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Islam Z, Kumar P. Inhibitors of riboflavin biosynthetic pathway enzymes as potential antibacterial drugs. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1228763. [PMID: 37496776 PMCID: PMC10366380 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1228763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple drug resistance is the main obstacle in the treatment of bacterial diseases. Resistance against antibiotics demands the exploration of new antimicrobial drug targets. A variety of in silico and genetic approaches show that the enzymes of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway are crucial for the survival of bacteria. This pathway is absent in humans thus enzymes of the riboflavin biosynthetic pathway are emerging drug targets for resistant pathogenic bacterial strains. Exploring the structural details, their mechanism of action, intermediate elucidation, and interaction analysis would help in designing suitable inhibitors of these enzymes. The riboflavin biosynthetic pathway consists of seven distinct enzymes, namely, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase, GTP cyclohydrolase II, pyrimidine deaminase/reductase, phosphatase, lumazine synthase, and riboflavin synthase. The present review summarizes the research work that has been carried out on these enzymes in terms of their structures, active site architectures, and molecular mechanism of catalysis. This review also walks through small molecule inhibitors that have been developed against several of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyaul Islam
- Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Qatar Foundation, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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2
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Bhogireddy DN, Surapureddi SR, Syed T, Prashanth T, Tadiboina BR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of aryl derivatives of isoxazole pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidines as anticancer agents. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2056846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danayya Nayudu Bhogireddy
- Department of Chemistry, KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, India
- Laurus Labs Limited, IKP Knowledge Park, Genome Valley, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Tasqeeruddin Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thodupunuri Prashanth
- Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Bhaskara Rao Tadiboina
- Department of Chemistry, KoneruLakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, India
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Serer MI, Carrica MDC, Trappe J, López Romero S, Bonomi HR, Klinke S, Cerutti ML, Goldbaum FA. A high-throughput screening for inhibitors of riboflavin synthase identifies novel antimicrobial compounds to treat brucellosis. FEBS J 2019; 286:2522-2535. [PMID: 30927485 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brucella spp. are pathogenic intracellular Gram-negative bacteria adapted to life within cells of several mammals, including humans. These bacteria are the causative agent of brucellosis, one of the zoonotic infections with the highest incidence in the world and for which a human vaccine is still unavailable. Current therapeutic treatments against brucellosis are based on the combination of two or more antibiotics for prolonged periods, which may lead to antibiotic resistance in the population. Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is biosynthesized by microorganisms and plants but mammals, including humans, must obtain it from dietary sources. Owing to the absence of the riboflavin biosynthetic enzymes in animals, this pathway is nowadays regarded as a rich resource of targets for the development of new antimicrobial agents. In this work, we describe a high-throughput screening approach to identify inhibitors of the enzymatic activity of riboflavin synthase, the last enzyme in this pathway. We also provide evidence for their subsequent validation as potential drug candidates in an in vitro brucellosis infection model. From an initial set of 44 000 highly diverse low molecular weight compounds with drug-like properties, we were able to identify ten molecules with 50% inhibitory concentrations in the low micromolar range. Further Brucella culture and intramacrophagic replication experiments showed that the most effective bactericidal compounds share a 2-Phenylamidazo[2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazole chemical scaffold. Altogether, these findings set up the basis for the subsequent lead optimization process and represent a promising advancement in the pursuit of novel and effective antimicrobial compounds against brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Inés Serer
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jörg Trappe
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Sebastián Klinke
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Cerutti
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Alberto Goldbaum
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kundu B, Sarkar D, Ray N, Talukdar A. Understanding the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway for the development of antimicrobial agents. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1338-1371. [PMID: 30927319 DOI: 10.1002/med.21576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Life on earth depends on the biosynthesis of riboflavin, which plays a vital role in biological electron transport processes. Higher mammals obtain riboflavin from dietary sources; however, various microorganisms, including Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and yeast, lack an efficient riboflavin-uptake system and are dependent on endogenous riboflavin biosynthesis. Consequently, the inhibition of enzymes in the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway would allow selective toxicity to a pathogen and not the host. Thus, the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway is an attractive target for designing novel antimicrobial drugs, which are urgently needed to address the issue of multidrug resistance seen in various pathogens. The enzymes involved in riboflavin biosynthesis are lumazine synthase (LS) and riboflavin synthase (RS). Understanding the details of the mechanisms of the enzyme-catalyzed reactions and the structural changes that occur in the enzyme active sites during catalysis can facilitate the design and synthesis of suitable analogs that can specifically inhibit the relevant enzymes and stop the generation of riboflavin in pathogenic bacteria. The present review is the first compilation of the work that has been carried out over the last 25 years focusing on the design of inhibitors of the biosynthesis of riboflavin based on an understanding of the mechanisms of LS and RS. This review aimed to address the fundamental advances in our understanding of riboflavin biosynthesis as applied to the rational design of a novel class of inhibitors. These advances have been aided by X-ray structures of ligand-enzyme complexes, rotational-echo, double-resonance nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-throughput screening, virtual screenings, and various mechanistic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Kundu
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipayan Sarkar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Namrata Ray
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Department of Chemistry, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kolkata, India
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Wei Y, Kumar P, Wahome N, Mantis NJ, Middaugh CR. Biomedical Applications of Lumazine Synthase. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2283-2296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Haase I, Gräwert T, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M. Recent advances in riboflavin biosynthesis. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1146:15-40. [PMID: 24764086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0452-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin is biosynthesized from GTP and ribulose 5-phosphate. Whereas the early reactions conducing to 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 5'-phosphate show significant taxonomic variation, the subsequent reaction steps are universal in all taxonomic kingdoms. With the exception of a hitherto elusive phosphatase, all enzymes of the pathway have been characterized in some detail at the structural and mechanistic level. Some of the pathway enzymes (GTP cycloyhdrolase II, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase, riboflavin synthase) have exceptionally complex reaction mechanisms. The commercial production of the vitamin is now entirely based on highly productive fermentation processes. Due to their absence in animals, the pathway enzymes are potential targets for the development of novel anti-infective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Haase
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
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Shingare RD, Velayudham R, Gawade JR, Reddy DS. First total synthesis of hunanamycin A. Org Lett 2013; 15:4556-9. [PMID: 23964695 DOI: 10.1021/ol402110e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis of hunanamycin A, an antibiotic natural product with a pyrido[1,2,3-de]quinoxaline-2,3-dione core from a marine-derived Bacillus hunanensis, is disclosed. The present effort provides access to sufficient amounts of scarce hunanamycin A for further biological evaluation and confirmation of the assigned absolute configuration. In addition, four new analogues of the natural product are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul D Shingare
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Division of Organic Chemistry, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
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Ladenstein R, Fischer M, Bacher A. The lumazine synthase/riboflavin synthase complex: shapes and functions of a highly variable enzyme system. FEBS J 2013; 280:2537-63. [PMID: 23551830 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The xylene ring of riboflavin (vitamin B2 ) is assembled from two molecules of 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate by a mechanistically complex process that is jointly catalyzed by lumazine synthase and riboflavin synthase. In Bacillaceae, these enzymes form a structurally unique complex comprising an icosahedral shell of 60 lumazine synthase subunits and a core of three riboflavin synthase subunits, whereas many other bacteria have empty lumazine synthase capsids, fungi, Archaea and some eubacteria have pentameric lumazine synthases, and the riboflavin synthases of Archaea are paralogs of lumazine synthase. The structures of the molecular ensembles have been studied in considerable detail by X-ray crystallography, X-ray small-angle scattering and electron microscopy. However, certain mechanistic aspects remain unknown. Surprisingly, the quaternary structure of the icosahedral β subunit capsids undergoes drastic changes, resulting in formation of large, quasi-spherical capsids; this process is modulated by sequence mutations. The occurrence of large shells consisting of 180 or more lumazine synthase subunits has recently generated interest for protein engineering topics, particularly the construction of encapsulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Ladenstein
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet NOVUM, SE-14183 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Hu Y, Wang K, MacMillan JB. Hunanamycin A, an Antibiotic from a Marine-Derived Bacillus hunanensis. Org Lett 2013; 15:390-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Kezhan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - John B. MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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Chobe SS, Dawane BS, Tumbi KM, Nandekar PP, Sangamwar AT. An ecofriendly synthesis and DNA binding interaction study of some pyrazolo [1,5-a]pyrimidines derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:7566-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Talukdar A, Zhao Y, Lv W, Bacher A, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Cushman M. O-Nucleoside, S-nucleoside, and N-nucleoside probes of lumazine synthase and riboflavin synthase. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6239-61. [PMID: 22780198 PMCID: PMC3444172 DOI: 10.1021/jo3010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lumazine synthase catalyzes the penultimate step in the biosynthesis of riboflavin, while riboflavin synthase catalyzes the last step. O-Nucleoside, S-nucleoside, and N-nucleoside analogues of hypothetical lumazine biosynthetic intermediates have been synthesized in order to obtain structure and mechanism probes of these two enzymes, as well as inhibitors of potential value as antibiotics. Methods were devised for the selective cleavage of benzyl protecting groups in the presence of other easily reduced functionality by controlled hydrogenolysis over Lindlar catalyst. The deprotection reaction was performed in the presence of other reactive functionality including nitro groups, alkenes, and halogens. The target compounds were tested as inhibitors of lumazine synthase and riboflavin synthase obtained from a variety of microorganisms. In general, the S-nucleosides and N-nucleosides were more potent than the corresponding O-nucleosides as lumazine synthase and riboflavin synthase inhibitors, while the C-nucleosides were the least potent. A series of molecular dynamics simulations followed by free energy calculations using the Poisson-Boltzmann/surface area (MM-PBSA) method were carried out in order to rationalize the results of ligand binding to lumazine synthase, and the results provide insight into the dynamics of ligand binding as well as the molecular forces stabilizing the intermediates in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and The Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and The Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and The Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Adelbert Bacher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Food Chemistry Division, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Illarionov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Food Chemistry Division, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Food Chemistry Division, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, and The Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
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Recent advances in the design and synthesis of heterocycles as anti-tubercular agents. Future Med Chem 2011; 2:1469-500. [PMID: 21426140 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.10.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, effective tuberculosis (TB) treatment is difficult, making many antibiotics ineffective and hindering the entry of drugs. With approximately 33% of infection, TB is still the second most deadly infectious disease worldwide. The reasons for this are drug-resistant TB (multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant), persistent infection (latent TB) and synergism of TB with HIV; furthermore no new chemical entity has emerged in last 40 years. New data available from the recently sequenced genome of the mycobacterium and the application of methods of modern drug design promise much for the fight against this disease. In this review, we present an introduction to TB, followed by an overview of new heterocyclic anti-tubercular moieties published during the last decade.
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Abstract
The biosynthesis of riboflavin requires 1 equivalent of GTP and 2 equivalents of ribulose phosphate. The first committed reactions of the convergent pathway are catalyzed by GTP hydrolase II and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase. The initial reaction steps afford 5-amino-6-ribitylaminopyrimidine 5'-phosphate, which needs to be dephosphorylated by a hitherto elusive hydrolase. The dephosphorylated pyrimidine is condensed with the carbohydrate precursor, 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate. The resulting 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine affords riboflavin by a mechanistically unique dismutation, i.e., by formation of a pentacyclic dimer that is subsequently fragmented.
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Azizian J, Miri R, Mohammadi MK, Sheikholeslami Farahani F, Hosseini J, Nikpour M. Synthesis of New (Pyrimido[4,5- e][1,3,4] thiadiazin-7-yl)hydrazine Derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500903299893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Azizian
- a Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Miri
- b Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Javad Hosseini
- a Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nikpour
- c Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University , Ahvaz Branch , Ahvaz, Iran
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Discovery and development of the covalent hydrates of trifluoromethylated pyrazoles as riboflavin synthase inhibitors with antibiotic activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5297-303. [PMID: 19545132 DOI: 10.1021/jo900768c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening (HTS) hit compound displayed moderate inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Escherichia coli riboflavin synthases. The structure of the hit compound provided by the commercial vendor was reassigned as [3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl](o-tolyl)methanone (18). The hit compound had a k(is) of 8.7 microM vs. M. tuberculosis riboflavin synthase and moderate antibiotic activity against both M. tuberculosis replicating phenotype and nonreplicating persistent phenotype. Molecular modeling studies suggest that two inhibitor molecules bind in the active site of the enzyme, and that the binding is stabilized by stacking between the benzene rings of two adjacent ligands. The most potent antibiotic in the series proved to be [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl](m-tolyl)methanone (16), which displayed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 36.6 microM vs. M. tuberculosis replicating phenotype and 48.9 microM vs. M. tuberculosis nonreplicating phenotype. The HTS hit compound and its analogues provide the first examples of riboflavin synthase inhibitors with antibiotic activity.
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Talukdar A, Breen M, Bacher A, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Georg G, Ye QZ, Cushman M. Discovery and development of a small molecule library with lumazine synthase inhibitory activity. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5123-34. [PMID: 19552377 PMCID: PMC2760403 DOI: 10.1021/jo900238q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(E)-5-Nitro-6-(2-hydroxystyryl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (9) was identified as a novel inhibitor of Schizosaccharomyces pombe lumazine synthase by high-throughput screening of a 100000 compound library. The K(i) of 9 vs Mycobacterium tuberculosis lumazine synthase was 95 microM. Compound 9 is a structural analogue of the lumazine synthase substrate 5-amino-6-(d-ribitylamino)-2,4-(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione (1). This indicates that the ribitylamino side chain of the substrate is not essential for binding to the enzyme. Optimization of the enzyme inhibitory activity through systematic structure modification of the lead compound 9 led to (E)-5-nitro-6-(4-nitrostyryl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (26), which has a K(i) of 3.7 microM vs M. tuberculosis lumazine synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Megan Breen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | | | - Boris Illarionov
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunda Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Qi-Zhuang Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Sajiki H, Monguchi Y, Hattori K, Maegawa T, Hirota K. Iodobenzene Diacetate–Promoted N–N and N–O Bond Formation for Pyrazolo- and Isoxazolopyrimidine Syntheses. HETEROCYCLES 2009. [DOI: 10.3987/com-08-s(d)34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Boyd S, Campbell L, Liao W, Meng Q, Peng Z, Wang X, Waring MJ. A one step synthesis of 1-alkylpyrazolo[5,4-d]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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