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Xu Z, Liang XT, White LV, Banwell MG, Tan S. Biomimetic and Concise Total Syntheses of Prenylated and Bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane-Containing Indole Alkaloids Including Taichunamide A, Notoamide N and Versicolamide B. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12639-12650. [PMID: 39180143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Total syntheses of the title prenylated indole alkaloids together with seven others are reported. Biogenetic considerations have been employed in devising the reaction sequences leading to these targets with, in the opening stages, electrochemically-derived indole-3-carboxaldehyde 15 being subject to an aldol-type condensation reaction involving diketopiperazine derivative 19. This led, after prototopic shifts, intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition and hydrolysis/deprotection steps, to the racemic forms of the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane-containing natural product stephacidin A (2) and its C6 epimer 3. Epoxidation of the last compound afforded, following rearrangement of the primary oxidation products, a mixture of (±)-taichunamide A [(±)-4] and (±)-versicolamide B [(±)-7]. Related protocols allowed for the conversion of (±)-stephacidin A [(±)-2] into (±)-notoamide B [(±)-5]. Analogous aldol condensation, nucleophilic reduction, and epoxidation steps led to the formation of (-)-notoamide E and its conversion into notoamide C as well as the indole fragmentation product amoenamide E. A late-stage chlorination reaction applied to (±)-stephacidin A provided access to the spirocyclic oxindole (±)-notoamide N [(±)-6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Xu
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xin-Ting Liang
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lorenzo V White
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shen Tan
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Banerjee A, Panda G. Total synthesis of selected bioactive alkaloids, their structure–function relationships and molecular target interactions: A comparative synthetic analysis of tryptophan originated chiral pool approaches vs other synthons. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Klas KR, Kato H, Frisvad JC, Yu F, Newmister SA, Fraley AE, Sherman DH, Tsukamoto S, Williams RM. Structural and stereochemical diversity in prenylated indole alkaloids containing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system from marine and terrestrial fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 35:532-558. [PMID: 29632911 DOI: 10.1039/c7np00042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to February 2017 Various fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Malbranchea produce prenylated indole alkaloids possessing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system. After the discovery of distinct enantiomers of the natural alkaloids stephacidin A and notoamide B, from A. protuberus MF297-2 and A. amoenus NRRL 35660, another fungi, A. taichungensis, was found to produce their diastereomers, 6-epi-stephacidin A and versicolamide B, as major metabolites. Distinct enantiomers of stephacidin A and 6-epi-stephacidin A may be derived from a common precursor, notoamide S, by enzymes that form a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core via a putative intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition. This review provides our current understanding of the structural and stereochemical homologies and disparities of these alkaloids. Through the deployment of biomimetic syntheses, whole-genome sequencing, and biochemical studies, a unified biogenesis of both the dioxopiperazine and the monooxopiperazine families of prenylated indole alkaloids constituted of bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Klas
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Bugaenko DI, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Synthesis of indoles: recent advances. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Design, synthesis and characterization of potent microtubule inhibitors with dual anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic activities. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:380-396. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reddy RR, Adlak K, Ghorai P. Catalyst-free Synthesis of 6-Hydroxy Indoles via the Condensation of Carboxymethyl Cyclohexadienones and Amines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:8426-8437. [PMID: 28714691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient catalyst-free synthesis of 6-hydroxy indoles from carboxymethyl cyclohexadienones and primary amines has been developed. The aza-Michael addition of the in situ formed enamine, generated through the condensation of carboxymethyl unit of the substrates with an external amine, to cyclohexadienone moiety followed by rearomatization reaction to provide such indoles. Anilines, aliphatic amines, α-chiral aliphatic amines, or even ammonia were used as amine counterpart. Some of the cyclohexadienones gave 6-amino indoles instead of 6-hydroxy indoles using the Re2O7 catalyst. Various post methodological transformations were performed to explore the synthetic utility of the synthesized hydroxy indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reddy Rajasekhar Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Komalkant Adlak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, India
| | - Prasanta Ghorai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal , Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, India
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Zhou Y, Li R, Wang X, He L, Guan M, Wu Y. Facile synthesis of unsymmetrical N-aryl-2,2-di(1H-indol-3-yl) acetamide derivatives. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-6233-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Fe-catalyzed regioselective Friedel–Crafts hydroxyalkylation of N -substituted glyoxylamide with indoles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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9
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Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Marine indole alkaloids comprise a large and steadily growing group of secondary metabolites. Their diverse biological activities make many compounds of this class attractive starting points for pharmaceutical development. Several marine-derived indoles were found to possess cytotoxic, antineoplastic, antibacterial and antimicrobial activities, in addition to the action on human enzymes and receptors. The newly isolated indole alkaloids of marine origin since the last comprehensive review in 2003 are reported, and biological aspects will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Netz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Till Opatz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Chen T, Foo TJY, Yeung YY. Indole-Catalyzed Bromolactonization in Lipophilic Solvent: A Solid–Liquid Phase Transfer Approach. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Thomas Jian Yao Foo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
| | - Ying-Yeung Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543
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Burnett CL, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety assessment of 6-hydroxyindole as used in cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2014; 33:24S-35S. [PMID: 25297906 DOI: 10.1177/1091581814533972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) reviewed the safety of 6-hydroxyindole, which functions as an oxidative hair dye ingredient. The Panel considered relevant animal and human data provided in this safety assessment and concluded that 6-hydroxyindole is safe for use in oxidative hair dye formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - F Alan Andersen
- Former Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
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Saito T, Sonoki Y, Otani T, Kutsumura N. Triflic acid-promoted cycloisomerization of 2-alkynylphenyl isothiocyanates and isocyanates: a novel synthetic method for a variety of indole derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8398-407. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00825a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A unique method for synthesis of structurally diverse types of indoles involving a triflic acid-promoted cycloisomerization and a Wagner–Meerwein-type rearrangement is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Saito
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sonoki
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Takashi Otani
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Noriki Kutsumura
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS)
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Johnson KF, Van Zeeland R, Stanley LM. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of N-tert-prenylindoles. Org Lett 2013; 15:2798-801. [PMID: 23714013 DOI: 10.1021/ol4011344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed N-tert-prenylations of indoles, tricarbonylchromium-activated indoles, and indolines that occur in high yields (up to 94%) with high tert-prenyl-to-n-prenyl selectivity (up to 12:1) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten F Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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15
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Ishikura M, Abe T, Choshi T, Hibino S. Simple indole alkaloids and those with a non-rearranged monoterpenoid unit. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:694-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Sunderhaus JD, McAfoos TJ, Finefield JM, Kato H, Li S, Tsukamoto S, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Synthesis and bioconversions of notoamide T: a biosynthetic precursor to stephacidin A and notoamide B. Org Lett 2012; 15:22-5. [PMID: 23249380 DOI: 10.1021/ol302901p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to further elucidate the biogenesis of the stephacidin and notoamide families of natural products, notoamide T has been identified as the likely precursor to stephacidin A. The total synthesis of notoamide T is described along with it is C-6-epimer, 6-epi-notoamide T. The chemical conversion of stephacidin A to notoamide T by reductive ring opening is described as well as the oxidative conversion of notoamide T to stephacidin A. Furthermore, [(13)C](2)-notoamide T was synthesized and provided to Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus sp. MF297-2, in which significant incorporation was observed in the advanced metabolite, notoamide B.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sunderhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Nowrouzi F, Batey RA. Regio- and Stereoselective Allylation and Crotylation of Indoles at C2 Through the Use of Potassium Organotrifluoroborate Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Nowrouzi F, Batey RA. Regio- and Stereoselective Allylation and Crotylation of Indoles at C2 Through the Use of Potassium Organotrifluoroborate Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:892-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Li S, Finefield JM, Sunderhaus JD, McAfoos TJ, Williams RM, Sherman DH. Biochemical characterization of NotB as an FAD-dependent oxidase in the biosynthesis of notoamide indole alkaloids. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:788-91. [PMID: 22188465 DOI: 10.1021/ja2093212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Notoamides produced by Aspergillus spp. bearing the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core structure with unusual structural diversity represent a compelling system to understand the biosynthesis of fungal prenylated indole alkaloids. Herein, we report the in vitro characterization of NotB, which catalyzes the indole 2,3-oxidation of notoamide E (13), leading to notoamides C (11) and D (12) through an apparent pinacol-like rearrangement. This unique enzymatic reaction with high substrate specificity, together with the information derived from precursor incorporation experiments using [(13)C](2)-[(15)N](2) quadruply labeled notoamide S (10), demonstrates 10 as a pivotal branching point in notoamide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengying Li
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Abstract
Covering: 2010. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 196. This review covers the literature published in 2010 for marine natural products, with 895 citations (590 for the period January to December 2010) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1003 for 2010), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Biomimetic synthesis describes the field of organic chemistry that aims to emulate the natural, biosynthetic processes toward natural products. As well as providing insight into how molecules are formed in nature, the benefits of this approach to total synthesis are numerous and extend beyond the gains typical of traditional synthesis. For example, using biosynthetic proposals to design a synthetic route can highlight alternative methods to the desired target. The pursuit of biomimetic syntheses also promotes the development of new reactions to prove or disprove a biosynthetic proposal or to unravel mechanistic implications of a proposed biosynthesis and can lead to the identification of new natural products. Here we look at some recent compelling examples and examine how biomimetic synthesis has led to the discovery of new procedures and principles that would not have been found by other approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Razzak
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Crick PJ, Simpkins NS, Highton A. Synthesis of the Asperparaline Core by a Radical Cascade. Org Lett 2011; 13:6472-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202769f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Crick
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K., and AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Nigel S. Simpkins
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K., and AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
| | - Adrian Highton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K., and AstraZeneca R&D Charnwood, Loughborough, LE11 5RH, U.K
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Song ZL, Fan CA, Tu YQ. Semipinacol Rearrangement in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:7523-56. [PMID: 21851053 DOI: 10.1021/cr200055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Lei Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting of Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chun-An Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Qiang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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Finefield JM, Sherman DH, Tsukamoto S, Williams RM. Studies on the biosynthesis of the notoamides: synthesis of an isotopomer of 6-hydroxydeoxybrevianamide E and biosynthetic incorporation into notoamide J. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5954-8. [PMID: 21504234 DOI: 10.1021/jo200218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
6-Hydroxydeoxybrevianamide E is proposed as a biosynthetic precursor to several advanced metabolites isolated from both marine-derived Aspergillus sp. and a terrestrial-derived Aspergillus versicolor. To verify the role of this reverse-prenylated indole alkaloid as an intermediate along the biosynthetic pathway, [(13)C](2)-[(15)N]-6-hydroxydeoxybrevianamide E was synthesized and fed to Aspergillus versicolor. Analysis of the metabolites showed incorporation of the intermediate only into the natural product notoamide J.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Finefield
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Sunderhaus JD, Sherman DH, Williams RM. Studies on the Biosynthesis of the Stephacidin and Notoamide Natural Products: A Stereochemical and Genetic Conundrum. Isr J Chem 2011; 51:442-452. [PMID: 21818159 PMCID: PMC3148524 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The stephacidin and notoamide natural products belong to a group of prenylated indole alkaloids containing a bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core. Biosynthetically, this bicyclic core is believed to be the product of an intermolecular Diels- Alder (IMDA) cycloaddition of an achiral azadiene. Since all of the natural products in this family have been isolated in enantiomerically pure form to date, it is believed that an elusive Diels-Alderase enzyme mediates the IMDA reaction. Adding further intrigue to this biosynthetic puzzle is the fact that several related Aspergillus fungi produce a number of metabolites with the opposite absolute configuration, implying that these fungi have evolved enantiomerically distinct Diels-Alderases. We have undertaken a program to identify every step in the biogenesis of the stephacidins and notoamides, and by combining the techniques of chemical synthesis and biochemical analysis we have been able to identify the two prenyltransferases involved in the early stages of the stephacidin and notoamide biosyntheses. This has allowed us to propose a modified biosynthesis for stephacidin A, and has brought us closer to our goal of finding evidence for, or against, the presence of a Diels-Alderase in this biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Sunderhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA, phone: +1 970-491-6747, fax: +1 970-491-3944
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Abstract
Important biologically active indole alkaloids are decorated with prenyl (3,3-dimethylallyl) and tert-prenyl (1,1-dimethylallyl) groups. Covering the literature until the end of 2010, this review article comprehensively summarises and discusses the currently available technologies of prenylation and tert-prenylation of indoles, which have been applied in natural products total syntheses or could be applied there in the near future. We focus on those procedures which introduce the C(5) units in one step, organised according to the indole position to be functionalised. Key strategies include electrophilic and nucleophilic prenylation and tert-prenylation, prenyl and tert-prenyl rearrangements, transition metal-mediated reactions and enzymatic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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