1
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Lanteri D, Quattrosoldi S, Soccio M, Basso A, Cavallo D, Munari A, Riva R, Lotti N, Moni L. Regioselective Photooxidation of Citronellol: A Way to Monomers for Functionalized Bio-Polyesters. Front Chem 2020; 8:85. [PMID: 32117900 PMCID: PMC7031484 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photooxygenation reaction of bio-based double bond-containing substrates is proposed as sustainable functionalization of terpenes and terpenoids to transform them into polyoxygenated compounds to be employed for the synthesis of new bio-based polyesters. As proof of concept, citronellol 1 has been regioselectively converted into diol 4 using singlet oxygen (1O2), a traceless reagent that can be generated from air, visible light and zeolite supported-photosensitizer (Thionine-NaY). With our synthetic approach, diol 4 has been obtained in two-steps, with good regioselectivity, using green reagents such as light and air, and finally a solvent-free oxidation step. From this compound, a citronellol-based copolyester of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) has been synthesized and fully characterized. The results obtained evidence that the proposed copolymerization of PBS with the citronellol-based building blocks allows to obtain a more flexible and functionalizable material, by exploiting a largely available natural molecule modified through a green synthetic path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deianira Lanteri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Quattrosoldi
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Basso
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Munari
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Renata Riva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Moni
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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2
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Zaitceva O, Bénéteau V, Ryabukhin DS, Louis B, Vasilyev AV, Pale P. Zeolite‐promoted Synthesis of Coumarins and Thiocoumarins. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olesia Zaitceva
- Institut de Chimie UMR 7177University of Strasbourg and CNRS 4 rue B. Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
- Department of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State Forest Technical University 5 Institutskii per. Saint Petersburg 194021 Russia
| | - Valérie Bénéteau
- Institut de Chimie UMR 7177University of Strasbourg and CNRS 4 rue B. Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
| | - Dmitry S. Ryabukhin
- Department of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State Forest Technical University 5 Institutskii per. Saint Petersburg 194021 Russia
| | - Benoit Louis
- Institut de Chimie UMR 7177University of Strasbourg and CNRS 4 rue B. Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie l'Environnement et la SantéUniversité de Strasbourg 25 rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 Strasbourg France
| | - Aleksander V. Vasilyev
- Department of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State Forest Technical University 5 Institutskii per. Saint Petersburg 194021 Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University7/9 Universitetskaya Nab. Saint Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Patrick Pale
- Institut de Chimie UMR 7177University of Strasbourg and CNRS 4 rue B. Pascal Strasbourg 67000 France
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3
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DeHaven BA, Liberatore HK, Greer A, Richardson SD, Shimizu LS. Probing the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species by a Porous Self-Assembled Benzophenone Bis-Urea Host. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:8290-8298. [PMID: 31459915 PMCID: PMC6648088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we examine the photochemical formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a porous benzophenone-containing bis-urea host (1) to investigate the mechanism of photooxidations that occur within the confines of its nanochannels. UV irradiation of the self-assembled host in the presence of molecular oxygen generates both singlet oxygen and superoxide when suspended in solution. The efficiency of ROS generation by the host is lower than that of benzophenone (BP), which could be beneficial for reactions carried out catalytically, as ROS species react quickly and often unselectively. Superoxide formation was detected through reaction with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide in the presence of methanol. However, it is not detected in CHCl3, as it reacts rapidly with the solvent to generate methaneperoxy and chloride anions, similar to BP. The lifetime of airborne singlet oxygen (τΔairborne) was examined at the air-solid outer surface of the host and host·quencher complexes and suggests that quenching is a surface phenomenon. The efficiency of the host and BP as catalysts was compared for the photooxidation of 1-methyl-1-cyclohexene in solution. Both the host and BP mediate the photooxidation in CHCl3, benzene, and benzene-d 6, producing primarily epoxide-derived products with low selectivity likely by both type I and type II photooxidation processes. Interestingly, in CHCl3, two chlorohydrins were also formed, reflecting the formation of chloride in this solvent. In contrast, UV irradiation of the host·guest crystals in an oxygen atmosphere produced no epoxide and appeared to favor mainly the type II processes. Photolysis afforded high conversion to only three products: an enone, a tertiary allylic alcohol, and a diol, which demonstrates the accessibility of the encapsulated reactants to oxygen and the influence of confinement on the reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baillie A. DeHaven
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Hannah K. Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center
of City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Linda S. Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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4
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Prieto MJ, Klemm HW, Xiong F, Gottlob DM, Menzel D, Schmidt T, Freund H. Wasserbildung unter dünnen Silika‐Filmen: Echtzeitbeobachtung einer chemischen Reaktion in einem physikalisch eingegrenzten Raum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J. Prieto
- Abteilung Chemische Physik Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Hagen W. Klemm
- Abteilung Chemische Physik Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Chemical Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 Volksrepublik China
| | - Daniel M. Gottlob
- Abteilung Chemische Physik Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Abteilung Chemische Physik Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
- Physik-Department E20 Technische Universität München 85778 Garching Deutschland
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Abteilung Chemische Physik Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Abteilung Chemische Physik Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft Faradayweg 4–6 14195 Berlin Deutschland
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5
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Prieto MJ, Klemm HW, Xiong F, Gottlob DM, Menzel D, Schmidt T, Freund H. Water Formation under Silica Thin Films: Real-Time Observation of a Chemical Reaction in a Physically Confined Space. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:8749-8753. [PMID: 29663598 PMCID: PMC6055755 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Using low-energy electron microscopy and local photoelectron spectroscopy, water formation from adsorbed O and H2 on a Ru(0001) surface covered with a vitreous SiO2 bilayer (BL) was investigated and compared to the same reaction on bare Ru(0001). In both cases the reaction is characterized by moving reaction fronts. The reason for this might be related to the requirement of site release by O adatoms for further H2 -dissociative adsorption. Apparent activation energies (Eaapp ) are found for the front motion of 0.59 eV without cover and 0.27 eV under cover. We suggest that the smaller activation energy but higher reaction temperature for the reaction on the SiO2 BL covered Ru(0001) surface is due to a change of the rate-determining step. Other possible effects of the cover are discussed. Our results give the first values for Eaapp in confined space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J. Prieto
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Hagen W. Klemm
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Chemical PhysicsUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026P. R. China
| | - Daniel M. Gottlob
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Dietrich Menzel
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
- Physik-Department E20Technical University München85778GarchingGermany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
| | - Hans‐Joachim Freund
- Department of Chemical PhysicsFritz-Haber Institute of the Max-Planck SocietyFaradayweg 4–614195-BerlinGermany
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6
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Kong CJ, Fisher D, Desai BK, Yang Y, Ahmad S, Belecki K, Gupton BF. High throughput photo-oxidations in a packed bed reactor system. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6203-6208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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7
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Abramova I, Rudshteyn B, Liebman JF, Greer A. Computed Regioselectivity and Conjectured Biological Activity of Ene Reactions of Singlet Oxygen with the Natural Product Hyperforin. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:626-631. [PMID: 28052331 DOI: 10.1111/php.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperforin is a constituent of St. John's wort and coexists with the singlet oxygen sensitizer hypericin. Density functional theory, molecular mechanics and Connolly surface calculations show that accessibility in the singlet oxygen "ene" reaction favors the hyperforin "southwest" and "southeast" prenyl (2-methyl-2-butenyl) groups over the northern prenyl groups. While the southern part of hyperforin is initially more susceptible to oxidation, up to 4 "ene" reactions of singlet oxygen can take place. Computational results assist in predicting the fate of adjacent hydroperoxides in hyperforin, where the loss of hydrogen atoms may lead to the formation of a hydrotrioxide and a carbonyl instead of a Russell reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Abramova
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Benjamin Rudshteyn
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
| | - Joel F Liebman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY
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8
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Gandhi H, O'Reilly K, Gupta MK, Horgan C, O'Leary EM, O'Sullivan TP. Advances in the synthesis of acyclic peroxides. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28489b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarises the many developments in the synthesis of acyclic peroxides, with a particular focus on the past 20 years, and seeks to update organic chemists about these new approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
| | - K. O'Reilly
- Department of Chemistry
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
| | - M. K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
| | - C. Horgan
- Department of Chemistry
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
| | - E. M. O'Leary
- Department of Chemistry
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
| | - T. P. O'Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry
- University College Cork
- Cork
- Ireland
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
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9
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Kalay E, Kılıç H, Catir M, Cakici M, Kazaz C. Generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) from hydrogen peroxide decomposition by in situ generated hypervalent iodoarene reagents. PURE APPL CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2013-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA novel method for the production of singlet oxygen from H2O2 was developed. A combination of iodoarene (ArI), methyltrioxorhenium (MTO), and H2O2 in the presence of pyridine as the co-catalyst efficiently produced singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) under biphasic conditions. The existence of 1O2 was demonstrated by trapping experiments with aromatic dienes, 1,3-cyclodienes, and alkenes. The mechanism of 1O2 production from the iodoarene/MTO/35 % H2O2 system and the reaction scope was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbay Kalay
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hamdullah Kılıç
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Catir
- 2Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan University, 24100 Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Murat Cakici
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Cavit Kazaz
- 1Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
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10
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Chen YZ, Chen PZ, Peng HQ, Zhao Y, Ding HY, Wu LZ, Tung CH, Yang QZ. Water-soluble, membrane-permeable organic fluorescent nanoparticles with large tunability in emission wavelengths and Stokes shifts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:5877-9. [PMID: 23703464 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc41959b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Entrapment within surface-crosslinked micelles (SCMs) enhanced the emission of conventional hydrophobic fluorescent dyes, endowed them with excellent water solubility and membrane permeability, and greatly expanded the Stokes shifts without any covalent structural modification of the dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Zhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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11
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Geer MF, Walla MD, Solntsev KM, Strassert CA, Shimizu LS. Self-assembled benzophenone bis-urea macrocycles facilitate selective oxidations by singlet oxygen. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5568-78. [PMID: 23672574 DOI: 10.1021/jo400685u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript investigates how incorporation of benzophenone, a well-known triplet sensitizer, within a bis-urea macrocycle, which self-assembles into a columnar host, influences its photophysical properties and affects the reactivity of bound guest molecules. We further report the generation of a remarkably stable organic radical. As expected, UV irradiation of the host suspended in oxygenated solvents efficiently generates singlet oxygen similar to the parent benzophenone. In addition, this host can bind guests such as 2-methyl-2-butene and cumene to form stable solid host-guest complexes. Subsequent UV irradiation of these complexes facilitated the selective oxidation of 2-methyl-2-butene into the allylic alcohol, 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, at 90% selectivity as well as the selective reaction of cumene to the tertiary alcohol, α,α'-dimethyl benzyl alcohol, at 63% selectivity. However, these products usually arise through radical pathways and are not observed in the presence of benzophenone in solution. In contrast, typical reactions with benzophenone result in the formation of the reactive singlet oxygen that reacts with alkenes to form endoperoxides, diooxetanes, or hydroperoxides, which are not observed in our system. Our results suggest that the confinement, the formation of a stable radical species, and the singlet oxygen photoproduction are responsible for the selective oxidation processes. A greater understanding of the mechanism of this selective oxidation could lead to development of greener oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Geer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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12
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Tsukamoto D, Shiraishi Y, Hirai T. Highly Efficient Methyl Ketone Synthesis with Photoactivated Acetone and Olefins Assisted by Mg(II)-Exchanged Zeolite Y. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1450-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902321f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Tsukamoto
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shiraishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hirai
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan
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13
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Alkali metal cation exchanged Nafion as an efficient micro-environment for oxidation of olefins by singlet oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Fraile JM, García JI, Jiménez-Osés G, Mayoral JA, Roldán M. Surface Confinement Effects on Enantioselective Cyclopropanation. Reactions with Supported Chiral 8-Oxazolinylquinoline−Copper Complexes. Organometallics 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/om7010408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Fraile
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José I. García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José A. Mayoral
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Roldán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón and Instituto Universitario de Catálisis Homogénea, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza−CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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16
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Yardımcı ŞD, Kaya N, Balci M. Regioselectivity in the ene-reaction of singlet oxygen with cyclic alkenes: photooxygenation of methyl-substituted 1,4-cyclohexadiene derivatives. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Intrazeolite photooxygenation of chiral alkenes. Control of facial selectivity by confinement and cation–π interactions. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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