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Savinova OS, Solyev PN, Fedorova TV, Kochetkov SN, Savinova TS. Comparative analysis of the white rot fungus Trametes hirsuta 072 laccases ability to modify 17β-oestradiol in the aqueous medium. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2085034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga S. Savinova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel N. Solyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Fedorova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Savinova
- “F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene” of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing Russian Federation, Mytishchi, Russia
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2
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Babic GM, Markovic SD, Varjacic M, Djordjevic NZ, Nikolic T, Stojic I, Jakovljevic V. Estradiol decreases blood pressure in association with redox regulation in preeclampsia. Clin Exp Hypertens 2017; 40:281-286. [PMID: 28920713 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2017.1368538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested a hypothesis that a short-term estradiol therapy may reduce blood pressure in preeclampsia by modulating plasma oxidative stress. The intramuscular injections of 10 mg 17-beta-estradiol were prescribed to preeclamptic pregnant women during the 3-day therapy before a labor induction. The analyses of mean arterial pressure (MAP), serum estradiol concentrations, plasma superoxide anion (O2.), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrites (NO2-), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) were conducted before and during the therapy. We found that the plasma concentrations of oxidative stress markers, such as O2- and H2O2, are higher in preeclampsia and positively correlated with the MAP value. Moreover, it was shown that the plasma concentration of NO2- as an indicator of NO levels is higher in preeclampsia. A short-term intramuscular application of estradiol decreases the MAP value and the plasma concentration of O.-, H2O2, NO2-, and ONOO- in preeclampsia. A positive correlation between the decrease of MAP values and the decrease of plasma concentrations of O2-, H2O2, and ONOO- was found in preeclampsia during a short-term estradiol therapy. We conclude that the short-term estradiol therapy decreases the MAP value in preeclampsia by modulating the plasma oxidative stress. We speculate that the estradiol metabolism in preeclampsia is an important mechanism that contributes to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran M Babic
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Clinical Centre "Kragujevac" , Serbia
| | - Snezana D Markovic
- c Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Mirjana Varjacic
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Clinical Centre "Kragujevac" , Serbia
| | - Natasa Z Djordjevic
- d Department of Biomedical Sciences , State University of Novi Pazar , Novi Pazar , Serbia
| | - Tamara Nikolic
- e Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Isidora Stojic
- e Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- f Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences , University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia.,g Department of Human Pathology , 1st Moscow State Medical University IM Sechenov , Moscow , Russia
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3
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Arenas-González A, Mendez-Delgado LA, Merino-Montiel P, Padrón JM, Montiel-Smith S, Vega-Báez JL, Meza-Reyes S. Synthesis of monomeric and dimeric steroids containing [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. Steroids 2016; 116:13-19. [PMID: 27692994 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of several monomeric and dimeric steroidal [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines (TPs) derived from steroids are described. These derivatives were prepared from α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds through a Claisen Schmidt condensation and rearrangement of the spiro moiety followed by a cycloaddition with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. The antiproliferative activity of compounds 7, 13-15 was tested against human cancer cells; several IG50 values were below 10μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailed Arenas-González
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Mendez-Delgado
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - Penélope Merino-Montiel
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - José M Padrón
- BioLab, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González" (IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, C/ Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Sara Montiel-Smith
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico
| | - José Luis Vega-Báez
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
| | - Socorro Meza-Reyes
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 72570 Puebla, Pue., Mexico.
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4
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Qin C, Troya D, Shang C, Hildreth S, Helm R, Xia K. Surface catalyzed oxidative oligomerization of 17β-estradiol by Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:956-964. [PMID: 25496116 DOI: 10.1021/es504815t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With widespread detection of endocrine disrupting compounds including hormones in wastewater, there is a need to develop cost-effective remediation technologies for their removal from wastewater. Previous research has shown that Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite is effective in quickly transforming phenolic organic compounds such as pentachlorophenol, phenolic acids, and triclosan via surface-catalyzed oligomerization. However, little is known about its effectiveness and reaction mechanisms when reacting with hormones. In this study, the reaction kinetics of Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite catalyzed 17β-estradiol (βE2) transformation was investigated. The transformation products were identified using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and their structures were further confirmed using computational approach. Rapid βE2 transformation in the presence of Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite in an aqueous system was detected. The disappearance of βE2 follows first-order kinetics, while the overall catalytic reaction follows the second-order kinetics with an estimated reaction rate constant of 200 ± 24 (mmol βE2/g mineral)(−1) h(–1). The half-life of βE2 in this system was estimated to be 0.50 ± 0.06 h. βE2 oligomers were found to be the major products of βE2 transformation when exposed to Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite. About 98% of βE2 were transformed into βE2 oligomers which are >10(7) times less water-soluble than βE2 and, therefore, are much less bioavailable and mobile then βE2. The formed oligomers quickly settled from the aqueous phase and were not accumulated on the reaction sites of the interlayer surfaces of Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite, the major reason for the observed >84% βE2 removal efficiency even after five consecutive usages of the same of Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite. The results from this study clearly demonstrated that Fe(3+)-saturated montmorillonite has a great potential to be used as a cost-effective material for efficient removal of phenolic organic compounds from wastewater.
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Meister AC, Encinas A, Sahin H, Singer EMC, Nising CF, Nieger M, Bräse S. Total Synthesis of Blennolide Mycotoxins: Design, Synthetic Routes and Completion. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lloret L, Eibes G, Moreira MT, Feijoo G, Lema JM. Removal of estrogenic compounds from filtered secondary wastewater effluent in a continuous enzymatic membrane reactor. Identification of biotransformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4536-4543. [PMID: 23544499 DOI: 10.1021/es304783k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel and efficient technology based on the use of an oxidative enzyme was developed to perform the continuous removal of estrogenic compounds from polluted wastewaters. A 2 L enzymatic membrane reactor (EMR) was successfully operated for 100 h with minimal requirements of laccase for the transformation of estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2)from both buffer solution and real wastewater (filtered secondary effluent). When the experiments were performed at high and low concentrations of the target compounds, 4 mg/L and 100 μg/L, not only high removal yields (80-100%) but also outstanding reduction of estrogenicity (about 84-95%) were attained. When the EMR was applied for the treatment of municipal wastewaters with real environmental concentrations of the different compounds (0.29-1.52 ng/L), excellent results were also achieved indicating the high efficiency and potential of the enzymatic reactor system. A second goal of this study relied on the identification of the transformation products to elucidate the catalytic mechanism of estrogens' transformation by laccase. The formation of dimers and trimers of E1, E2, and EE2, as well as the decomposition of E2 into E1 by laccase-catalyzed treatment, has been demonstrated by liquid chromatography atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (LC-APCI) analysis and confirmed by determination of accurate masses through liquid chromatography electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-TOF). Dimeric products of E2 and EE2 were found even when operating at environmental concentrations. Moreover, the reaction pathways of laccase-catalyzed transformation of E2 were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lloret
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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New oxidative decomposition mechanism of estradiol through the structural characterization of a minute impurity and its degradants. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 78-79:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Lista L, Pezzella A, Manini P, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. Atropodiastereoselectivity in solid state BINOL synthesis: leads from the estradiol platform. Steroids 2012; 77:630-4. [PMID: 22366073 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel functionalized steroidal BINOL scaffold is produced via a remarkable sequence of dehydrogenation, chlorination and atroposelective phenolic coupling steps. Its formation is straightforwardly obtained in a one-step synthesis under solid state conditions and in the absence of chiral additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Lista
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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Raeside JI, Christie HL. Diaryl dimers of estradiol and of estrone may be formed as major metabolites by mouse mammary glands. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:469-72. [PMID: 20875396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a novel estrogen metabolite by mammary tissues was investigated. Polar and nonpolar metabolites of endogenous estrogens are formed in liver and other tissues. Polar products such as the catechol estrogens are implicated in tumorigenesis in breast tissue, whereas a nonpolar metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol, may be protective. Diaryl ether dimers, as a novel form, have been reported as nonpolar products from liver microsomes. We have noted major amounts of nonpolar metabolites in other tissues that were neither 2-methoxyestrogens nor estrogen fatty acid esters. The possible formation of such novel metabolites by breast tissues from adult nulliparous mice with [(3)H]-labeled estrogens as substrates was considered. Steroids were recovered from media by solid-phase extraction and profiles were obtained from HPLC (acetonitrile:water). Saponification was done with an internal standard of estradiol stearate. Major amounts of nonpolar metabolites were formed in all instances, with one or two principal peaks. Alkaline hydrolysis had no effect on the nonpolar product(s) but released estradiol from its stearate. Strong acid treatment also had no effect as shown by HPLC. Thus, it is suggested that diaryl dimers of estrogens may be formed as major metabolites by mouse mammary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Raeside
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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The antioxidative effect of estradiol therapy on erythrocytes in women with preeclampsia. Reprod Toxicol 2010; 29:231-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Revised: 10/25/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Mao L, Lu J, Habteselassie M, Luo Q, Gao S, Cabrera M, Huang Q. Ligninase-mediated removal of natural and synthetic estrogens from water: II. Reactions of 17beta-estradiol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2599-2604. [PMID: 20230031 DOI: 10.1021/es903058k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated in our earlier work that a few natural and synthetic estrogens can be effectively transformed through reactions mediated by lignin peroxidase (LiP). The behaviors of such reactions are variously influenced by the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and/or veratryl alcohol (VA). Certain white rot fungi, e.g. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, produce VA as a secondary metabolite along with LiP in nature where NOM is ubiquitously present. Herein, we report a study on the products resulting from LiP-mediated oxidative coupling reactions of a representative estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2), and how the presence of NOM and/or VA impacts the formation and distribution of the products. A total of six products were found, and the major products appeared to be oligomers resulting from E2 coupling. Our experiments revealed that these products likely formed colloidal solids in water that can be removed via ultrafiltration or settled during ultracentrifugation. Such a colloidal nature of the products could have important implications in their treatability and environmental transport. In the presence of VA, the products tended to shift toward higher-degree of oligomers. When NOM was included in the reaction system, cross-coupling between E2 and NOM appeared to occur. Data obtained from E-SCREEN test confirmed that the estrogenicity of E2 can be effectively eliminated following sequential reactions mediated by LiP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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12
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Deng ZS, Li JX, Teng P, Li P, Sun XR. Biocatalyzed Cross-Coupling of Sinomenine and Guaiacol by Antrodiella semisupina. Org Lett 2008; 10:1119-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ol800024u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Shuang Deng
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China and Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Li
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China and Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Peng Teng
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China and Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Peng Li
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China and Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ru Sun
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China and Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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Lista L, Manini P, Napolitano A, Pezzella A, d'Ischia M. Practical one-pot conversion of 17beta-estradiol to 10beta-hydroxy- (p-quinol) and 10beta-chloro-17beta-hydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one. Steroids 2006; 71:670-3. [PMID: 16730767 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-pot procedure for the preparation of 10beta,17beta-dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (p-quinol, 1, 75%) is reported, involving oxidation of 17beta-estradiol with potassium permanganate. Similar treatment of 17beta-estradiol with sodium chlorite led to 10beta-chloro-17beta-hydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (2) in 44% yield along with smaller amounts 4-chloro-10beta,17beta-dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (3), 2,10beta-dichloro-17beta-hydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (4), and 4,10beta-dichloro-17beta-hydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Lista
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2004. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, cholic acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 127 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex, UKBN1 9QJ
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Prokai L, Prokai-Tatrai K, Perjési P, Simpkins JW. Mechanistic insights into the direct antioxidant effects of estrogens. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Pezzella A, Lista L, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Oxidation of 17β-Estradiol: Structure Elucidation of the Products Formed beyond Catechol Estrogen Quinones. Chem Res Toxicol 2005; 18:1413-9. [PMID: 16167833 DOI: 10.1021/tx050060o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports a systematic characterization of the products formed by oxidation of 17beta-estradiol (1) with tyrosinase/O2 at low concentrations of physiological relevance. With the substrate at 1-10 nM concentration, the main reaction products included, beside the catechol estrogens 2-hydroxyestradiol (2) and 4-hydroxyestradiol (3), 6-oxo-2-hydroxyestradiol (4), 9,11-dehydro-2-hydroxyestradiol (6), 6,7-dehydro-2-hydroxyestradiol (7), and 9,11-dehydro-4-hydroxyestradiol (10). At higher estradiol concentrations, e.g., 1 microM, 6,7,8,9-dehydro-2-hydroxyestradiol (5) and the dimeric products 8 and 9 were also formed. The origin of these products from oxidative routes of 2 and 3 was established. Overall, the results of this study disclose novel aspects of the reactivity of 1 with the tyrosinase/O2 system and provide the first inventory of the oxidation products of catechol estrogen quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pezzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples Federico II Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, I-80126, Naples, Italy.
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Intra A, Nicotra S, Riva S, Danieli B. Significant and Unexpected Solvent Influence on the Selectivity of Laccase-Catalyzed Coupling of Tetrahydro-2-naphthol Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200505043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Pezzella A, Lista L, Napolitano A, d’Ischia M. An expedient one-pot entry to catecholestrogens and other catechol compounds via IBX-mediated phenolic oxygenation. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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