1
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Griesbeck AG, Bozkus S. Spin Photochemistry: Electron Spin Multiplicity as a Tool for Reactivity and Selectivity Control. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:868-872. [PMID: 34728014 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin chemistry involving small organic molecules without heavy atoms is highly sensitive to spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) modulating biradical conformation as well as hyperfine coupling (HFC) modulating magnetic isotope interactions. Several easily available reaction properties such as chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity as well as quantum yields serve as analytical tools to follow intersystem crossing (ISC) dynamics and allow titrating spin selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel G Griesbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Greinstr. 4, University of Cologne, 50939 Köln-Cologne, Germany;,
| | - Seyma Bozkus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Greinstr. 4, University of Cologne, 50939 Köln-Cologne, Germany
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2
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Sicignano M, Rodríguez RI, Alemán J. Recent Visible Light and Metal Free Strategies in [2+2] and [4+2] Photocycloadditions. European J Org Chem 2021; 2021:3303-3321. [PMID: 34248414 PMCID: PMC8252406 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
When aiming to synthesize molecules with elevated molecular complexity starting from relatively simple starting materials, photochemical transformations represent an open avenue to circumvent analogous multistep procedures. Specifically, light-mediated cycloadditions remain as powerful tools to generate new bonds begotten from non-very intuitive disconnections, that alternative thermal protocols would not offer. In response to the current trend in both industrial and academic research pointing towards green and sustainable processes, several strategies that meet these requirements are currently available in the literature. This Minireview summarizes [2+2] and [4+2] photocycloadditions that do not require the use of metal photocatalysts by means of alternative strategies. It is segmented according to the cycloaddition type in order to give the reader a friendly approach and we primarily focus on the most recent developments in the field carried out using visible light, a general overview of the mechanism in each case is offered as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sicignano
- Organic Chemistry DepartmentMódulo 1Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - Ricardo I. Rodríguez
- Organic Chemistry DepartmentMódulo 1Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
| | - José Alemán
- Organic Chemistry DepartmentMódulo 1Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)Universidad Autónoma de Madrid28049MadridSpain
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3
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Jabeen S, Farag M, Malek B, Choudhury R, Greer A. A Singlet Oxygen Priming Mechanism: Disentangling of Photooxidative and Downstream Dark Effects. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12505-12513. [PMID: 32885660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Airborne singlet oxygen obtained from photosensitization of triplet dioxygen is shown to react with an alkene surfactant (8-methylnon-7-ene-1 sulfonate) leading to "ene" hydroperoxides that in the dark inactivate planktonic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The "ene" hydroperoxide photoproducts are not toxic on their own, but they become toxic after the bacteria are pretreated with singlet oxygen. The total quenching rate constant (kT) of singlet oxygen of the alkene surfactant was measured to be 1.1 × 106 M-1 s-1 at the air/liquid interface. Through a new mechanism called singlet oxygen priming (SOP), the singlet oxygen leads to hydroperoxides then to peroxyl radicals, tetraoxides, and decomposition products, which also promote disinfection, and therefore offer a "one-two" punch. This offers a strong secondary toxic effect in an otherwise indiscernible dark reaction. The results provide an insight into assisted killing by an exogenous alkene with dark toxicity effects following exposure to singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakeela Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Maria Farag
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Belaid Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Rajib Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas 72801, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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4
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Aksu H, Paul SK, Herbert JM, Dunietz BD. How Well Does a Solvated Octa-acid Capsule Shield the Embedded Chromophore? A Computational Analysis Based on an Anisotropic Dielectric Continuum Model. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6998-7004. [PMID: 32787071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of chromophores embedded in a water-solvated dimer of octa-acid that forms a molecular-shaped capsule are investigated. In particular, we address the anisotropic dielectric environment that appears to blue-shift excitation energies compared to the free aqueous chromophores. Recently we reported that using an effective scalar dielectric constant ε ≈ 3 appears to reproduce the measured spectra of the embedded coumarins, suggesting that the capsule provides a significant, albeit not perfect, screening of the aqueous dielectric environment. Here, we report absorption energies using a theoretical treatment that includes continuum solvation affected by an anisotropic dielectric function reflecting the high-dielectric environment outside of the capsule and the low-dielectric region within. We report time-dependent density functional theory calculations using a range-separated functional with the Poisson boundary conditions that model the anisotropic dielectric environment. Our calculations find that the anisotropic environment due to the water-solvated hydrophobic capsule is equivalent to a homogeneous effective dielectric constant of ≈3. The calculated values also appear to reproduce measured absorption of the embedded coumarin, where we study the effect of the hydrophobic capsule on the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Physics, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Suranjan K Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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5
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Petzold D, Giedyk M, Chatterjee A, König B. A Retrosynthetic Approach for Photocatalysis. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Petzold
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Maciej Giedyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01‐224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anamitra Chatterjee
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Regensburg Universitätsstraße 31 93053 Regensburg Germany
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6
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Das A, Sharma G, Kamatham N, Prabhakar R, Sen P, Ramamurthy V. Ultrafast Solvation Dynamics Reveal that Octa Acid Capsule's Interior Dryness Depends on the Guest. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5928-5936. [PMID: 31276410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins are well-known to exhibit environment-dependent excited-state behavior. We have exploited this feature to probe the accessibility of solvent water molecules to coumarins (guest) encapsulated within an organic capsule (host). Two sets of coumarins, one small that fits well within the capsule and the other larger that fits within an enlarged capsule, are used as guests. In our study, the two sets of coumarins serve different purposes: one is employed to explore electron transfer across the capsule and the other to release photoprotected acids into the aqueous environment. The capsule is made up of two molecules of octa acid (OA) and is soluble in an aqueous medium under slightly basic conditions. Molecular modeling studies revealed that while the OA capsule is fully closed with no access to water in the case of smaller coumarins, with the larger molecules, the capsule is not tight and the guest is in contact with water molecules, the number being dependent on the size of the coumarin. We have used the ultrafast time-dependent Stokes shift method to understand the solvent dynamics around the above guest molecules encapsulated within an OA capsule in an aqueous medium. Results depict that for the smaller sets of coumarins, water cannot access the guests within the OA cavity during their excited state lifetime. However, the case is completely different for the larger coumaryl esters. Distorted capsule structure exposes the guest to water, and a dynamics Stokes shift is observed. The average solvation time decreases with the increasing size of guests that clearly indicates accessibility of the encapsulated guests toward greater number of water molecules as the capsule structure distorts with increasing size of the guests. Results of the ultrafast solvation dynamics are consistent with that of molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Das
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | - Nareshbabu Kamatham
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | - Pratik Sen
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016 , India
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7
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Ramasamy E, Ramamurthy V. Supramolecular-Surface Photochemistry: Assembly and Photochemistry of Host–Guest Capsules on Silica Surface. Org Lett 2018; 20:4187-4190. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elamparuthi Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida 33146, United States
| | - V. Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Miami, Florida 33146, United States
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8
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Mellerup SK, Li C, Radtke J, Wang X, Li QS, Wang S. Photochemical Generation of Chiral N,B,X-Heterocycles by Heteroaromatic C−X Bond Scission (X=S, O) and Boron Insertion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9634-9639. [PMID: 29682875 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soren K. Mellerup
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Cally Li
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Julian Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 10081 P. R. China
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 10081 P. R. China
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9
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Mellerup SK, Li C, Radtke J, Wang X, Li QS, Wang S. Photochemical Generation of Chiral N,B,X-Heterocycles by Heteroaromatic C−X Bond Scission (X=S, O) and Boron Insertion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soren K. Mellerup
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Cally Li
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Julian Radtke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Goethe-Universität Frankfurt; 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
| | - Quan-Song Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 10081 P. R. China
| | - Suning Wang
- Department of Chemistry; Queen's University; Kingston Ontario K7L 3N6 Canada
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials; School of Chemistry; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 10081 P. R. China
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10
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Jagadesan P, Samanta SR, Choudhury R, Ramamurthy V. Container Chemistry: Manipulating excited state behavior of organic guests within cavitands that form capsules in water. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Aricov L, Băran A, Stîngă G, Simion EL, Gîfu IC, Anghel DF, Rădiţoiu V. Formation and hosting properties of polyacrylate–surfactant complexes. Colloid Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-017-4102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Possible existence of optical communication channels in the brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36508. [PMID: 27819310 PMCID: PMC5098150 DOI: 10.1038/srep36508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that many fundamental questions in neuroscience are still open, it seems pertinent to explore whether the brain might use other physical modalities than the ones that have been discovered so far. In particular it is well established that neurons can emit photons, which prompts the question whether these biophotons could serve as signals between neurons, in addition to the well-known electro-chemical signals. For such communication to be targeted, the photons would need to travel in waveguides. Here we show, based on detailed theoretical modeling, that myelinated axons could serve as photonic waveguides, taking into account realistic optical imperfections. We propose experiments, both in vivo and in vitro, to test our hypothesis. We discuss the implications of our results, including the question whether photons could mediate long-range quantum entanglement in the brain.
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13
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Kärkäs M, Porco JA, Stephenson CRJ. Photochemical Approaches to Complex Chemotypes: Applications in Natural Product Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9683-747. [PMID: 27120289 PMCID: PMC5025835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 678] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of photochemical transformations is a powerful strategy that allows for the formation of a high degree of molecular complexity from relatively simple building blocks in a single step. A central feature of all light-promoted transformations is the involvement of electronically excited states, generated upon absorption of photons. This produces transient reactive intermediates and significantly alters the reactivity of a chemical compound. The input of energy provided by light thus offers a means to produce strained and unique target compounds that cannot be assembled using thermal protocols. This review aims at highlighting photochemical transformations as a tool for rapidly accessing structurally and stereochemically diverse scaffolds. Synthetic designs based on photochemical transformations have the potential to afford complex polycyclic carbon skeletons with impressive efficiency, which are of high value in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus
D. Kärkäs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John A. Porco
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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14
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Malek B, Fang W, Abramova I, Walalawela N, Ghogare AA, Greer A. “Ene” Reactions of Singlet Oxygen at the Air–Water Interface. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6395-401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Belaid Malek
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - William Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Inna Abramova
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Niluksha Walalawela
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Ashwini A. Ghogare
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D.
Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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15
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16
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Ramamurthy V, Mondal B. Supramolecular photochemistry concepts highlighted with select examples. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Ramamurthy V, Jockusch S, Porel M. Supramolecular Photochemistry in Solution and on Surfaces: Encapsulation and Dynamics of Guest Molecules and Communication between Encapsulated and Free Molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5554-5570. [PMID: 25521719 DOI: 10.1021/la504130f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Supramolecular assemblies that help to preorganize reactant molecules have played an important role in the development of concepts related to the control of excited-state processes. This has led to a persistent search for newer supramolecular systems (hosts), and this review briefly presents our work with octa acid (OA) to a host to control excited-state processes of organic molecules. Octa acid, a water-soluble host, forms 1:1, 2:1, and 2:2 (host-guest) complexes with various organic molecules. A majority of the guest molecules are enclosed within a capsule made up of two molecules of OA whereas OA by itself remains as a monomer or aggregates. Luminescence and (1)H NMR spectroscopy help to characterize the structure and dynamics of these host-guest complexes. The guest molecule as well as the host-guest complex as a whole undergoes various types of motion, suggesting that the guests possess freedom inside the confined space of the octa acid capsule. In addition, the confined guests are not isolated but are able to communicate (energy, electron, and spin) with molecules present closer to the capsule. The host-guest complexes are stable even on solid surfaces such as silica, clay, α-Zr phosphate, TiO2, and gold nanoparticles. This opens up new opportunities to explore the interaction between confined guests and active surfaces of TiO2 and gold nanoparticles. In addition, this allows the possibility of performing energy and electron transfer between organic molecules that do not adsorb on inert surfaces of silica, clay, or α-Zr phosphate. The results summarized here, in addition to providing a fundamental understanding of the behavior of molecules in a confined space provided by the host OA, are likely to have a long-range effect on the capture and release of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ramamurthy
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Mintu Porel
- †Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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18
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Ramamurthy V, Gupta S. Supramolecular photochemistry: from molecular crystals to water-soluble capsules. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:119-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical and photophysical behavior of molecules in supramolecular assemblies are different and more selective than in gas and isotropic solution phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Ramamurthy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
| | - Shipra Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Miami
- Coral Gables
- USA
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19
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Ashen-Garry D, Selke M. Singlet oxygen generation by cyclometalated complexes and applications. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:257-74. [PMID: 24344628 PMCID: PMC4099187 DOI: 10.1111/php.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
While cyclometalated complexes have been extensively studied for optoelectronic applications, these compounds also represent a relatively new class of photosensitizers for the production of singlet oxygen. Thus far, singlet oxygen generation from cyclometalated Ir and Pt complexes has been studied in detail. In this review, photophysical data for singlet oxygen generation from these complexes are presented, and the mechanism of (1) O2 generation is discussed, including evidence for singlet oxygen generation via an electron-transfer mechanism for some of cyclometalated Ir complexes. The period from the first report of singlet oxygen generation by a cyclometalated Ir complex in 2002 through August 2013 is covered in this review. This new class of singlet oxygen photosensitizers may prove to be rather versatile due to the ease of substitution of ancillary ligands without loss of activity. Several cyclometalated complexes have been tethered to zeolites, polystyrene, or quantum dots. Applications for photooxygenation of organic molecules, including "traditional" singlet oxygen reactions (ene reaction, [4 + 2] and [2 + 2] cycloadditions) as well as oxidative coupling of amines are presented. Potential biomedical applications are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ashen-Garry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, U. S. A
| | - Matthias Selke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90032, U. S. A
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20
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The Turro legacy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:138-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00008k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Bibal B, Mongin C, Bassani DM. Template effects and supramolecular control of photoreactions in solution. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4179-98. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Jayaraman S(S. A tribute to Nicholas J. Turro—An icon of modern molecular photochemistry. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Levin PP, Efremkin AF, Sultimova NB, Kasparov VV, Khudyakov IV. Decay Kinetics of Benzophenone Triplets and Corresponding Free Radicals in Soft and Rigid Polymers Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:369-73. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Levin
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Alexei F. Efremkin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Natalie B. Sultimova
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Valery V. Kasparov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
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24
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Hoffmann N. Photochemical reactions of aromatic compounds and the concept of the photon as a traceless reagent. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 11:1613-41. [PMID: 22732723 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electronic excitation significantly changes the reactivity of chemical compounds. Compared to ground state reactions, photochemical reactions considerably enlarge the application spectrum of a particular functional group in organic synthesis. Multistep syntheses may be simplified and perspectives for target oriented synthesis (TOS) and diversity oriented synthesis (DOS) are developed. New compound families become available or may be obtained more easily. In contrast to common chemical reagents, photons don't generate side products resulting from the transformation of a chemical reagent. Therefore, they are considered as a traceless reagent. Consequently, photochemical reactions play a central role in the methodology of sustainable chemistry. This aspect has been recognized since the beginning of the 20th century. As with many other photochemical transformations, photochemical reactions of aromatic, benzene-like compounds illustrate well the advantages in this context. Photochemical cycloadditions of aromatic compounds have been investigated for a long time. Currently, they are applied in various fields of organic synthesis. They are also studied in supramolecular structures. The phenomena of reactivity and stereoselectivity are investigated. During recent years, photochemical electron transfer mediated reactions are particularly focused. Such transformations have likewise been performed with aromatic compounds. Reactivity and selectivity as well as application to organic synthesis are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Hoffmann
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR 7312 CNRS et Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, B.P. 1039, F-51687 Reims, cedex 02, France.
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Koplak O, Morgunov R, Buchachenko A. Magnetic isotope and magnetic field effects on the silicon oxidation. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ramamurthy V, Mattay J. Nicholas J. Turro (1938 -2012). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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White RC, Arney BE, Ihmels H. Photoreactions of cyclic sulfite esters: Evidence for diradical intermediates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2012; 8:1208-12. [PMID: 23019449 PMCID: PMC3458739 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.8.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The photochemistry of a phenyl and 1,2-diphenyl substituted sulfite ester is reported. The performance of photoreactions under relatively mild reaction conditions enables the detection of products that have not been observed in previous studies. It is concluded that, complementary to the initially proposed carbene intermediates, diradicals may also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick C White
- Department of Chemistry, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
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Cai S, Zhao X, Wang X, Liu Q, Li Z, Wang DZ. Visible-Light-Promoted CC Bond Cleavage: Photocatalytic Generation of Iminium Ions and Amino Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201202880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Cai S, Zhao X, Wang X, Liu Q, Li Z, Wang DZ. Visible-light-promoted C-C bond cleavage: photocatalytic generation of iminium ions and amino radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8050-3. [PMID: 22760950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201202880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyou Cai
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, 518055 China
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Turro NJ, Lechtken P. Thermal and photochemical generation of electronically excited organic molecules. Tetramethyl-1,2-dioxetane and naphthvalene. PURE APPL CHEM 1973. [DOI: 10.1351/pac197333020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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