1
|
Wang J, Shao P, Lin X, Ma B, Wen J, Zhang X. Facile Synthesis of Enantiopure Sugar Alcohols: Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Combined. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School University Town Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Pan‐Lin Shao
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xin Lin
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Baode Ma
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Shao P, Lin X, Ma B, Wen J, Zhang X. Facile Synthesis of Enantiopure Sugar Alcohols: Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Combined. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18166-18171. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School University Town Nanshan District Shenzhen 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Pan‐Lin Shao
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xin Lin
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Baode Ma
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Jialin Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology 1088 Xueyuan Road Shenzhen 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johansson H, Hussain O, Allison SJ, Robinson TV, Phillips RM, Sejer Pedersen D. Revisiting Bromohexitols as a Novel Class of Microenvironment-Activated Prodrugs for Cancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:228-235. [PMID: 31769617 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bromohexitols represent a potent class of DNA-alkylating carbohydrate chemotherapeutics that has been largely ignored over the last decades due to safety concerns. The limited structure-activity relationship data available reveals significant changes in cytotoxicity with even subtle changes in stereochemistry. However, no attempts have been made to improve the therapeutic window by rational drug design or by using a prodrug approach to exploit differences between tumour physiology and healthy tissue, such as acidic extracellular pH and hypoxia. Herein, we report the photochemical synthesis of highly substituted endoperoxides as key precursors for dibromohexitol derivatives and investigate their use as microenvironment-activated prodrugs for targeting cancer cells. One endoperoxide was identified to have a marked increased activity under hypoxic and low pH conditions, indicating that endoperoxides may serve as microenvironment-activated prodrugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Omar Hussain
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Simon J Allison
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Tony V Robinson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roger M Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fu B, Yuan X, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Xiong T, Zhang Q. Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reductive Allylation of Ketones with 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2019; 21:3576-3580. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xiuping Yuan
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Su S, Wang C. Molybdenum-Catalyzed Diastereoselective anti-Dihydroxylation of Secondary Allylic Alcohols. Org Lett 2019; 21:2436-2440. [PMID: 30896180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this protocol, we report a Mo-catalyzed anti-dihydroxylation of secondary allylic alcohols, providing a general method for the preparation of 1,2,3-triols bearing up to three continuous stereocenters with excellent diastereocontrol. The mechanistic studies reveal that this dihydroxylation reaction consists of two steps and up to excellent diastereomeric ratios of the final triol products can be achieved due to the high level of both diastereocontrol in the initial epoxidation and regiocontrol in the following hydrolysis in situ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shixia Su
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Q, Zhao K, Peuronen A, Rissanen K, Enders D, Tang Y. Enantioselective Total Syntheses of (+)-Hippolachnin A, (+)-Gracilioether A, (−)-Gracilioether E, and (−)-Gracilioether F. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1937-1944. [PMID: 29314833 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingong Li
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Anssi Peuronen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 JYU Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department
of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 JYU Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dieter Enders
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yefeng Tang
- The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center for Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy
and Cancer Center, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Domeyer S, Bjerregaard M, Johansson H, Sejer Pedersen D. Exploring endoperoxides as a new entry for the synthesis of branched azasugars. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:644-647. [PMID: 28487758 PMCID: PMC5389192 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of nitrogen-containing endoperoxides were synthesised by a photochemical [4 + 2]-cycloaddition between a diene and singlet oxygen. The endoperoxides were dihydroxylated and protected to provide a series of endoperoxide building blocks for organic synthesis, with potential use as precursors for the synthesis of branched azasugars. Preliminary exploration of the chemistry of these building blocks provided access to a variety of derivatives including tetrahydrofurans, epoxides and protected amino-tetraols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Domeyer
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Bjerregaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Johansson
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 162, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jumde VR, Eisink NNHM, Witte MD, Minnaard AJ. C3 Epimerization of Glucose, via Regioselective Oxidation and Reduction. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11439-11443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Varsha R. Jumde
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niek N. H. M. Eisink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin D. Witte
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J. Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Terent'ev AO, Borisov DA, Vil’ VA, Dembitsky VM. Synthesis of five- and six-membered cyclic organic peroxides: Key transformations into peroxide ring-retaining products. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:34-114. [PMID: 24454562 PMCID: PMC3896255 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review describes the current status of synthetic five and six-membered cyclic peroxides such as 1,2-dioxolanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides), 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2-dioxenes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. The literature from 2000 onwards is surveyed to provide an update on synthesis of cyclic peroxides. The indicated period of time is, on the whole, characterized by the development of new efficient and scale-up methods for the preparation of these cyclic compounds. It was shown that cyclic peroxides remain unchanged throughout the course of a wide range of fundamental organic reactions. Due to these properties, the molecular structures can be greatly modified to give peroxide ring-retaining products. The chemistry of cyclic peroxides has attracted considerable attention, because these compounds are used in medicine for the design of antimalarial, antihelminthic, and antitumor agents.
Collapse
Key Words
- 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes
- 1,2,4-trioxanes
- 1,2,4-trioxolanes
- 1,2-dioxanes
- 1,2-dioxenes
- 1,2-dioxolanes
- cyclic peroxides
- ozonides
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Borisov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valery M Dembitsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute for Drug Research, P.O. Box 12065, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ratnikov MO, Farkas LE, Doyle MP. Tandem Sequence of Phenol Oxidation and Intramolecular Addition as a Method in Building Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2012; 77:10294-303. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim O. Ratnikov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Linda E. Farkas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Michael P. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cain NM, Tiekink ERT, Taylor DK. Ozonolysis of Bicyclic 1,2-Dioxines: Initial Scope and Mechanistic Insights. J Org Chem 2012; 77:3808-19. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3001518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Cain
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Radicals in transition metal catalyzed reactions? transition metal catalyzed radical reactions? - a fruitful interplay anyway: part 2. Radical catalysis by group 8 and 9 elements. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 320:191-322. [PMID: 22143610 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of transition metal catalyzed reactions involving radical intermediates in organic chemistry. This part focuses on radical-based methods catalyzed by group 8 and group 9 metal complexes. Reductive and redox-neutral coupling methods catalyzed by low-valent metal complexes as well as catalytic oxidative C-C bond formations are reviewed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fattorusso C, Persico M, Basilico N, Taramelli D, Fattorusso E, Scala F, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Antimalarials based on the dioxane scaffold of plakortin. A concise synthesis and SAR studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:312-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
Zvarec O, Avery TD, Taylor DK. Carbenoid insertion into the peroxide bond vs the olefin bond of cyclic peroxides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:450-4. [PMID: 20017510 DOI: 10.1021/jo902290g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report examples of the insertion of a carbenoid into a peroxide linkage. This study reveals that intramolecular insertion of carbenes into the peroxide linkage of 3,6-dihydro-1,2-dioxines is preferred over olefin insertion. The initial scope of the reaction and mechanistic considerations, have been probed. This methodology also generates unusual bicyclic hemiacetals (2) and tricyclic peroxides (3).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Zvarec
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Robinson TV, Taylor DK, Tiekink ERT. 2-C-Phenyl-erythrono-1,4-lactone. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o3130. [PMID: 21578853 PMCID: PMC2971982 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809048478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
THE TITLE COMPOUND (SYSTEMATIC NAME 3,4-dihydr-oxy-3-phenyl-furan-2-one), C(10)H(10)O(4), features a five-membered γ-lactone ring with an envelope conformation at the C atom carrying the hydr-oxy group without the phenyl substituent. In the crystal, supra-molecular chains mediated by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding are formed along the a-axis direction. These are consolidated in the crystal structure by C-H⋯O contacts.
Collapse
|
16
|
Robinson TV, Taylor DK, Tiekink ERT. 2-C-Cyclo-hexyl-2,3-O-isopropyl-idene-erythrofuran-ose. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o3124. [PMID: 21578847 PMCID: PMC2972000 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809048557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C13H22O4, the acetonide ring adopts an envelope conformation with one of the O atoms as the flap atom, whereas a twisted conformation is found for the furanose ring. Centrosymmetric eight-membered {⋯OCOH}2 synthons involving the hydroxy H and acetonide O atoms are found in the crystal structure. These are linked into a supramolecular chain in the a-axis direction via C—H⋯O contacts.
Collapse
|
17
|
Robinson TV, Pedersen DS, Taylor DK, Tiekink ERT. Dihydroxylation of 4-Substituted 1,2-Dioxines: A Concise Route to Branched Erythro Sugars. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5093-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900669u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony V. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Daniel Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Dennis K. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| | - Edward R. T. Tiekink
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia, and Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249-0698
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Valente P, Avery TD, Taylor DK, Tiekink ERT. Synthesis and chemistry of 2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-5,6-diols. J Org Chem 2009; 74:274-82. [PMID: 19035821 DOI: 10.1021/jo8020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Disubstituted 2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-enes were dihydroxylated with osmium tetroxide to yield diols anti to the peroxide linkage in a highly selective manner. Reduction of the peroxide bond furnished cyclohexane-1,2,3,4-tetraols with toxocarol relative stereochemistry in excellent yield. This new methodology was employed to synthesize the natural product (1S,2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-methyl-5-(propan-2-yl)cyclohexane-1,2,3,4-tetrol (1) in a short sequence from (R)-alpha-phellandrene. Moreover, during the study of the chemistry of 2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-5,6-diols a hitherto unknown rearrangement was discovered which has wide applicability for the synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyls, including optically enriched synthons. A broad range of mechanistic investigations applicable to this rearrangement are also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Valente
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Artemisinin and a series of novel endoperoxide antimalarials exert early effects on digestive vacuole morphology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 52:98-109. [PMID: 17938190 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00609-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Artermisinin and its derivatives are now the mainstays of antimalarial treatment; however, their mechanism of action is only poorly understood. We report on the synthesis of a novel series of epoxy-endoperoxides that can be prepared in high yields from simple starting materials. Endoperoxides that are disubstituted with alkyl or benzyl side chains show efficient inhibition of the growth of both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. A trans-epoxide with respect to the peroxide linkage increases the activity compared to that of its cis-epoxy counterpart or the parent endoperoxide. The novel endoperoxides do not show a strong interaction with artemisinin. We have compared the mechanism of action of the novel endoperoxides with that of artemisinin. Electron microscopy reveals that the novel endoperoxides cause the early accumulation of endocytic vesicles, while artemisinin causes the disruption of the digestive vacuole membrane. At longer incubation times artemisinin causes extensive loss of organellar structures, while the novel endoperoxides cause myelin body formation as well as the accumulation of endocytic vesicles. An early event following endoperoxide treatment is the redistribution of the pH-sensitive probe LysoSensor Blue from the digestive vacuole to punctate structures. By contrast, neither artemisinin nor the novel endoperoxides caused alterations in the morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum nor showed antagonistic antimalarial activity when they were used with thapsigargin. Analysis of rhodamine 123 uptake by P. falciparum suggests that disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential occurs as a downstream effect rather than as an initiator of parasite killing. The data suggest that the digestive vacuole is an important initial site of endoperoxide antimalarial activity.
Collapse
|