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Takahashi S, Hama T, Nogawa T, Ogawa N, Koshino H. Total Synthesis of Clostrienose. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35382-35392. [PMID: 37779990 PMCID: PMC10536848 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper considers the total synthesis of a cellular differentiation regulator of Clostridium acetobutylicum, clostrienose, which is a unique fatty-acid glycosyl ester consisting of clostrienoic acid, (3R,5E,8E,10E)-3-hydroxy-tetradeca-5,8,10-trienoic acid and α-d-galactofuranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnose. The key features of our synthesis include stereoselective construction of a skipped-triene system in clostrienoic acid and its esterification with a disaccharide residue. The partially protected clostrienoic acid employed for the coupling also served for the preparation of l-rhamnosyl clostrienoate, thus leading to confirmation of the proposed structure unambiguously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Takahashi
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takenori Hama
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nogawa
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Narihito Ogawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Meiji University, 1-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koshino
- RIKEN
Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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2
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Ahmed S, Nur-E-Alam M, Parveen I, Threadgill MD, Orton JB, Hafizur RM, Khan I, Al-Oqail M, Al-Rehaily AJ. Compounds Related to Saudin and Three New Series of Diterpenoids from Clutia lanceolata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:1129-1149. [PMID: 37128771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Clutia lanceolata is a medicinal plant native to Ethiopia and sub-Saharan Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula. It is used traditionally in Saudi Arabia for the treatment of diabetes. Previous phytochemical analysis of this species has been limited to the identification of methylthiocoumarins. Further work has led to isolation of 19 new diterpenoids in three structural classes. Their structures were established by HRMS and by a range of NMR techniques (1H, 13C, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC), with confirmation for some examples by X-ray crystallography. NOESY and 1H-1H NMR coupling constants gave the relative stereochemical configurations and conformational information, with absolute configurations being established through X-ray crystallography. One example closely related to the known hypoglycemic compound saudin (found in C. richardiana and also in C. lanceolata) and one with a different core tetracycle were found to enhance strongly the glucose-triggered release of insulin from murine pancreatic islets. Biosynthetic proposals for the three groups of new diterpenoids by alternative cyclization of a common precursor are put forward. Lanceolide P (16) is proposed as a lead compound for further development for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Nur-E-Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ifat Parveen
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D Threadgill
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - James B Orton
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rahman M Hafizur
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Israr Khan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences (ICCBS), University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Mai Al-Oqail
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adnan J Al-Rehaily
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Recent Advances in Oxa-6π Electrocyclization Reactivity for the Synthesis of Privileged Natural Product Scaffolds. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2040021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The stunning advances in understanding the reactivity and selectivity principles of asymmetric pericyclic reactions have had a profound impact on the synthetic planning of complex natural products. Indeed, electrocyclizations, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements enable synthetic chemists to craft highly functionalized scaffolds that would not otherwise be possible with a similar atom-, step-, and redox-economy. In this review, selected examples from the last two decades of research (2003–2020) on tandem processes combining oxa-6π electrocyclic reactions are discussed in terms of reactivity challenges, inherent reversibility, and key structural bond formation in the assembly of natural products. A particular emphasis is given to the electrocyclic ring-closures in the tandem processes featuring Knoevenagel-type condensations, Diels–Alder cycloadditions, Stille couplings, and oxidative dearomatizations. The synthetic manifolds reviewed here illustrate how oxa-6π electrocyclizations are intimately linked to the construction of complex natural product scaffolds and have inspired a number of biomimetic syntheses in the laboratory.
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Abstract
Leonuketal is an 8,9-seco-labdane terpenoid with a unique tetracyclic structure, owing to a diversity-generating biosynthetic C-C bond cleavage event. The first total synthesis of leonuketal is reported, featuring a Ti(III)-mediated reductive cyclization of an epoxy nitrile ether, an unusual ring-opening alkyne formation as part of an auxiliary ring strategy, and the previously undescribed Au(I)-catalyzed cyclization of a β-keto(enol)lactone to assemble the core spiroketal motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S Grant
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, 3 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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5
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Dynamic stereoselective annulation via aldol-oxa-cyclization cascade reaction to afford spirooxindole pyran polycycles. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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6
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Lachia M, Fonné-Pfister R, Screpanti C, Rendine S, Renold P, Witmer D, Lumbroso A, Godineau E, Hueber D, De Mesmaeker A. New and Scalable Access to Karrikin (KAR1) and Evaluation of Its Potential Application on Corn Germination. Helv Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201800081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Lachia
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Raymonde Fonné-Pfister
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Claudio Screpanti
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rendine
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Peter Renold
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - David Witmer
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Lumbroso
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Damien Hueber
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Alain De Mesmaeker
- Crop Protection Research; Syngenta Crop Protection AG; Schaffhauserstrasse CH-4332 Stein Switzerland
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7
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Krout MR, Henry CE, Jensen T, Wu KL, Virgil SC, Stoltz BM. Wolff/Cope Approach to the AB Ring of the Sesterterpenoid Variecolin. J Org Chem 2018; 83:6995-7009. [PMID: 29298482 PMCID: PMC6035096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of the AB ring of the complex sesterterpenoid variecolin is presented. Our strategy features the development of a tandem Wolff/Cope rearrangement of α-diazo cyclobutyl ketones for the construction of fused, 8-membered carbocycles. Preliminary studies revealed a facile Wolff rearrangement but a difficult vinyl ketene cyclobutane Cope rearrangement. We have leveraged an efficient microwave-promoted tandem rearrangement to prepare the desired functionalized cyclooctadienones that we envision as potential key intermediates in the convergent synthesis of variecolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Krout
- Department of Chemistry , Bucknell University , Lewisburg , Pennsylvania 17837 , United States
| | - Christopher E Henry
- Process Chemistry , Achaogen, Inc. , South San Francisco , California 94080 , United States
| | - Thomas Jensen
- Discovery Chemistry and DMPK , Neuroscience Drug Discovery , H. Lundbeck A/S , 2500 Valby , Denmark
| | - Kun-Liang Wu
- Process Chemistry , Seattle Genetics , Bothell , Washington 98021 , United States
| | - Scott C Virgil
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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8
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Taniguchi M, Deans RM, Chandrashaker V, Ptaszek M, Lindsey JS. Scope and limitations of two model prebiotic routes to tetrapyrrole macrocycles. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous reaction (35 °C, 72 h) of two acyclic compounds, an α-aminoketone + β-ketoester or β-diketone (not shown), affords a pyrrole that self-condenses to give the porphyrinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard M. Deans
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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9
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Chandrashaker V, Ptaszek M, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of diverse acyclic precursors to pyrroles for studies of prebiotic routes to tetrapyrrole macrocycles. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02048h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Some 50 ketones, β-diketones, β-ketoesters and α-aminoketones have been prepared for studies of the formation of trisubstituted pyrroles equipped for self-condensation leading to tetrapyrrole macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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10
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Kotha S, Ali R, Saifuddin M. Diversity-oriented approach to natural product inspired pyrano-carbazole derivatives: strategic utilization of hetero-Diels–Alder reaction, Fischer indolization and the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Morikawa T, Harada S, Nishida A. Chiral Holmium Complex-Catalyzed Synthesis of Hydrocarbazole from Siloxyvinylindole and Its Application to the Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)-Minovincine. J Org Chem 2015; 80:8859-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Morikawa
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shinji Harada
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Graduate
School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana,
Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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12
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Huber T, Kaiser D, Rickmeier J, Magauer T. Experimental Studies on the Selective β-C–H Halogenation of Enones. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2281-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502809d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Huber
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaiser
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Rickmeier
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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13
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Jacob S, Brooks JL, Frontier AJ. No acid required: 4π and 6π electrocyclization reactions of dienyl diketones for the synthesis of cyclopentenones and 2H-Pyrans. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10296-302. [PMID: 25325706 PMCID: PMC4227568 DOI: 10.1021/jo501914w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The 1,6-conjugate addition of nucleophiles to dienyl diketones produces either cyclopentenone or 2H-pyran products with high selectivity through either Nazarov (4π) or 6π electrocyclization, respectively. The outcome of the reaction is dependent upon the nature of the nucleophile used. Nucleophiles that are anionic or easily deprotonated exclusively produce cyclopentenones via Nazarov cyclization, whereas the neutral nucleophile DABCO promotes 6π cyclization to afford 2H-pyrans. Experimental evidence is presented for both retro-4π and -6π electrocyclization in these systems, lending support to the bifurcated mechanistic hypothesis proposed for these cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven
D. Jacob
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Joshua L. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Alison J. Frontier
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
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14
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Yan YY, Lu RJ, Wang JJ, Xuan YN, Yan M. Synthesis of chiral tetronic acid derivatives via organocatalytic conjugate addition of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate to nitroalkenes. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Vyas Devambatla RK, Velagaleti R, Yarravarapu N, Fleming FF. SNi′ displacements with main group organometallics. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Riveira MJ, Mischne MP. One-Pot Organocatalytic Tandem Aldol/Polycyclization Reactions between 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Aldehydes for the Straightforward Assembly of Cyclopenta[b]furan-Type Derivatives: New Insight into the Knoevenagel Reaction. Chemistry 2012; 18:2382-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Boeckman RK, Del Rosario Ferreira MR, Mitchell LH, Shao P, Neeb MJ, Fang Y. Studies Culminating in the Total Synthesis and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of (-)-Saudin. Tetrahedron 2011; 67:9787-9808. [PMID: 22523435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A full account of studies that culminated in the total synthesis of both antipodes and the assignment of its absolute configuration of Saudin, a hypoglycemic natural product. Two approaches are described, the first proceeding though bicyclic lactone intermediates and related second monocyclic esters. The former was obtained via asymmetric Diels-Alder cycloaddition and the latter by an asymmetric annulation protocol. Both approaches employ a Lewis acid promoted Claisen rearrangement, with the successful approach taking advantage of bidentate chelation to control the facial selectivity of the key Claisen rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Boeckman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0216, USA
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18
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Zhang JT, Qi XL, Chen J, Li BS, Zhou YB, Cao XP. Total Synthesis of Malyngamides K, L, and 5′′-epi-C and Absolute Configuration of Malyngamide L. J Org Chem 2011; 76:3946-59. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2003852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Liang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao-Sheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Bai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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20
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Gao GL, Niu YN, Yan ZY, Wang HL, Wang GW, Shaukat A, Liang YM. Unexpected Domino Reaction via Pd-Catalyzed Sonogashira Coupling of Benzimidoyl Chlorides with 1,6-Enynes and Cyclization To Synthesize Quinoline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1305-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9026116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ning Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Yi Yan
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ali Shaukat
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Ramachary DB, Kishor M. Direct catalytic asymmetric synthesis of highly functionalized tetronic acids/tetrahydro-isobenzofuran-1,5-diones via combination of cascade three-component reductive alkylations and Michael-aldol reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2859-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c003588b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Kan SBJ, Anderson EA. A Cascade Palladium-Mediated Cross-Coupling/Electrocyclization Approach to the Construction of Fused Bi- and Tricyclic Rings. Org Lett 2008; 10:2323-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8007952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. B. Jennifer Kan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Edward A. Anderson
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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23
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Abstract
Terpenes represent one of the largest and most diverse classes of secondary metabolites, with over 55,000 members isolated to date. The terpene cyclase enzymes used in nature convert simple, linear hydrocarbon phosphates into an exotic array of chiral, carbocyclic skeletons. Further oxidation and rearrangement results in an almost endless number of conceivable structures. The enormous structural diversity presented by this class of natural products ensures a broad range of biological properties-ranging from anti-cancer and anti-malarial activities to tumor promotion and ion-channel binding. The marked structural differences of terpenes also largely thwart the development of any truly general strategies for their synthetic construction. This review focuses on synthetic strategies directed toward some of the most complex, biologically relevant terpenes prepared by total synthesis within the past decade. Of crucial importance are both the obstacles that modern synthetic chemists must confront when trying to construct such natural products and the key chemical transformations and strategies that have been developed to meet these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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