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Moreira L, Elvas-Leitão R, Martins F. The separation between solvent polarizability and solvent dipolarity: Revisiting the Kamlet-Abraham-Taft model equation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Catalán J. Solvatochromic correlation analysis of monomolecular SN1/E1 heterolysis reactions of tertiary haloalkanes. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Laurence C, Mansour S, Vuluga D, Legros J. Correlation analysis of solvent effects on solvolysis rates: What can the empirical parameters of solvents actually say? J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergui Mansour
- CNRS, COBRANormandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN Rouen France
| | - Daniela Vuluga
- CNRS, PBSNormandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN Rouen France
| | - Julien Legros
- CNRS, COBRANormandie Univ, INSA Rouen, UNIROUEN Rouen France
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Fandrick DR, Reinhardt D, Desrosiers JN, Sanyal S, Fandrick KR, Ma S, Grinberg N, Lee H, Song JJ, Senanayake CH. General and rapid pyrimidine condensation by addressing the rate limiting aromatization. Org Lett 2014; 16:2834-7. [PMID: 24818876 DOI: 10.1021/ol500886a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The rate limiting aromatization within the condensation approach toward pyrimidines utilizing amidines and activated olefins was addressed to provide for a general and rapid process. A strong solvent effect was elucidated to affect the rate for the initial alkoxide elimination from the intermediate Michael adduct wherein polar aprotic solvents demonstrate an addition controlled aromatization. Spectroscopic studies support a solvent dependent equilibrium between the amidine and alkoxide base wherein the rate for aromatization is optimal when the equilibrium toward the amidine anion was strongly favored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Fandrick
- Chemical Development, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road/P.O. Box 368, Ridgefield Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
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Dvorko GF, Ponomareva EA. Effect of nucleophilic solvent on the kinetic parameters of the reactions of unimolecular heterolysis. Mechanism of the covalent bond heterolysis. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363210080128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kevill DN, D'Souza MJ. Use of the Simple and Extended Grunwald-Winstein Equations in the Correlation of the Rates of Solvolysis of Highly Hindered Tertiary Alkyl Derivatives. CURR ORG CHEM 2010; 14:1037-1049. [PMID: 21243118 DOI: 10.2174/138527210791130505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The original Grunwald-Winstein equation (1948) involved the development of a scale of solvent ionizing power (Y). Subsequent work has refined this scale and involved the development of scales of solvent nucleophilicity (N) and a term to correct for deviations when aromatic rings are present, governed by the aromatic ring parameter (I). These three scales, and the sensitivities towards each, can be related to specific rates of solvolysis through linear free energy relationships (LFERs).One important area of application of LFERs has been to the solvolyses of tert-alkyl halides. It has been proposed that the solvolysis of tert-butyl chloride involves a nucleophilic component, although other workers have suggested that the effects observed are related to electrophilic not nucleophilic influences. Takeuchi (1997) studied a compound with two of the methyl groups of tert-butyl chloride replaced by neopentyl groups. For this highly-hindered substrate there was no evidence for nucleophilic participation. Liu (1998) and Takeuchi (2001) have reported concerning the solvolyses of additional significantly-hindered tertiary alkyl chlorides. Liu (2009) has presented a parallel study of bromides. Martins (2008) has considered hindered tertiary alkyl halides, mainly with carbon-carbon multiple bonds as substituents. It was proposed that the hI term was of importance, with the sensitivities (h) sometimes positive and sometimes negative. To explain negative values, it was suggested that the I scale might contain a nucleophilicity component. In this review, we bring together, with analysis and commentary, the work of Takeuchi, Liu, Martins and others concerning the solvolyses of tertiary alkyl halides, with emphasis on the relevance of the three scales that have been developed for use in Grunwald-Winstein correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N Kevill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115-2862, USA
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Lee YH, Seong MH, Lee ES, Lee YW, Won HS, Kyong JB, Kevill DN. Rate and Product Studies with 2-Methyl-2-Chloroadamantane under Solvolytic Conditions. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.5.1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dvorko GF, Vasil’kevich AI, Koshchii IV, Mikhal’chuk KV. Kinetics and mechanism of unimolecular heterolysis of cage-like compounds: XXI. Solvent effect on the realtive rate of heterolysis of 2-methyland 2-phenyl-2-haloadamantanes. Role of activation parameters. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s107042800909005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kevill DN, D'Souza MJ. Sixty Years of the Grunwald–Winstein Equation: Development and Recent Applications. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.3184/030823408x293189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of scales of values for solvent nucleophilicity and for the aromatic-ring parameter are described. These are applied to solvolytic addition to carbocations and, together with improved solvent ionising power scales, to solvolyses proceeding with a 1,2-aryl shift and to solvolytic displacements at acyl carbon and at a heteroatom, such as phosphorus or sulfur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis N. Kevill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, 60115-2862, USA
| | - Malcolm J. D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, Wesley College, 120 N. State Street, Dover, Delaware 19901-3875, USA
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Crowhurst L, Falcone R, Lancaster NL, Llopis-Mestre V, Welton T. Using Kamlet−Taft Solvent Descriptors To Explain the Reactivity of Anionic Nucleophiles in Ionic Liquids. J Org Chem 2006; 71:8847-53. [PMID: 17081015 DOI: 10.1021/jo0615302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the effect of ionic liquids on substitution reactions using a variety of anionic nucleophiles. We have combined new studies of the reactivity of polyatomic anions, acetate, trifuoroacetate, cyanide, and thiocyanide, with our previous studies of the halides in [C4C1py][Tf2N], [C4C1py][TfO], and [C4C1im][Tf2N] (where [C4C1im]+ is 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium and [C4C1py]+ is 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium) and compared their reactivities, k2, to the same reactions in the molecular solvents dichloromethane, dimethylsulfoxide, and methanol. The Kamlet-Taft solvent descriptors (alpha, beta, pi) have been used to analyze the rates of the reactions, which were found to have a strong inverse dependency on the alpha value of the solvent. This result is attributed to the ability of the solvent to hydrogen bond to the nucleophile, so reducing its reactivity. The Eyring activation parameters (DeltaH++ and DeltaS++), while confirming the reaction mechanism, do not offer obvious correlations with the Kamlet-Taft solvent descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Crowhurst
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Melo A, Alfaia AJI, Reis JCR, Calado ART. Unusual Solvent Effect on a SN2 Reaction. A Quantum-Mechanical and Kinetic Study of the Menshutkin Reaction between 2-Amino-1-methylbenzimidazole and Iodomethane in the Gas Phase and in Acetonitrile. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:1877-88. [PMID: 16471759 DOI: 10.1021/jp055660a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quaternization reaction between 2-amino-1-methylbenzimidazole and iodomethane was investigated in the gas phase and in liquid acetonitrile. Both experimental and theoretical techniques were used in this study. In the experimental part of this work, accurate second-order rate constants were obtained for this reaction in acetonitrile from conductivity data in the 293-323 K temperature range and at ambient pressure. From two different empirical equations describing the effect of temperature on reaction rates, thermodynamic functions of activation were calculated. In the theoretical part of this work, the mechanism of this reaction was investigated in the gas phase and in acetonitrile. Two different quantum levels (B3LYP/[6-311++G(3df,3pd)/LanL2DZ]//B3LYP/[6-31G(d)/LanL2DZ] and B3LYP/[6-311++G(3df,3pd)/LanL2DZ]//B3LYP/[6-31+G(d)/LanL2DZ]) were used in the calculations, and the acetonitrile environment was modeled using the polarized continuum model (PCM). In addition, an atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis was made aiming to characterize possible hydrogen bonding. The results obtained by both techniques are in excellent agreement and lead to new insight into the mechanism of the reaction under examination. These include the identification and thermodynamic characterization of the relevant stationary species, the rationalization of the mechanistic role played by the solvent and the amine group adjacent to the nucleophile nitrogen atom, the proposal of alternative paths on the modeled potential energy surfaces, and the origin of the marked non-Arrhenius behavior of the kinetic data in solvent acetonitrile. In particular, the AIM analysis confirmed the operation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between reactants and between products, both in the gas phase and in solution. It is also concluded that the unusual solvent effect on this Menshutkin reaction stems from the conjunction of a nucleophile possessing a relatively complex chemical structure with a dipolar aprotic solvent that is protophobic.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Melo
- REQUIMTE/Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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Bentley TW, Garley MS. Correlations and predictions of solvent effects on reactivity: some limitations of multi-parameter equations and comparisons with similarity models based on one solvent parameter. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Martínez AG, Teso Vilar E, Osío Barcina J, de la Moya Cerero S. Evidence for Different Types of Water Participation in the Solvolysis of 1-Adamantyl, tert-Butyl, and Methyl Chlorides from Density Functional Theory Computations. J Org Chem 2005; 70:10238-46. [PMID: 16323832 DOI: 10.1021/jo0512453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] The activation energy in the gas phase (deltaE(double dagger)) and the free energy of activation (deltaG(double dagger)) in water solution for the hydrolysis of the monohydrates of methyl chloride (MeCl), tert-butyl chloride (t-BuCl), and 1-adamantyl chloride (AdCl) have been computed with the B3LYP/631-G(d) method and the polarizable continuum (PCM) solvation model. There is a fair agreement between the deltaG(double dagger) values computed by us and the experimental data. The mechanistic implications of our computations are in severe contradiction with conventional representations. Thus, the computed nucleophilic solvent assistance (NSA) for the backside attack of a water molecule in the hydrolysis of MeCl is slightly lower than the corresponding NSA for t-BuCl. Hence, the hydrolysis of both MeCl and t-BuCl takes place mainly according to the classical S(N)2 mechanism. The most relevant difference is that deltaG(double dagger) for the frontside attack of water to t-BuCl is disfavored only by ca. 2 kcal/mol with regard to the backside attack but by ca. 23 kcal/mol in the case of MeCl. The higher solvolysis rate in water of t-BuCl in relation to AdCl is not due to steric factors affecting the specific solvation of the corresponding transition states, but to differential bulk solvent effects, which are accounted for by the PCM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García Martínez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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