MJ, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. N-N Bond Formation between Primary Amines and Nitrosos: Direct Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indazolones with Mechanistic Insights. Org Lett 2018; 20:4736-4739. [PMID: 30067041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A concise, one-step route to indazolones from primary alkyl amines and o-nitrobenzyl alcohols is reported. The key step in this readily scalable indazolone forming process involves base-mediated in situ o-nitrobenzyl alcohol → o-nitrosobenzaldehyde conversion. Although this functional group interconversion is known to be useful for 2 H-indazole synthesis, its reactivity was modulated for indazolone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Marina E Shatskikh
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clarabella J Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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13
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Zhu JS, Son JH, Teuthorn AP, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ, Tantillo DJ. Diverting Reactive Intermediates Toward Unusual Chemistry: Unexpected Anthranil Products from Davis-Beirut Reaction. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10875-10882. [PMID: 28922917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new variation on the Davis-Beirut reaction is described in which an atypical heterocyclic framework (the anthranil or benzo[c]isoxazole framework) is formed as the result of diversion of a key reactive intermediate away from its expected reactivity-a potentially general approach to reaction design and development. Experimental and computational support for the proposed mechanism and origins of altered reactivity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew P Teuthorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
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14
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Remennikov GY. Synthesis of fused pyrazoles via intramolecular cyclization of appropriately ortho-substituted nitroarenes and nitroheteroarenes. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Huang J, Chen Z, Yuan J, Peng Y. Recent Advances in Highly Selective Applications of Nitroso Compounds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiapian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules; Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Ziyang Road 99 Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules; Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Ziyang Road 99 Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules; Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Ziyang Road 99 Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 P. R. China
| | - Yiyuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules; Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; Jiangxi Normal University; Ziyang Road 99 Nanchang Jiangxi 330022 P. R. China
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16
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Guzei IA, Miles KC. Ab initio X-ray structural characterization of an inclusion compound with a compositionally disordered chiral guest: no prior knowledge of the crystal composition. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2016; 72:179-83. [PMID: 26942426 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616001972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure and absolute configuration of a molecular host/guest/impurity inclusion complex were established unequivocally in spite of our having no prior knowledge of its chemical composition. The host (4R,5R)-4,5-bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane, (I), displays expected conformational features. The crystal-disordered chiral guest 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one, (II), is present in the crystal 85.1 (4)% of the time. It shares a common site with 4a-hydroperoxymethyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one, (III), present 14.9 (4)% of the time, which is the product of autoxidation of (II). This minor peroxide impurity was isolated, and the results of nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, and X-ray fluorescence studies are consistent with the proposed structure of (III). The complete structure was therefore determined to be (4R,5R)-4,5-bis(hydroxydiphenylmethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one-4a-hydroperoxymethyl-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydronaphthalen-2(3H)-one (1/0.85/0.15), C31H30O4·0.85C10H14O·0.15C10H14O3, (IV). There are host-host, host-guest, and host-impurity hydrogen-bonding interactions of types S and D in the solid state. We believe that the crystals of (IV) were originally prepared to establish the chirality of the guest (II) by means of X-ray diffraction analysis of host/guest crystals obtained in the course of chiral resolution during cocrystallization of (II) with (I). In spite of the absence of `heavy' elements, the absolute configurations of all anomeric centres in the structure are assigned as R based on resonant scattering effects.
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17
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Gaikwad DD, Chapolikar AD, Devkate CG, Warad KD, Tayade AP, Pawar RP, Domb AJ. Synthesis of indazole motifs and their medicinal importance: an overview. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:707-31. [PMID: 25506810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Indazoles is an important class of heterocyclic compounds having a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical applications. There is enormous potential in the synthesis of novel heterocyclic systems to be used as building blocks for the next generation of pharmaceuticals as anti-bacterial, anti-depressant and anti-inflammatory. Fused aromatic 1H and 2H-indazoles are well recognized for anti-hypertensive and anti-cancer properties. The present review focuses on novel routes of their synthesis and various biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambar D Gaikwad
- Dept. of Chemistry, Govt. College of Arts & Science, Aurangabad 431001, India.
| | | | | | - Khandu D Warad
- Dept. of Chemistry, Govt. College of Arts & Science, Aurangabad 431001, India
| | - Amit P Tayade
- Dept. of Chemistry, Govt. College of Arts & Science, Aurangabad 431001, India
| | | | - Abraham J Domb
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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18
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Farber KM, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut reaction: route to thiazolo-, thiazino-, and thiazepino-2H-indazoles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6939-45. [PMID: 25019525 PMCID: PMC4120971 DOI: 10.1021/jo501014e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Methods for the construction of thiazolo-,
thiazino-, and thiazepino-2H-indazoles from o-nitrobenzaldehydes or o-nitrobenzyl bromides
and S-trityl-protected
1°-aminothioalkanes are reported. The process consists of formation
of the requisite N-(2-nitrobenzyl)(tritylthio)alkylamine,
subsequent deprotection of the trityl moiety with TFA, and immediate
treatment with aq. KOH in methanol under Davis–Beirut reaction
conditions to deliver the target thiazolo-, thiazino-, or thiazepino-2H-indazole in good overall yield. Subsequent S-oxidation gives the corresponding sulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Farber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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19
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Synthesis, biological evaluation and chemometric analysis of indazole derivatives. 1,2-Disubstituted 5-nitroindazolinones, new prototypes of antichagasic drug. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:214-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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20
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Avila B, El-Dakdouki MH, Nazer MZ, Harrison JG, Tantillo DJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Acid and base catalyzed Davis-Beirut reaction: experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies and synthesis of novel 3-amino-2H-indazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:6475-6478. [PMID: 23139435 PMCID: PMC3489190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Davis-Beirut reaction, which provides an efficient synthesis of 2H-indazoles and, subsequently, indazolones, is shown to proceed rapidly from o-nitrosobenzaldehyde and primary amines under both acid or base catalysis. Experimental and theoretical evidence in support of a reaction mechanism is provided in which o-nitrosobenzylidine imine is a pivotal intermediate in this N,N-bond forming heterocyclization reaction. The Davis-Beirut reaction is also shown to effectively synthesize a number of novel 3-amino-2H-indazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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21
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Conrad WE, Rodriguez KX, Nguyen HH, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. A one-pot-three-step route to triazolotriazepinoindazolones from oxazolino-2H-indazoles. Org Lett 2012; 14:3870-3. [PMID: 22823414 PMCID: PMC3427757 DOI: 10.1021/ol3015804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot-three-step method has been developed for the conversion of oxazolino-2H-indazoles into triazolotriazepinoindazolones with three points of diversity. Step one of this process involves a propargyl bromide-initiated ring opening of the oxazolino-2H-indazole (available by the Davis-Beirut reaction) to give an N(1)-(propargyl)-N(2)-(2-bromoethyl)-disubstituted indazolone, which then undergoes -CH(2)Br → -CH(2)N(3) displacement (step two) followed by an uncatalyzed intramolecular azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (step three) to form the target heterocycle. Employing 7-bromooxazolino-2H-indazole allows for further diversification through, for example, palladium-catalyzed coupling chemistry, as reported here.
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22
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Li C, Zhang T, Zeng Z, Liu X, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Feng Y. A New Route to Indazolone via Amidation Reaction of o-Carboxyazobenzene. Org Lett 2012; 14:479-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ol203020x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhe Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiujun Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yaqing Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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23
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Preparation of new imidazol-2-yl-(amino)methylphosphonates, phosphinates and phosphine oxides and their unexpected cleavage under acidic conditions. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Wallace DJ, Baxter CA, Brands KJM, Bremeyer N, Brewer SE, Desmond R, Emerson KM, Foley J, Fernandez P, Hu W, Keen SP, Mullens P, Muzzio D, Sajonz P, Tan L, Wilson RD, Zhou G, Zhou G. Development of a Fit-for-Purpose Large-Scale Synthesis of an Oral PARP Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/op2000783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debra J. Wallace
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Carl A. Baxter
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Karel J. M. Brands
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Nadine Bremeyer
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Sarah E. Brewer
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Richard Desmond
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Khateeta M. Emerson
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Jennifer Foley
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Paul Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck and Co., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Weifeng Hu
- WuXi APPTec (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Stephen P. Keen
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Peter Mullens
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - Daniel Muzzio
- Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck and Co., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Peter Sajonz
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Robert D. Wilson
- Global Process Chemistry, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Hertford Road, Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire EN11 9BU, U.K
| | - George Zhou
- Department of Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck and Co., Rahway, New Jersey, 07065, USA
| | - Guoyue Zhou
- WuXi APPTec (Shanghai) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
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25
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Conrad WE, Fukazawa R, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. The Davis-Beirut reaction: N1,N2-disubstituted-1H-indazolones via 1,6-electrophilic addition to 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles. Org Lett 2011; 13:3138-41. [PMID: 21612219 DOI: 10.1021/ol2010424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A variety of electrophiles (anhydrides, acid chlorides, carbonochloridates, sulfonyl chlorides, and alkyl bromides) react with 3-methoxy-2H-indazole (1a), benzoxazin[3,2-b]indazole (1d), and oxazolino[3,2-b]indazole (1e) - substrates available by the Davis-Beirut reaction - to yield a diverse set of N(1),N(2)-disubstituted-1H-indazolones. With certain electrophiles, an AERORC (Addition of the Electrophile, Ring Opening, and Ring Closure) process on indazole 1d results in indazoloindazolone formation. An intriguing aspect of these N(1),N(2)-disubstituted-1H-indazolones is that they are poised for diversification through, for example, azide-alkyne cycloaddition chemistry reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne E Conrad
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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26
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Michalska J, Boduszek B, Olszewski TK. New quinoline-2, -3, and 4-yl-(amino) methylphosphonates: Synthesis and study on the CP bond cleavage in quinoline-2 and -4 derivatives under acidic conditions. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Avila B, Solano DM, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Facile syntheses of novel benzo-1,3-dioxolo-, benzothiazolo-, pyrido-, and quinolino-fused 5H-benzo[d]-pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]-oxazines and 1H-pyrazoles. Org Lett 2011; 13:1060-3. [PMID: 21294577 DOI: 10.1021/ol103108z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of novel benzo-1,3-dioxolo-, benzothiazolo-, pyrido-, and quinolino-fused 5H-benzo[d]pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]-oxazines and 1H-pyrazoles were synthesized utilizing an easy and effective N,N-bond forming heterocyclization reaction. In so doing, the substrate scope of this heterocyclization reaction, which starts with o-nitroheterocyclic aldehydes, was expanded to provide several unique heterocyclic compounds for biological screening. This work further demonstrates the versatility of this simple, base-mediated, one-pot heterocyclization method in the construction of novel heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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28
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Synthesis of new thiazole-2, -4, and -5-yl-(amino)methylphosphonates and phosphinates: unprecedented cleavage of thiazole-2 derivatives under acidic conditions. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Dou G, Shi D. Efficient and Convenient Synthesis of Indazol-3(2H)-ones and 2-Aminobenzonitriles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1073-7. [DOI: 10.1021/cc9001058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guolan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Daqing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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30
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Oakdale JS, Solano DM, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. An oxazolo[3,2-b]indazole route to 1H-indazolones. Org Lett 2009; 11:2760-3. [PMID: 19505119 DOI: 10.1021/ol900891s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The novel heterocycle 2,3-dihydrooxazolo[3,2-b]indazole has been synthesized and utilized to provide easy access to 1H-indazolones, particularly the previously unreported 2-(2-alkoxyethyl)-1H-indazol-3(2H)-ones. Mechanistic as well as optimization and reaction scope studies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Oakdale
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax: +49‐5323‐722858
| | - Ariane Beutler
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax: +49‐5323‐722858
| | - Bohdan Snovydovych
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, 38678 Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany, Fax: +49‐5323‐722858
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32
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Doskocz M, Roszak S, Majumdar D, Doskocz J, Gancarz R, Leszczynski J. Theoretical Studies on the Mechanism of C−P Bond Cleavage of a Model α-Aminophosphonate in Acidic Condition. J Phys Chem A 2007; 112:2077-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0762370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Doskocz
- Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Szczepan Roszak
- Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - D. Majumdar
- Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Doskocz
- Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Roman Gancarz
- Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Computational Center for Molecular Structure and Interactions, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, and Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
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33
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Mills AD, Maloney P, Hassanein E, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Synthesis of a library of 2-alkyl-3-alkyloxy-2H-indazole-6-carboxamides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 9:171-7. [PMID: 17206845 DOI: 10.1021/cc060109o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A library of 200 2-alkyl-3-alkyloxy-2H-indazole-6-carboxamides was synthesized using parallel solution-phase methods. The indazole cyclization reaction was optimized for library production with the best yields resulting from controlled alcohol/water solvent ratios. The key step, a heterocyclization reaction, proceeds by N,N-bond formation and delivers the 2H-indazole scaffold. Automated preparative HPLC was utilized to provide pure compounds on a 10+ mg scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-5295, USA
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34
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Correa A, Tellitu I, Domínguez E, SanMartin R. An advantageous synthesis of new indazolone and pyrazolone derivatives. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Peters MV, Stoll RS, Goddard R, Buth G, Hecht S. On the Illusive Nature of o-Formylazobenzenes: Exploiting the Nucleophilicity of the Azo Group for Cyclization to Indazole Derivatives. J Org Chem 2006; 71:7840-5. [PMID: 16995694 DOI: 10.1021/jo061288z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Facile rearrangement of azobenzenes is shown to occur in cases where the azo group is placed in the ortho position to carbonyl electrophiles to furnish the indazole skeleton. While this study demonstrates the illusive nature of o-formylazobenzenes, it offers potential for the synthesis of indazoles and related heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike V Peters
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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36
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Mills AD, Nazer MZ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. N,N-Bond-Forming Heterocyclization: Synthesis of 3-Alkoxy-2H-indazoles. J Org Chem 2006; 71:2687-9. [PMID: 16555821 DOI: 10.1021/jo0524831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A one-step heterocyclization of o-nitrobenzylamines to 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles is reported. The electronic nature of the nitrophenyl group, the steric and electronic nature of the R1-functionalized benzylic amine, and the nature of the alcoholic solvent affect the efficiency of this heterocyclization reaction (approximately 40-90%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Mills
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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