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Blanco MJ, Bronson JJ, DiMauro EF, Dzierba C, Eggen M, Garner AL, Georg G, Giarolla J, Goodwin NC, Grenier-Davies MC, Haskell-Luevano C, Holzgrabe U, Huang R, Lagiakos HR, Leftheris K, Martin Y, Matos MJ, May-Dracka TL, Müller CE, Newman AH, Parmee E, Petter JC, Tamayo NA, Wexler RR, Bolognesi ML, Ripka A, Young W. Empowering Voices: Inspiring Women in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:424-431. [PMID: 38628790 PMCID: PMC11017407 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
As we celebrate International Women's Day 2024 with the theme "Inspire Inclusion", the women of the ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) want to foster a sense of belonging, relevance, and empowerment by sharing uplifting stories of what inspired them to become medicinal chemists. In this editorial, we are featuring female medicinal chemistry scientists to provide role models, encouragement, and inspiration to others. We asked women medicinal chemists to contribute a brief paragraph about what inspired them to become medicinal chemists or what inspires them today as medicinal chemists. The responses and contributions highlight their passions and motivations, such as their love of the sciences and their drive to improve human health by contributing to basic research and creating lifesaving drugs.
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Blanco MJ, Bronson JJ, DiMauro EF, Dzierba C, Eggen M, Garner AL, Georg G, Giarolla J, Goodwin NC, Grenier-Davies MC, Haskell-Luevano C, Holzgrabe U, Huang R, Lagiakos HR, Leftheris K, Martin Y, Matos MJ, May-Dracka TL, Müller CE, Newman AH, Parmee E, Petter JC, Tamayo NA, Wexler RR, Bolognesi ML, Ripka A, Young W. Empowering Voices: Inspiring Women in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 38456628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
As we celebrate International Women's Day 2024 with the theme "Inspire Inclusion", the women of the ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) want to foster a sense of belonging, relevance, and empowerment by sharing uplifting stories of what inspired them to become medicinal chemists. In this editorial, we are featuring female medicinal chemistry scientists to provide role models, encouragement, and inspiration to others. We asked women medicinal chemists to contribute a brief paragraph about what inspired them to become medicinal chemists or what inspires them today as medicinal chemists. The responses and contributions highlight their passions and motivations, such as their love of the sciences and their drive to improve human health by contributing to basic research and creating lifesaving drugs.
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Shameem M, Jian Bagherpoor A, Nakhi A, Dosa P, Georg G, Kassie F. Mitochondria-targeted metformin (mitomet) inhibits lung cancer in cellular models and in mice by enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1619-1629. [PMID: 37401866 PMCID: PMC10961008 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Although some epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between the use of metformin, a widely used antidiabetic drug, and the incidence of lung cancer, the real benefits of the drug are unclear as the efficacy is low and the outcomes are quite heterogeneous. To develop a more potent form of metformin, we synthesized mitochondria-targeted metformin (mitomet) and tested its efficacy in in vitro and in vivo models of lung cancer. Mitomet was cytotoxic to transformed bronchial cells and several non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines but relatively safe to normal bronchial cells, and these effects were mediated mainly via induction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Studies using isogenic A549 cells showed that mitomet was selectively toxic to those cells deficient in the tumor suppressor gene LKB1, which is widely mutated in NSCLC. Mitomet also significantly reduced the multiplicity and size of lung tumors induced by a tobacco smoke carcinogen in mice. Overall, our findings showed that mitomet, which was about 1000 and 100 times more potent than metformin, in killing NSCLC cells and reducing the multiplicity and size of lung tumors in mice, respectively, is a promising candidate for the chemoprevention and treatment of lung cancer, in particular against LKB1-deficient lung cancers which are known to be highly aggressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shameem
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Ali Nakhi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Peter Dosa
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Gunda Georg
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Fekadu Kassie
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Rotella DP, Georg G. Patrick M. Woster Memorial Commentary. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1305-1309. [PMID: 37849535 PMCID: PMC10577880 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David P Rotella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Gunda Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Rotella DP, Georg G. Patrick M. Woster Memorial Commentary. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12645-12649. [PMID: 37681287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David P Rotella
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Gunda Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Blanco MJ, Bryant-Friedrich A, Georg G, Ali A, Ornstein PL, Ferrins L, Trippier P. Excellence in Medicinal Chemistry: Celebrating ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) Awards. A Call for Nominations. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:682-684. [PMID: 37312854 PMCID: PMC10258899 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The American Chemical Society Division of Medicinal Chemistry (MEDI) confers a range of awards, fellowships and honors to recognize excellence in medicinal chemistry. To celebrate the creation of the Gertrude Elion Medical Chemistry Award the ACS MEDI Division wishes to take this opportunity to inform the community of the many awards, fellowships and travel grants that are available for members.
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Blanco MJ, Bryant-Friedrich A, Georg G, Ali A, Ornstein PL, Ferrins L, Trippier PC. Excellence in Medicinal Chemistry: Celebrating ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) Awards. A Call for Nominations. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37199711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The American Chemical Society Division of Medicinal Chemistry (MEDI) confers a range of awards, fellowships and honors to recognize excellence in medicinal chemistry. To celebrate the creation of the Gertrude Elion Medical Chemistry Award the ACS MEDI Division wishes to take this opportunity to inform the community of the many awards, fellowships and travel grants that are available for members.
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Conway SJ, Arimondo P, Arrowsmith C, Jin J, Luo C, Meanwell N, Young W, Georg G, Wang S. Epigenetics 2.0: Special Issue on Epigenetics-Call for Papers. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12129-12130. [PMID: 33090784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Barbotin ML, Lucet B, Georg G. ISQUA16-1995A TALE OF TWO EVALUATIONS: THE QUALITY ACCOUNT AND THE ACCREDITATION SURVEY:. Int J Qual Health Care 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzw104.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Guo Z, Sevrioukova I, Hanse E, Zhang X, Denisov I, Chiu TL, Cuellar R, Torres C, Wulfkuhle J, Petricoin E, Cao Q, Chu H, Norris B, Schumacher R, Kelekar A, Blair I, Capdevila J, Falck J, Poulos T, Sligar S, Georg G, Amin E, Potter DA. Abstract 44: Hexyl-benzyl-biguanide (HBB) potently and selectively inhibits CYP3A4 epoxygenase activity and inhibits EET stabilization of mitochondrial respiration in ER+HER2- breast cancer cells, inducing glycolysis and pyruvate biosynthesis. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) promotes ER+HER2- breast cancer cell proliferation and survival, in part, by biosynthesis of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). EETs are known to regulate mitochondrial function in non-transformed cells, but the roles of CYP3A4 and EETs in regulation of breast cancer bioenergetics are unknown. Hexyl-benzyl-biguanide (HBB) is useful probe of CYP3A4 epoxygenase activity and selectively inhibits EET biosynthesis (IC50 = 9 uM vs. IC50 = 50 uM for CYP2C8). HBB caused depolarization of mitochondria in MCF-7 cells, while (±)-14,15-EET provided partial protection. The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor t-AUCB ameliorated inhibition of oxygen consumption rates (OCR) by HBB (20 uM), while there was no effect on extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), indicating that the primary effect of HBB is on OCR. At 30 minutes, HBB added to MCF-7 cells transiently suppressed phosphorylation of pyruvate kinase muscle isozyme 2 (PKM2) on Tyr-105, which has been reported to favor enzymatically inactive dimer over active tetramer. Suppression of phosphorylated PKM2 correlated with subsequent PKM2 tetramer formation and increase of intracellular pyruvate and extracellular lactate at 1 hour. The (±)-14,15-EET regioisomer reduced the pro-glycolytic PKM2 tetramer at 1 hour, suggesting that HBB may promote PKM2 tetramer, in part, through reduction of EET. Prolonged exposure to HBB (20 uM) in cultured cells activated phosphorylation of PKM2 on Tyr-105, but there was increased cellular necrosis correlating with reduced mitochondrial respiration and reduction of ATP stores, indicating that loss of respiration was the dominant effect. HBB inhibited the ER+HER2- MCF-7 xenograft, similar to CYP3A4 silencing. HBB promoted phosphorylation of intratumoral PKM2 on Tyr-105, consistent with long-term exposure to HBB in cultured MCF-7 cells. Notably, MCF-7 tumor response to HBB did not correlate with phosphorylation of AMPK-alpha on Thr-172, a marker of AMPK activation. Metformin (5 mM) exhibited no effect on PKM2 or its phosphorylation in cultured MCF-7 cells. Together, these results indicate that part of the inhibitory effect of HBB on ER+HER2- breast cancer is mediated through inhibition of respiration.
Significance: These results establish HBB as a useful chemical probe of respiration, with indirect effects on PKM2 regulation. HBB may also be useful as a potential therapeutic candidate for ER+HER2- breast cancer.
Citation Format: Zhijun Guo, Irina Sevrioukova, Eric Hanse, Xia Zhang, Ilia Denisov, Ting-Lan Chiu, Rebecca Cuellar, Christian Torres, Julia Wulfkuhle, Emanuel Petricoin, Qing Cao, Haitao Chu, Beverly Norris, Robert Schumacher, Ameeta Kelekar, Ian Blair, Jorge Capdevila, John Falck, Thomas Poulos, Steven Sligar, Gunda Georg, Elizabeth Amin, David A. Potter. Hexyl-benzyl-biguanide (HBB) potently and selectively inhibits CYP3A4 epoxygenase activity and inhibits EET stabilization of mitochondrial respiration in ER+HER2- breast cancer cells, inducing glycolysis and pyruvate biosynthesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Guo
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Eric Hanse
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Xia Zhang
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qing Cao
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Haitao Chu
- 4University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Ameeta Kelekar
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ian Blair
- 7University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - John Falck
- 9University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - David A. Potter
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
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Guo Z, Sevrioukova IF, Hanse E, Denisov I, Zhang X, Chiu TL, Swedien D, Stamschror J, Alvarez J, Ortiz WM, Morgan M, Maher M, Chavez KJ, Thomas D, Bae YK, Henriksen J, Norris B, Schumacher RJ, Wang H, Bliss R, Chu H, Cuellar R, Poulos TL, Sligar SG, Atkins W, Schmechel S, Capdevila J, Falck J, Blair I, Jones JP, Georg G, Gupta K, Kelekar A, Amin E, Potter DA. Abstract 3568: CYP3A4 epoxygenase activity mediates ER+ mammary tumor growth and angiogenesis, in part, through EET biosynthesis and is inhibited by biguanides. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
While cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are implicated in tumor angiogenesis through biosynthesis of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), little is known about breast cancer cell-intrinsic CYPs that exhibit epoxygenase activity, such as CYP3A4. In an orthotopic breast cancer model, silencing of epithelial CYP3A4 suppressed angiogenesis-related escape of ER+ breast tumors from dormancy. While the diabetes drug metformin inhibits mitochondrial complex I and inhibits tumor growth, how it does so is unknown. Metformin inhibited CYP epoxygenase activity and co-crystallized in the active site of CYP3A4, hydrogen bonding with arginine 212, allowing the development of hexyl-benzyl-biguanide (HBB) as a CYP3A4 inhibitor using molecular modeling. HBB exhibited more than 10-fold greater potency than metformin for inhibition of ER+ mammary tumor growth and inhibited associated tumor angiogenesis. HBB inhibited EET biosynthesis ∼40-fold more potently than metformin and was ∼40-fold more potent for activation of AMPK phosphorylation. EETs suppressed and CYP silencing promoted AMPK phosphorylation, linking CYPs with AMPK regulation in breast cancer. HBB depolarized mitochondria, reduced oxygen consumption rates and suppressed the Warburg effect, while EETs restored the mitochondrial membrane potential. CYP3A4 silencing and HBB treatment increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, suggesting that CYPs suppress cancer cell death, in part, through suppression of ROS. CYP3A4 silencing sensitized breast cancer cells to hormonal therapy and chemotherapy, abrogated by EETs. Because EETs are autocrine, paracrine and endocrine, these results implicate CYPs in tumor growth, in part, through cell-cell mediation of mitochondrial homeostasis and demonstrate the potential of CYP3A4 as a therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Citation Format: Zhijun Guo, Irina F. Sevrioukova, Eric Hanse, Ilia Denisov, Xia Zhang, Ting-Lan Chiu, Daniel Swedien, Justin Stamschror, Juan Alvarez, William Marerro Ortiz, Monique Morgan, Michael Maher, Kathryn J. Chavez, Dafydd Thomas, Young Kyung Bae, Jonathan Henriksen, Beverly Norris, Robert J. Schumacher, Henry Wang, Robin Bliss, Haitao Chu, Rebecca Cuellar, Thomas L. Poulos, Stephen G. Sligar, William Atkins, Stephen Schmechel, Jorge Capdevila, John Falck, Ian Blair, Jeffrey P. Jones, Gunda Georg, Kalpna Gupta, Ameeta Kelekar, Elizabeth Amin, David A. Potter. CYP3A4 epoxygenase activity mediates ER+ mammary tumor growth and angiogenesis, in part, through EET biosynthesis and is inhibited by biguanides. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3568. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3568
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Guo
- 1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Eric Hanse
- 1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ilia Denisov
- 3University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Xia Zhang
- 1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | - Juan Alvarez
- 4University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Young Kyung Bae
- 7Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Henry Wang
- 1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Haitao Chu
- 1University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Falck
- 10University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ian Blair
- 11University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing-Kang Shen
- Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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Guo Z, Chavez KJ, Alvarez J, Zhang X, Norris B, Maher M, Morgan M, Schumacher RJ, Cuellar R, Sevrioukova IF, Poulos TL, Denisov I, Sligar SG, Gupta K, Blair IA, Capdevila J, Kelekar A, Amin E, Georg G, Potter DA. Abstract 2689: Breast cancer inhibition by a novel and potent biguanide, N1-hexyl-N5-benzyl-biguanide. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used biguanide diabetes drug that is associated with decreased breast cancer risk and is currently being studied for treatment and prevention of breast cancer. While metformin and biguanides buformin and phenformin exhibit inhibitory activity against breast cancer in vitro and in vivo, they lack potency (IC50=5-20 mM) and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. More potent biguanides may provide insights into biguanide anti-cancer activity and we therefore studied the novel biguanide N1-hexyl-N5-benzyl-biguanide mesylate (HBB), which potently inhibits the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer lines (IC50=20 uM for both lines). HBB induces AMPK phosphorylation in both lines at 10 uM concentration, whereas similarly dosed metformin, buformin or phenformin exhibits no activity. HBB also inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation at 10 uM concentration, whereas metformin dosed at 10 uM exhibits no activity. HBB reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential of both lines, but the effect was more prominent in the MDA-MB-231 line. HBB also induced ROS within 2.5 hours of exposure in the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 lines and caused rapid necrosis, but not apoptosis. N-acetylcysteine provides partial protection from HBB for MDA-231 line, but not the MCF-7 line. HBB provides proof of principle that highly potent biguanides can be synthesized with at least 250-fold greater potency than metformin, which can provide insights into the cancer inhibitory mechanisms of biguanide drugs. R01 CA113570, Randy Shaver Foundation, CTSI University of Minnesota
Citation Format: Zhijun Guo, Kathryn J. Chavez, Juan Alvarez, Xia Zhang, Beverly Norris, Michael Maher, Monique Morgan, Robert J. Schumacher, Rebecca Cuellar, Irina F. Sevrioukova, Thomas L. Poulos, Ilia Denisov, Stephen G. Sligar, Kalpna Gupta, Ian A. Blair, Jorge Capdevila, Ameeta Kelekar, Elizabeth Amin, Gunda Georg, David A. Potter. Breast cancer inhibition by a novel and potent biguanide, N1-hexyl-N5-benzyl-biguanide. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2689. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2689
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Guo
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Juan Alvarez
- 2University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xia Zhang
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Beverly Norris
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael Maher
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Monique Morgan
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Rebecca Cuellar
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Ilia Denisov
- 4University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | | | - Kalpna Gupta
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | | | - Ameeta Kelekar
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Elizabeth Amin
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Gunda Georg
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David A. Potter
- 1University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN
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Georg G, Seki H. 2,3-Dihydropyridin-4(1H)-ones and 3-Aminocyclohex-2-enones: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Applications to Alkaloid Synthesis. Synlett 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1378529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Shoop J, Holets L, Jakkaraj S, Georg G, Flynn C, Baltezor M, Tash J, Hagenbuch B. The orally active male contraceptive agent H2‐gamendazole interacts with organic anion transporting polypeptides expressed in human hepatocytes (1064.18). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1064.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Shoop
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and TherapeuticsThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKANSAS CITYKSUnited States
| | - Lesya Holets
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKANSAS CITYKSUnited States
| | - Sudhakar Jakkaraj
- College of PharmacyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUnited States
| | - Gunda Georg
- College of PharmacyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMNUnited States
| | - Colleen Flynn
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization CenterUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUnited States
| | - Michael Baltezor
- Biotechnology Innovation and Optimization CenterUniversity of KansasLawrenceKSUnited States
| | - Joseph Tash
- Department of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKANSAS CITYKSUnited States
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and TherapeuticsThe University of Kansas Medical CenterKANSAS CITYKSUnited States
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Gilson
- Molecular String Committee on Behalf of Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
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Georg G, Cavazza M, Charles F, Smith C. P309 Serious Games As A New Medium For Patients Guidelines Dissemination. BMJ Qual Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002293.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Georg G, Siddle J, Truran M, Cavazza M. P271 Computerized Guidelines Analysis: 5-Years Experience And User Feedback. BMJ Qual Saf 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002293.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Bancos I, Bida JP, Tian D, Bundrick M, John K, Holte MN, Her YF, Evans D, Saenz DT, Poeschla EM, Hook D, Georg G, Maher LJ. High-throughput screening for growth inhibitors using a yeast model of familial paraganglioma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56827. [PMID: 23451094 PMCID: PMC3579935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical tumor suppressor genes block neoplasia by regulating cell growth and death. A remarkable puzzle is therefore presented by familial paraganglioma (PGL), a neuroendocrine cancer where the tumor suppressor genes encode subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle of central metabolism. Loss of SDH initiates PGL through mechanisms that remain unclear. Could this metabolic defect provide a novel opportunity for chemotherapy of PGL? We report the results of high throughput screening to identify compounds differentially toxic to SDH mutant cells using a powerful S. cerevisiae (yeast) model of PGL. Screening more than 200,000 compounds identifies 12 compounds that are differentially toxic to SDH-mutant yeast. Interestingly, two of the agents, dequalinium and tetraethylthiuram disulfide (disulfiram), are anti-malarials with the latter reported to be a glycolysis inhibitor. We show that four of the additional hits are potent inhibitors of yeast alcohol dehydrogenase. Because alcohol dehydrogenase regenerates NAD(+) in glycolytic cells that lack TCA cycle function, this result raises the possibility that lactate dehydrogenase, which plays the equivalent role in human cells, might be a target of interest for PGL therapy. We confirm that human cells deficient in SDH are differentially sensitive to a lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Bancos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - John Paul Bida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Defeng Tian
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mary Bundrick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kristen John
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Molly Nelson Holte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yeng F. Her
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Debra Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dyana T. Saenz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Poeschla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Derek Hook
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Gunda Georg
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota–Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - L. James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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Gora J, Stock M, Lütgendorf-Caucig C, Georg G. PO-0916 IS THERE AN ADVANTAGE IN DESIGNING ADAPTED, PATIENT SPECIFIC PTV IN SCANNED PROTON THERAPY FOR PROSTATE CANCER? Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)71249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Holets LM, Cottita J, Jakkaraj S, Chakrasali R, Kinzy T, Georg G, Tash J. Effect of H2-Gamendazole and Other Indazole Carboxylic Acid (ICA) Analogs on Primary Rat Sertoli Cells Cytoskeletal Structure and Elongation Factor 1 Alpha (EEF1A1) Expression and Function. Biol Reprod 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/85.s1.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Holets LM, Grissell A, Jakkaray S, Chakrasali R, Georg G, Zelinski M, Tash JS. Effect of H2-Gamendazole on Rapid HSF1 Expression and Interaction with Heat Shock Proteins in Rat Testis In Vivo and Primary Sertoli Cells. Biol Reprod 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/83.s1.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chugh R, Patil S, Sangwan V, Vickers S, Georg G, Saluja AK. Abstract 1771: Therapeutic management of pancreatic cancer using a novel drug, Minnelide. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic cancer, the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, is one of the most malignant and aggressive forms of cancer, with a 5-year survival of <5%. We have previously shown that triptolide, a diterpenoid isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, inhibits HSP70 expression leading to cell death in pancreatic cancer cells and reduces the growth as well as loco-regional spread of pancreatic tumors in an orthotopic model. The drawback of the use of triptolide in the clinic is its insolubility in water, requiring the presence of organic solvents. We therefore developed a prodrug of triptolide named Minnelide which is water soluble and converts to the parent compound both in vitro and in vivo.
Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of Minnelide as a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.
Methods: Pancreatic cancer cells of varying metastatic potential (MIA PaCa-2/S2-VP10/S2-013) were incubated with different concentrations of Minnelide (100-200 nM) or vehicle (control). Cell viability was measured using an MTT-based assay, and apoptosis assessed using annexin V staining and caspase 3/9 activation at different time intervals. HSP70 expression was measured in lysates from Minnelide-treated cells by western blot. In vivo efficacy of the drug was measured by implanting tumor cells into the pancreas of nude mice which were then treated with either vehicle or Minnelide for different periods of time, and at different stages of tumor formation.
Results: Minnelide decreased the cell viability of the three different human pancreatic cancer cell lines tested in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, cell death was associated with annexin V positivity and activation of caspase 3/9. Minnelide repressed HSP70 protein expression at 100nM, supporting our previous results which show that HSP70 plays an important role in tumor progression. In the in vivo orthotopic mouse model, Minnelide dramatically decreased tumor size, loco-regional spread of tumor and extended survival, both in the early (7 days post-inoculation) and late (28 days post-inoculation) stages of pancreatic cancer. Importantly, toxic studies have shown that Minnelide at the concentrations required for tumor regression is not toxic to the animal.
Conclusion: Minnelide is a potent anti-cancer agent, both in vitro and in vivo, causing cell death via apoptosis and tumor regression in vivo. It holds great promise as a novel single-agent therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer. We are currently in the process of initiating Phase I clinical trials for this drug.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1771.
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Talukdar A, Breen M, Bacher A, Illarionov B, Fischer M, Georg G, Ye QZ, Cushman M. Discovery and development of a small molecule library with lumazine synthase inhibitory activity. J Org Chem 2009; 74:5123-34. [PMID: 19552377 PMCID: PMC2760403 DOI: 10.1021/jo900238q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(E)-5-Nitro-6-(2-hydroxystyryl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (9) was identified as a novel inhibitor of Schizosaccharomyces pombe lumazine synthase by high-throughput screening of a 100000 compound library. The K(i) of 9 vs Mycobacterium tuberculosis lumazine synthase was 95 microM. Compound 9 is a structural analogue of the lumazine synthase substrate 5-amino-6-(d-ribitylamino)-2,4-(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione (1). This indicates that the ribitylamino side chain of the substrate is not essential for binding to the enzyme. Optimization of the enzyme inhibitory activity through systematic structure modification of the lead compound 9 led to (E)-5-nitro-6-(4-nitrostyryl)pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (26), which has a K(i) of 3.7 microM vs M. tuberculosis lumazine synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Megan Breen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | | | - Boris Illarionov
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunda Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Qi-Zhuang Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and The Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Cotitta J, Ozturk S, Kinzy T, Jakkaraj S, Chakrasali R, Gross S, Georg G, Tash J. The Candidate Male Contraceptive Agent, Gamendazole, Affects Actin Organization and Vinculin Based Focal Contact Distribution in Sertoli Cells In Vitro. Biol Reprod 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/biolreprod/78.s1.206b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Most drug discovery efforts for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have focused on prevention or clearance of beta-amyloid (Abeta) fibrils or oligomers, with far less attention to prevention of tau abnormalities that lead to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Much evidence now indicates that Abeta multimers can trigger neurodegenerative changes that involve formation of dystrophic neurites and cytoskeletal collapse, possibly due loss of microtubule (MT) stabilization by the tau protein. We have found that several MT-stabilizing agents such as Taxol significantly enhanced neuronal survival in the presence of Abeta and identified agents that enter the brain, a necessity for in vivo testing in animal models of tau pathology. Studies were designed to test two agents in the tau mutant (JNPL3) mouse that develops severe motor deficits at about seven months of age, accompanied by neuropathological markers of tau pathology. In addition to using motor performance tests through the planned period of drug administration, we designed a simple appetitive memory test that required a reduction in ad lib food intake. Although the neurochemical data are still being analyzed, we were surprised to find that all of the JNPL3 mice, whether receiving the drug or not, developed no signs of motor impairment up to 10 months of age. This is considerably beyond the age at which free-fed mice survived and suggests that the food restriction alone may have delayed the pathological process. A study is ongoing with free-fed mice to determine if the drug interventions do have any beneficial effects in these mutant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Michaelis
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, 1241 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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Blackman B, Georg G, Lushington G. CoMSIA/QSAR Models for Vacuolar (H+) ATPase Inhibition by Selected Benzoate and Benzolactone Species. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2006. [DOI: 10.2174/157018006775789748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen J, Illarionov B, Bacher A, Fischer M, Haase I, Georg G, Ye QZ, Ma Z, Cushman M. A high-throughput screen utilizing the fluorescence of riboflavin for identification of lumazine synthase inhibitors. Anal Biochem 2005; 338:124-30. [PMID: 15707942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput screening method based on the competitive binding of a lumazine synthase inhibitor and riboflavin to the active site of Schizosaccharomyces pombe lumazine synthase was developed. This assay is sensitive, simple, and robust. During assay development, all of the known active inhibitors tested were positively identified. Preliminary high-throughput screening in 384-well format resulted in a Z factor of 0.7. The approach utilizes a thermodynamic assay to bypass the problems associated with the instabilities of both lumazine synthase substrates that complicate the use of a kinetic assay in a high-throughput format, and it removes the time element from the assay, thus simplifying the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Michaelis ML, Seyb KI, Ansar S, Bean JL, Georg G. P3-192 Parallels between ER-stress and Aβ-induced toxicity in primary neurons: involvement of the cytoskeletal network. Neurobiol Aging 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(04)81344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li G, Faibushevich A, Turunen BJ, Yoon SO, Georg G, Michaelis ML, Dobrowsky RT. Stabilization of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activator, p35, by paclitaxel decreases beta-amyloid toxicity in cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2003; 84:347-62. [PMID: 12558997 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, aggregated paired helical filaments composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. Amyloid-beta (Abeta) induces tau hyperphosphorylation, decreases microtubule (MT) stability and induces neuronal death. MT stabilizing agents have been proposed as potential therapeutics that may minimize Abeta toxicity and here we report that paclitaxel (taxol) prevents cell death induced by Abeta peptides, inhibits Abeta-induced activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and decreases tau hyperphosphorylation. Taxol did not inhibit cdk5 directly but significantly blocked Abeta-induced calpain activation and decreased formation of the cdk5 activator, p25, from p35. Taxol specifically inhibited the Abeta-induced activation of the cytosolic cdk5-p25 complex, but not the membrane-associated cdk5-p35 complex. MT-stabilization was necessary for neuroprotection and inhibition of cdk5 but was not sufficient to prevent cell death induced by overexpression of p25. As taxol is not permeable to the blood-brain barrier, we assessed the potential of taxanes to attenuate Abeta toxicity in adult animals using a succinylated taxol analog (TX67) permeable to the blood-brain barrier. TX67, but not taxol, attenuated the magnitude of both basal and Abeta-induced cdk5 activation in acutely dissociated cortical cultures prepared from drug treated adult mice. These results suggest that MT-stabilizing agents may provide a therapeutic approach to decrease Abeta toxicity and neurofibrillary pathology in AD and other tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guibin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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Rice A, Michaelis ML, Georg G, Liu Y, Turunen B, Audus KL. Overcoming the Blood-Brain Barrier to Taxane Delivery for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Brain Tumors. J Mol Neurosci 2003; 20:339-43. [PMID: 14501017 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:20:3:339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2002] [Accepted: 03/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) effectively prevents microtubule (MT)-stabilizing drugs from readily entering the central nervous system (CNS). A major limiting factor for microtubule-stabilizing drug permeation across the BBB is the active efflux back into the circulation by the overexpression of the multidrug-resistant gene product 1 (MDR1) or P-glycoprotein (P-gp). This study has focused on strategies to overcome P-gp-mediated efflux of Taxol analogs, MT-stabilizing agents that could be used to treat brain tumors and, potentially, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, taxol is a strong P-gp substrate that limits its distribution across the BBB and therapeutic potential in the CNS. We have found that addition of a succinate group to the C-10 position of paclitaxel (Taxol) results in an agent, Tx-67, with reduced interactions with P-gp and enhanced permeation across the BBB in both in vitro and in situ models. Our studies demonstrate the feasibility of making small chemical modifications to Taxol to generate analogs with reduced affinity for the P-gp but retention of MT-stabilizing properties, i.e., a taxane that may reach and treat therapeutic targets in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonie Rice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 226 Simons, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Gao X, Petroff BK, Oluola O, Georg G, Terranova PF, Rozman KK. Endocrine disruption by indole-3-carbinol and tamoxifen: blockage of ovulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2002; 183:179-88. [PMID: 12383709 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2002.9478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immature Sprague-Dawley rats received daily doses of indole-3-carbinol (I3C, 0-1.5 g/kg/day), 3,3'-diindolymethane (DIM, 0-400 mg/kg/day), tamoxifen (TAM, 0-0.5 mg/kg/day), or vehicle to determine if their antiestrogenic effects occur by the same mechanism and whether I3C's action is mediated by DIM. Follicular development was induced on day 24 of age by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG, 5 IU) 1 day after the initial dose. In a hormone replacement study, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, 10 IU sc, 48 h post-eCG) was used to mimic a normal preovulatoy luteinizing hormone (LH) surge following treatment with either I3C or TAM. Blood and ovaries were collected throughout follicular development and the number of ova shed was measured on the morning following expected ovulation (72 h post-eCG). I3C but not TAM reduced body weight gain at higher doses after 4 days of dosing. Ovarian weight gain and ovulation were inhibited by both I3C and TAM in a dose-dependent fashion. During the preovulatory period, both I3C and TAM blocked normal LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) surges and suppressed serum progesterone (P(4)) profoundly without changing circulating levels of estrogen (E(2)). At the time of expected ovulation, serum E(2) was increased in rats receiving I3C or tamoxifen, whereas serum P(4) was dose-dependently decreased. DIM exerted no significant effects on any of the endpoints studied, even at the highest dose, indicating that the antiestrogenic effects of I3C are not mediated by this metabolite of I3C. hCG successfully restored ovarian weight gain and ovulation in TAM-treated rats. However, hCG only partially reversed the blockage of ovulation by I3C, although ovarian weight gain was restored to normal. In summary, both I3C and TAM block ovulation by altering preovulatory concentrations of LH and FSH, but I3C appears to exert its effect(s) by (a) different mechanism(s) of action. I3C seems to act at both the ovarian and hypothalamic levels by mechanisms similar to those seen in TCDD-treated rats, whereas TAM appears to act only on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis as an anti-estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA
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Michaelis ML, Chen Y, Hill S, Reiff E, Georg G, Rice A, Audus K. Amyloid peptide toxicity and microtubule-stabilizing drugs. J Mol Neurosci 2002; 19:101-5. [PMID: 12212764 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-002-0018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2001] [Accepted: 10/16/2001] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on microtubule (MT) disruption observed in primary neurons exposed to fibrillar amyloid peptides (A beta), we tested the potential protective effect of MT-stabilizing drugs such as Taxol against A beta-induced disruption of the cytoskeleton. Although Taxol was strongly protective, the fact that it does not cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) led us to synthesize and test other agents with MT-stabilizing properties and possible penetration into the brain. Our studies have thus far demonstrated that several MT-stabilizing agents, including some with structures quite different from that of Taxol, showed significant protective effects. However, not all agents that promoted MT-assembly were protective, suggesting additional mechanisms are involved in the actions of the drugs. A small number of neuroprotective compounds appear to have potential to enter the brain and thus might be tested to see if they slow progression of neurodegeneration in an appropriate animal model of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Michaelis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA.
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Michaelis ML, Ranciat N, Chen Y, Bechtel M, Ragan R, Hepperle M, Liu Y, Georg G. Protection against beta-amyloid toxicity in primary neurons by paclitaxel (Taxol). J Neurochem 1998; 70:1623-7. [PMID: 9523579 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.70041623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease contain aggregates of abnormally phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau, indicating that microtubule breakdown is a primary event in the neurodegenerative cascade. Recent studies have shown that addition to neuronal cultures of amyloid peptides found in Alzheimer's leads to abnormal phosphorylation of tau and neurofibrillary pathology. We tested the possibility that the microtubule-stabilizing drug paclitaxel (Taxol) might protect primary neurons against amyloid-induced toxicity. Neurons exposed to aggregated amyloid peptides 25-35 and 1-42 became pyknotic with degenerating neurites within 24 h. Treatment of cultures with paclitaxel either 2 h before or 2 h after addition of the peptide prevented these morphological alterations. When numbers of viable cells were determined in cultures exposed to amyloid peptide with or without paclitaxel for 24 or 96 h, the percentage of surviving cells was significantly higher in paclitaxel-treated cultures, and activation of the apoptosis-associated protease CPP32 was significantly reduced. These observations indicate that microtubule-stabilizing drugs may help slow development of the neurofibrillary pathology that leads to the loss of neuronal integrity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Michaelis
- Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045, USA
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