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Ielo L, Touqeer S, Roller A, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Telescoped, Divergent, Chemoselective C1 and C1-C1 Homologation of Imine Surrogates: Access to Quaternary Chloro- and Halomethyl-Trifluoromethyl Aziridines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:2479-2484. [PMID: 30548145 PMCID: PMC6582437 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201812525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A conceptually novel, high‐yielding, mono‐ or bis‐homologation was realized with lithium halocarbenoids and enables the one‐step, fully chemocontrolled assembly of a new class of quaternary trifluoromethyl aziridines. Trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides (TFAICs) act as convenient electrophilic platforms, enabling the addition of either one or two homologating elements by simply controlling the stoichiometry of the process. Mechanistic studies highlighted that the homologation event, carried out with two different carbenoids (LiCH2Cl and LiCH2F), leads to fluoromethyl analogues in which the first nucleophile is employed for constructing the cycle and the second for decorating the resulting molecular architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saad Touqeer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- University of Vienna, X-Ray Structure Analysis Center, Waehringerstrasse 42, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Castoldi L, Monticelli S, Senatore R, Ielo L, Pace V. Homologation chemistry with nucleophilic α-substituted organometallic reagents: chemocontrol, new concepts and (solved) challenges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6692-6704. [PMID: 29850663 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of a reactive nucleophilic CH2X unit into a preformed bond enables the introduction of a fragment featuring the exact and desired degree of functionalization through a single synthetic operation. The instability of metallated α-organometallic species often poses serious questions regarding the practicability of using this conceptually intuitive and simple approach for forming C-C or C-heteroatom bonds. A deep understanding of processes regulating the formation of these nucleophiles is a precious source of inspiration not only for successfully applying theoretically feasible transformations (i.e. determining how to employ a given reagent), but also for designing new reactions which ultimately lead to the introduction of molecular complexity via short experimental sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Pace V, Holzer W, De Kimpe N. Lithium Halomethylcarbenoids: Preparation and Use in the Homologation of Carbon Electrophiles. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2061-76. [PMID: 27381551 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-Halomethyllithium carbenoids are useful homologating reagents which - reacting under proper reaction conditions as carbanions - enable the installation via nucleophilic addition of a reactive halomethyl fragment onto a preformed carbon-heteroatom bond. The pronounced thermolability represented - since seminal studies by Köbrich - the Achilles' heel of these reagents: the use of Barbier-type methodologies (i.e., the electrophile should be present in the reaction mixture prior to the formation of the carbenoid) was pivotal in order to suppress decomposition through α-elimination processes. Nowadays, the use of low temperatures (-78 °C) guarantees reliable procedures and, significantly, the employment of microreactor technologies allows external trapping to be performed even at higher temperatures as reported by Luisi. We will discuss the α-halomethyllithium-mediated homologations of a series of carbon electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds, imines, esters, Weinreb amides, and isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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Kumar Kondapi VP, Soueidan OM, Hosseini SN, Jabari N, West FG. Efficient and Easy Access to Optically Pure Tetrasubstituted Tetrahydrofurans via Stereoselective Opening ofC2-Symmetric Epoxide and Aziridine Rings. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Pace V, Pelosi A, Antermite D, Rosati O, Curini M, Holzer W. Bromomethyllithium-mediated chemoselective homologation of disulfides to dithioacetals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2639-42. [PMID: 26750866 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc10280d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, chemoselective homologation of disulfides and diselenides to the corresponding dithio- and diselenoacetals has been developed via the addition of bromomethyllithium. Chemoselectivity is fully preserved in the presence of concomitant electrophilic sites decorating the substrates. The synthetic potential of selected dithioacetals has been evaluated in Feringa-Fañanas-Mastral-type Pd-catalyzed coupling with an organolithium and in the unusual 1,4-addition to a Weinreb amide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14. A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Pace V, Castoldi L, Mamuye AD, Langer T, Holzer W. Chemoselective Addition of Halomethyllithiums to Functionalized Isatins:A Straightforward Access to Spiro‐Epoxyoxindoles. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ashenafi Damtew Mamuye
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
- University of Sassari, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Via Vienna 2, I‐07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090 Vienna, Austria
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Boultwood T, Affron DP, Bull JA. Studies on the synthesis of α-iodoaziridines and improved conditions for the synthesis of alkyl-α-iodoaziridines using ClMgCHI2. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Degennaro L, Trinchera P, Luisi R. Recent advances in the stereoselective synthesis of aziridines. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7881-929. [PMID: 24823261 DOI: 10.1021/cr400553c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" , Via Edoardo Orabona 4, Bari 70125, Italy
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Pace V, Castoldi L, Holzer W. Addition of lithium carbenoids to isocyanates: a direct access to synthetically useful N-substituted 2-haloacetamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:8383-5. [PMID: 23938607 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44255a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The addition of lithium carbenoids to isocyanates provides a versatile access to N-substituted 2-haloacetamides: the reaction tolerates the presence of variously functionalized substituents on the nitrogen atom, including sterically demanding ones and reactive halogens. No erosion of the enantiopurity was observed in the case of optically active isocyanates. One of the substrates prepared has been employed in Charette's type chemoselective addition of a Grignard reagent to access an α-chloroketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Drug and Natural Product Synthesis, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, A-1090, Austria.
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Baruah B, Deuri S, Phukan P. Reactivity and regioselectivity in the ring opening of 2-substituted non-activated aziridines: A density functional theory based analysis. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Pace V, Castoldi L, Holzer W. Synthesis of α,β-unsaturated α'-haloketones through the chemoselective addition of halomethyllithiums to Weinreb amides. J Org Chem 2013; 78:7764-70. [PMID: 23805887 DOI: 10.1021/jo401236t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of variously functionalized α,β-unsaturated α'-haloketones has been achieved through the chemoselective addition of halomethyllithium carbenoids to Weinreb amides at -78 °C. A comparative study employing the corresponding esters under the same reaction conditions pointed out that the instability of the tetrahedral intermediate formed from the latter is responsible for the observed formation of carbinols instead of the desired haloketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Drug and Natural Product Synthesis, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, A-1090, Austria.
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12
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Boultwood T, Affron DP, Trowbridge AD, Bull JA. Synthesis of cis-C-iodo-N-tosyl-aziridines using diiodomethyllithium: reaction optimization, product scope and stability, and a protocol for selection of stationary phase for chromatography. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6632-47. [PMID: 23738857 PMCID: PMC3805312 DOI: 10.1021/jo400956x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of C-iodo-N-Ts-aziridines with excellent cis-diastereoselectivity has been achieved in high yields by the addition of diiodomethyllithium to N-tosylimines and N-tosylimine-HSO2Tol adducts. This addition-cyclization protocol successfully provided a wide range of cis-iodoaziridines, including the first examples of alkyl-substituted iodoaziridines, with the reaction tolerating both aryl imines and alkyl imines. An ortho-chlorophenyl imine afforded a β-amino gem-diiodide under the optimized reaction conditions due to a postulated coordinated intermediate preventing cyclization. An effective protocol to assess the stability of the sensitive iodoaziridine functional group to chromatography was also developed. As a result of the judicious choice of stationary phase, the iodoaziridines could be purified by column chromatography; the use of deactivated basic alumina (activity IV) afforded high yield and purity. Rearrangements of electron-rich aryl-iodoaziridines have been promoted, selectively affording either novel α-iodo-N-Ts-imines or α-iodo-aldehydes in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Boultwood
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College
London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic P. Affron
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College
London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron D. Trowbridge
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College
London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Bull
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College
London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Higashiyama K, Matsumura M, Kurita E, Yamauchi T. Asymmetric Syntheses of Pyrrolidine and Piperidine Derivatives via Regio- and Stereo-Selective Ring-Opening Reactions of Chiral Aziridine. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-12-s(n)26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Stanković S, D'hooghe M, Catak S, Eum H, Waroquier M, Van Speybroeck V, De Kimpe N, Ha HJ. Regioselectivity in the ring opening of non-activated aziridines. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:643-65. [PMID: 21894345 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15140a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this critical review, the ring opening of non-activated 2-substituted aziridines via intermediate aziridinium salts will be dealt with. Emphasis will be put on the relationship between the observed regioselectivity and inherent structural features such as the nature of the C2 aziridine substituent and the nature of the electrophile and the nucleophile. This overview should allow chemists to gain insight into the factors governing the regioselectivity in aziridinium ring openings (81 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stanković
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Catak S, D'hooghe M, Verstraelen T, Hemelsoet K, Van Nieuwenhove A, Ha HJ, Waroquier M, De Kimpe N, Van Speybroeck V. Opposite regiospecific ring opening of 2-(cyanomethyl)aziridines by hydrogen bromide and benzyl bromide: experimental study and theoretical rationalization. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4530-41. [PMID: 20507166 DOI: 10.1021/jo100687q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ring opening of 1-arylmethyl-2-(cyanomethyl)aziridines with HBr afforded 3-(arylmethyl)amino-4-bromobutyronitriles via regiospecific ring opening at the unsubstituted aziridine carbon. Previous experimental and theoretical reports show treatment of the same compounds with benzyl bromide to furnish 4-amino-3-bromobutanenitriles through ring opening at the substituted aziridine carbon. To gain insights into the regioselective preference with HBr, reaction paths have been analyzed with computational methods. The effect of solvation was taken into account by the use of explicit solvent molecules. Geometries were determined at the B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p) level of theory, and a Grimme-type correction term was included for long-range dispersion interactions; relative energies were refined with the meta-hybrid MPW1B95 functional. Activation barriers confirm preference for ring opening at the unsubstituted ring carbon for HBr. HBr versus benzyl bromide ring opening was analyzed through comparison of the electronic structure of corresponding aziridinium intermediates. Although the electrostatic picture fails to explain the opposite regiospecific nature of the reaction, frontier molecular orbital analysis of LUMOs and nucleophilic Fukui functions show a clear preference of attack for the substituted aziridine carbon in the benzyl bromide case and for the unsubstituted aziridine carbon in the HBr case, successfully rationalizing the experimentally observed regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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18
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Zhu XQ, Liu QY, Chen Q, Mei LR. Hydride, Hydrogen, Proton, and Electron Affinities of Imines and Their Reaction Intermediates in Acetonitrile and Construction of Thermodynamic Characteristic Graphs (TCGs) of Imines as a “Molecule ID Card”. J Org Chem 2009; 75:789-808. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902332n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiao-Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lian-Rui Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Concellón JM, Rodríguez-Solla H, Bernad PL, Simal C. Addition Reactions of Chloro- or Iodomethyllithium to Imines. Synthesis of Enantiopure Aziridines and β-Chloroamines. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2452-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802596y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Concellón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Solla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo L. Bernad
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carmen Simal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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Higashiyama K, Matsumura M, Kojima H, Yamauchi T. Regio- and Stereoselective Ring-Opening Reaction of Chiral Aziridines: A Facile Synthesis of Chiral β-Amino Alcohols. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-11537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Concellón JM, Rodríguez-Solla H, Simal C. Addition Reactions of Iodomethyllithium to Imines. A Direct and Efficient Synthesis of Aziridines and Enantiopure Amino Aziridines. Org Lett 2008; 10:4457-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ol801607r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Concellón
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Solla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carmen Simal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33071 Oviedo, Spain
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Behr JB, Kalla A, Harakat D, Plantier-Royon R. Tandem Nucleophilic Addition/Cyclization Reaction in the Synthesis of Ketimine-Type Iminosugars. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3612-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702616x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Bernard Behr
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UFR Sciences, CNRS, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Adel Kalla
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UFR Sciences, CNRS, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Dominique Harakat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UFR Sciences, CNRS, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Richard Plantier-Royon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), UFR Sciences, CNRS, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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Banks HD. Dramatic effects of halogen substitution and solvent on the rates and mechanisms of nucleophilic substitution reactions of aziridines. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2510-7. [PMID: 18331051 DOI: 10.1021/jo7023224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study we reported that fluorine substitution at the carbon positions of aziridine results in profound enhancements of the rate of reaction with ammonia, a typical nucleophile, in the gas phase. In this study the investigation is extended to include chloro- and bromoaziridines. Because syntheses are largely performed in the condensed phase, the present computational investigation [(MP2(Full)/6-311++G(d,p)//MP2(Full)/6-31+G(d) level] was conducted with three typical solvents that cover a wide range of polarity: THF, CH3CN, and H2O. Nucleophiles can react with haloaziridines 1 by displacing a substituted amide ion by means of an SN2 mechanism (pathway a), producing 1,2-diaminohaloethanes (from the initially formed dipolar species 2). Alternatively, a rearrangement mechanism involving rate-determining departure of a halide ion (pathway b) to form an imidoyl halide, 3, is possible. Transition-state theory was used to compute relative reaction rates of these mechanistic possibilities and to assess the role of the halogen substituents and the reaction solvent. Gas-phase results provided the basis of mechanistic insights that were more apparent in the absence of intermolecular interactions. Fluoroaziridines were found to react at accelerated rates relative to aziridine exclusively by means of the a Menshutkin-type mechanism (SN2) in each solvent tested, while the reactions of the chloro- and bromoaziridines could be directed toward 2 in the highly nonpolar solvent, cyclohexane, or toward 3 in the more polar solvents. An assessment is made of the feasibility of using this chemistry of the haloazirdines in the synthetic laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D Banks
- US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, APG, MD 21010-5424, USA.
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Vilhelmsen MH, Østergaard LF, Nielsen MB, Hammerum S. Reduction of 2-chloro-N-phenylpropanamide and 2-methyl-N-phenylaziridine with lithium aluminium hydride. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1773-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b800039e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alvaro G, Di Fabio R, Gualandi A, Savoia D. Asymmetric Synthesis of 1-(2-Pyrrolyl)alkylamines by the Addition of Organometallic Reagents to Chiral 2-Pyrroleimines. European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Crotti P, Renzi G, Roselli G, Di Bussolo V, Giuli S, Tsitsigia S, Romano MR. Regiochemical control of the ring-opening of aziridines by means of chelating processes. Part 4: Regioselectivity of the opening reactions with MeOH of 1-(benzyloxy)-2,3- and -3,4-N-(methoxycarbonyl)aziridoalkanes under condensed and gas-phase operating conditions. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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D'hooghe M, Van Speybroeck V, Van Nieuwenhove A, Waroquier M, De Kimpe N. Novel Synthesis of 3,4-Diaminobutanenitriles and 4-Amino-2-butenenitriles from 2-(Cyanomethyl)aziridines through Intermediate Aziridinium Salts: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach. J Org Chem 2007; 72:4733-40. [PMID: 17530805 DOI: 10.1021/jo0704210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1-Arylmethyl-2-(cyanomethyl)aziridines were transformed into 4-(N,N-bis(arylmethyl)amino)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)butanenitriles and 4-(N,N-bis(arylmethyl)amino)-2-butenenitriles via 4-(N,N-bis(arylmethyl)amino)-3-bromobutanenitriles in high yields and purity. The key steps involve the unprecedented regiospecific ring opening of intermediate 2-(cyanomethyl)aziridinium salts by bromide and pyrrolidine in acetonitrile, exclusively at the substituted aziridine carbon atom. The results were rationalized on the basis of ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias D'hooghe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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28
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Savoia D, Alvaro G, Di Fabio R, Gualandi A. Asymmetric route to pyridines bearing a highly functionalized 2-alkyl substituent by aziridine ring-opening reactions. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3859-62. [PMID: 17432914 DOI: 10.1021/jo070364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aziridine prepared from the 2-pyridineimine derived from (S)-valinol underwent ring-opening by attack of nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen nucleophiles. Complete or prevalent regioselectivity was obtained using cerium trichloride heptahydrate as a catalyst. In some cases, the N-substituent could be removed by an oxidative protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Savoia
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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29
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D’hooghe M, Vervisch K, Van Nieuwenhove A, De Kimpe N. Ring opening of 2-(cyanomethyl)aziridines by acid chlorides: synthesis of novel 4-amino-2-butenenitrile derivatives through intermediate aziridinium salts. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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