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Norambuena L, Mardones JI. Emerging phycotoxins in the Chilean coast: First localized detection of the neurotoxic cyclic imine Pinnatoxin-G in shellfish banks. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114878. [PMID: 37002965 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) produced by the cosmopolitan dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum are highly potent cyclic imines that represent a risk for seafood consumers, artisanal fisheries, and the local aquaculture industry. Among the eight known PnTXs, pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G) is the most frequent toxin analog detected in shellfish. Despite PnTX-G is still not internationally regulated, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety established that a risk for human consumers may exist when the accumulation of PnTX-G in shellfish exceeds 23 μg kg-1. This study reports the first detection of these fast-acting lipophilic toxins in localized shellfish banks (Mytilus chilensis) from the Chilean coast. Among 32 sentinel sampling stations monthly monitored for phytotoxins detection and quantification between 2021 and 2022 along the southern Chilean coast (from 36°25' S to 54°57'S), PnTx-G was only detected in shellfish from the southernmost region of Magallanes in concentrations that ranged between 15 and 100 μg kg-1, highlighting the binational (Chile/Argentina) Beagle Channel as a 'hotspot'. As Chile is one of the major mussel producers worldwide, this result raises concern about the potential adverse effect of PnTXs for human health and point to the need of governmental actions for an enhanced monitoring of these emerging toxins. To date, the production of PnTXs has not yet been associated with any microalgae species in Chilean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Los Lagos, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago 8370993, Chile.
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2
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Stability and Chemical Conversion of the Purified Reference Material of Gymnodimine-A under Different Temperature and pH Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110744. [PMID: 36355994 PMCID: PMC9695126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnodimines (GYMs) are a group of fast-acting phycotoxins and their toxicological effects on human beings are still unclear due to the lack of sufficiently well-characterized large quantities of purified toxins for toxicology studies. In this study, a certified reference material (CRM) of GYM-A was prepared from the dinoflagellate Karenia selliformis, followed by multi-step chromatography separation and purification. Subsequently, the stability of GYM-A in methanolic media was evaluated at different temperature (-20, 4, and 20 °C) and pH (3, 5, and 7) conditions for 8 months, and the conversion products of GYM-A were explored by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results show that the stability of GYM-A decreased with increasing temperature and pH values. The GYM-A was stable during storage at -20 °C regardless of pH, but it decreased rapidly (81.8% ± 9.3%) at 20 °C in pH 7 solution after 8 months. Moreover, the concentrations of GYM-A did not significantly change at all temperatures in solutions with pH 3 (p > 0.05). It is recommended that GYM-A should be stored at low temperature (≤-20 °C) and pH (≤3) conditions for long-term storage in aqueous methanolic media. In addition, two conversion products of GYM-A, tentatively named as GYM-K (m/z 540) and GYM-L (m/z 524), were identified in the samples stored at high levels of pH and temperature. Based on the LC-HRMS data, the hypothetical chemical structures of both converting derivatives were proposed. A useful strategy for long-term storage of GYM-A CRM in aqueous methanolic media was suggested and two hypothesized conversion products of GYM-A were discovered in this study.
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3
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Noirmain F, Dano J, Hue N, Gonzalez-Jartin JM, Botana LM, Servent D, Simon S, Aráoz R. NeuroTorp, a lateral flow test based on toxin-receptor affinity for in-situ early detection of cyclic imine toxins. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1221:339941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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4
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Servent D, Malgorn C, Bernes M, Gil S, Simasotchi C, Hérard AS, Delzescaux T, Thai R, Barbe P, Keck M, Beau F, Zakarian A, Dive V, Molgó J. First evidence that emerging pinnatoxin-G, a contaminant of shellfish, reaches the brain and crosses the placental barrier. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148125. [PMID: 34380275 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Massive proliferation of some toxic marine dinoflagellates is responsible for the occurrence of harmful algal blooms and the contamination of fish and shellfish worldwide. Pinnatoxins (PnTx) (A-H) comprise an emerging phycotoxin family belonging to the cyclic imine toxin group. Interest has been focused on these lipophilic, fast-acting and highly potent toxins because they are widely found in contaminated shellfish, and can represent a risk for seafood consumers. PnTx display a potent antagonist effect on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), and in this study we assessed in vivo the ability of PnTx-G to cross physiological barriers to reach its molecular target. Radiolabeled [3H]-PnTx-G synthesized with good radiochemical purity and yield retained the high affinity of the natural toxin. Oral gavage or intravenous administration to adult rats and digital autoradiographic analyses revealed the biodistribution and toxicokinetics of [3H]-PnTx-G, which is rapidly cleared from blood, and accumulates in the liver and small intestine. The labeling of peripheral and brain adult/embryo rat tissues highlights its ability to cross the intestinal, blood-brain and placental barriers. High-resolution 3D-imaging and in vitro competition studies on rat embryo sections revealed the specificity of [3H]-PnTx-G binding and its selectivity for muscle and neuronal nAChR subtypes (such as α7 subtype). The use of a human perfused cotyledon model and mass spectrometry analyses disclosed that PnTx-G crosses the human placental barrier. The increasing worldwide occurrence of both the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum and PnTx-contaminated shellfish, due to climate warming, raises concerns about the potential adverse impact that exposure to pinnatoxins may have for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Servent
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
| | - Carole Malgorn
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Mylène Bernes
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Gil
- Université de Paris, UMR-S1139, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, France
| | | | - Anne-Sophie Hérard
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9199, CNRS, CEA, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry Delzescaux
- Université Paris-Saclay, UMR9199, CNRS, CEA, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Robert Thai
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Peggy Barbe
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Mathilde Keck
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Fabrice Beau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Armen Zakarian
- University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CA 93106-9510, USA
| | - Vincent Dive
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SIMoS, ERL CNRS 9004, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Murali K, Machado LA, Carvalho RL, Pedrosa LF, Mukherjee R, Da Silva Júnior EN, Maiti D. Decoding Directing Groups and Their Pivotal Role in C-H Activation. Chemistry 2021; 27:12453-12508. [PMID: 34038596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic organic chemistry has witnessed a plethora of functionalization and defunctionalization strategies. In this regard, C-H functionalization has been at the forefront due to the multifarious applications in the development of simple to complex molecular architectures and holds a brilliant prospect in drug development and discovery. Despite been explored tremendously by chemists, this functionalization strategy still enjoys the employment of novel metal catalysts as well metal-free organic ligands. Moreover, the switch to photo- and electrochemistry has widened our understanding of the alternative pathways via which a reaction can proceed and these strategies have garnered prominence when applied to C-H activation. Synthetic chemists have been foraging for new directing groups and templates for the selective activation of C-H bonds from a myriad of carbon-hydrogen bonds in aromatic as well as aliphatic systems. As a matter of fact, by varying the templates and directing groups, scientists found the answer to the challenge of distal C-H bond activation which remained an obstacle for a very long time. These templates have been frequently harnessed for selectively activating C-H bonds of natural products, drugs, and macromolecules decorated with multiple C-H bonds. This itself was a challenge before the commencement of this field as functionalization of a site other than the targeted site could modify and hamper the biological activity of the pharmacophore. Total synthesis and pharmacophore development often faces the difficulty of superfluous reaction steps towards selective functionalization. This obstacle has been solved by late-stage functionalization simply by harnessing C-H bond activation. Moreover, green chemistry and metal-free reaction conditions have seen light in the past few decades due to the rising concern about environmental issues. Therefore, metal-free catalysts or the usage of non-toxic metals have been recently showcased in a number of elegant works. Also, research groups across the world are developing rational strategies for directing group free or non-directed protocols that are just guided by ligands. This review encapsulates the research works pertinent to C-H bond activation and discusses the science devoted to it at the fundamental level. This review gives the readers a broad understanding of how these strategies work, the execution of various metal catalysts, and directing groups. This not only helps a budding scientist towards the commencement of his/her research but also helps a matured mind searching out for selective functionalization. A detailed picture of this field and its progress with time has been portrayed in lucid scientific language with a motive to inculcate and educate scientific minds about this beautiful strategy with an overview of the most relevant and significant works of this era. The unique trait of this review is the detailed description and classification of various directing groups and their utility over a wide substrate scope. This allows an experimental chemist to understand the applicability of this domain and employ it over any targeted substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanidhi Murali
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana A Machado
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renato L Carvalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leandro F Pedrosa
- Department of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, 24020-141, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rishav Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | | | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Liu Y, Chen Z, Wang J, Guo W, Zhang C, Du S, Zhang P, Yu R, Zhang L. Distribution characteristics of lipophilic marine phycotoxins in the sediment: A case study in Jiaozhou Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111908. [PMID: 33338928 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine sediments serve as a sink for environmental pollutants, such as lipophilic marine phycotoxins (LMPs). To reveal the fate of LMPs, we studied their distribution characteristics in sediments. From January 2016 to August 2017, we sampled surface sediments from Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) of the North Yellow Sea, and their solid-phase extracts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Three LMPs viz. okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), and pectentoxin-2 (PTX2) were predominant in the sediments. Also, PTX2 distribution was more extensive in the area, while OA and DTX1 were more concentrated. Having the same toxigenic algae origin, the spatial distribution of OA, DTX1, and PTX2 in the sediments was similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Zhenfan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinxiu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Guo
- University of Beibu Gulf, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | | | - Sen Du
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- University of Beibu Gulf, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Rencheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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7
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Guo J, Higgins MA, Daniel-Ivad P, Ryan KS. An Asymmetric Reductase That Intercepts Acyclic Imino Acids Produced in Situ by a Partner Oxidase. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12258-12267. [PMID: 31298853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acyclic imines are unstable in aqueous conditions. For this reason, known imine reductases, which enable the synthesis of chiral amines, mainly intercept stable cyclic imines. Here we report the detailed biochemical and structural characterization of Bsp5, an imino acid reductase from the d-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family that reduces acyclic imino acids produced in situ by a partner oxidase. We determine a 1.6 Å resolution structure of Bsp5 in complex with d-arginine and coenzyme NADPH. Combined with mutagenesis work, our study reveals the minimal structural constraints for its biosynthetic activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Bsp5 can intercept more complex products from an alternate oxidase partner, suggesting that this oxidase-imino acid reductase pair could be evolved for biocatalytic conversion of l-amino acids to d-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Guo
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Melanie A Higgins
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Phillip Daniel-Ivad
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z4 , Canada
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Lamas JP, Arévalo F, Moroño Á, Correa J, Muñíz S, Blanco J. Detection and Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Pinnatoxins in Shellfish from the Atlantic and Cantabrian Coasts of Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11060340. [PMID: 31207981 PMCID: PMC6628396 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For the first time, pinnatoxins have been detected in shellfish from the Atlantic and Cantabrian coasts of Spain. High sensitivity LC-MS/MS systems were used to monitor all the currently known pinnatoxins (A–H). Pinnatoxin G (PnTX G) was the most prevalent toxin of the group, but its metabolite PnTX A has also been found at much lower levels. No trend in PnTX G concentration was found in the area, but a hotspot in the Ría de Camariñas has been identified. The maximum concentrations found did not exceed 15 µg·kg−1, being, in most cases, below 3 µg·kg−1. The highest concentrations were found in wild (intertidal) populations of mussels which attained much higher levels than raft-cultured ones, suggesting that the toxin-producer organisms preferentially develop in shallow areas. Other bivalve species had, in general, lower concentrations. The incidence of PnTX G followed a seasonal pattern in which the maximum concentrations took place in winter months. PnTX G was found to be partially esterified but the esterification percentage was not high (lower than 30%).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pablo Lamas
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, Vilagarcía de Arousa, 36611 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Fabiola Arévalo
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, Vilagarcía de Arousa, 36611 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Ángeles Moroño
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, Vilagarcía de Arousa, 36611 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Jorge Correa
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, Vilagarcía de Arousa, 36611 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Susana Muñíz
- Intecmar (Instituto Tecnolóxico para o Control do Medio Mariño de Galicia), Peirao de Vilaxoán s/n, Vilagarcía de Arousa, 36611 Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Juan Blanco
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Pedras de Corón s/n, 36620 Vilanova de Arousa, Spain.
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Benoit E, Couesnon A, Lindovsky J, Iorga BI, Aráoz R, Servent D, Zakarian A, Molgó J. Synthetic Pinnatoxins A and G Reversibly Block Mouse Skeletal Neuromuscular Transmission In Vivo and In Vitro. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17050306. [PMID: 31137661 PMCID: PMC6562580 DOI: 10.3390/md17050306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinnatoxins (PnTXs) A-H constitute an emerging family belonging to the cyclic imine group of phycotoxins. Interest has been focused on these fast-acting and highly-potent toxins because they are widely found in contaminated shellfish. Despite their highly complex molecular structure, PnTXs have been chemically synthetized and demonstrated to act on various nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes. In the present work, PnTX-A, PnTX-G and analogue, obtained by chemical synthesis with a high degree of purity (>98%), have been studied in vivo and in vitro on adult mouse and isolated nerve-muscle preparations expressing the mature muscle-type (α1)2β1δε nAChR. The results show that PnTX-A and G acted on the neuromuscular system of anesthetized mice and blocked the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, using a minimally invasive electrophysiological method. The CMAP block produced by both toxins in vivo was reversible within 6–8 h. PnTX-A and G, applied to isolated extensor digitorum longus nerve-muscle preparations, blocked reversibly isometric twitches evoked by nerve stimulation. The action of PnTX-A was reversed by 3,4-diaminopyridine. Both toxins exerted no direct action on muscle fibers, as revealed by direct muscle stimulation. PnTX-A and G blocked synaptic transmission at mouse neuromuscular junctions and PnTX-A amino ketone analogue (containing an open form of the imine ring) had no effect on neuromuscular transmission. These results indicate the importance of the cyclic imine for interacting with the adult mammalian muscle-type nAChR. Modeling and docking studies revealed molecular determinants responsible for the interaction of PnTXs with the muscle-type nAChR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Benoit
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA de Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Aurélie Couesnon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jiri Lindovsky
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Labex LERMIT, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Rómulo Aráoz
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA de Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Denis Servent
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA de Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA de Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (Neuro-PSI), UMR 9197 CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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10
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Brooke DG, Cervin G, Champeau O, Harwood DT, Pavia H, Selwood AI, Svenson J, Tremblay LA, Cahill PL. Antifouling activity of portimine, select semisynthetic analogues, and other microalga-derived spirocyclic imines. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:950-961. [PMID: 30539667 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1514461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A range of natural products from marine invertebrates, bacteria and fungi have been assessed as leads for nature-inspired antifouling (AF) biocides, but little attention has been paid to microalgal-derived compounds. This study assessed the AF activity of the spirocyclic imine portimine (1), which is produced by the benthic mat-forming dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum. Portimine displayed potent AF activity in a panel of four macrofouling bioassays (EC50 0.06-62.5 ng ml-1), and this activity was distinct from that of the related compounds gymnodimine-A (2), 13-desmethyl spirolide C (3), and pinnatoxin-F (4). The proposed mechanism of action for portimine is induction of apoptosis, based on the observation that portimine inhibited macrofouling organisms at developmental stages known to involve apoptotic processes. Semisynthetic modification of select portions of the portimine molecule was subsequently undertaken. Observed changes in bioactivity of the resulting semisynthetic analogues of portimine were consistent with portimine's unprecedented 5-membered imine ring structure playing a central role in its AF activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Cervin
- b Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö , University of Gothenburg , Strömstad , Sweden
| | | | | | - Henrik Pavia
- b Department of Marine Sciences-Tjärnö , University of Gothenburg , Strömstad , Sweden
| | | | - Johan Svenson
- c Department of Chemistry, Material and Surfaces , Research Institutes of Sweden , Borås , Sweden
| | - Louis A Tremblay
- a Cawthron Institute , Nelson , New Zealand
- d School of Biological Sciences , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
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Molgó J, Marchot P, Aráoz R, Benoit E, Iorga BI, Zakarian A, Taylor P, Bourne Y, Servent D. Cyclic imine toxins from dinoflagellates: a growing family of potent antagonists of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:41-51. [PMID: 28326551 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We present an overview of the toxicological profile of the fast-acting, lipophilic macrocyclic imine toxins, an emerging family of organic compounds associated with algal blooms, shellfish contamination and neurotoxicity. Worldwide, shellfish contamination incidents are expanding; therefore, the significance of these toxins for the shellfish food industry deserves further study. Emphasis is directed to the dinoflagellate species involved in their production, their chemical structures, and their specific mode of interaction with their principal natural molecular targets, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or with the soluble acetylcholine-binding protein, used as a surrogate receptor model. The dinoflagellates Karenia selliformis and Alexandrium ostenfeldii / A. peruvianum have been implicated in the biosynthesis of gymnodimines and spirolides, while Vulcanodinium rugosum is the producer of pinnatoxins and portimine. The cyclic imine toxins are characterized by a macrocyclic skeleton comprising 14-27 carbon atoms, flanked by two conserved moieties, the cyclic imine and the spiroketal ring system. These phycotoxins generally display high affinity and broad specificity for the muscle type and neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, a feature consistent with their binding site at the receptor subunit interfaces, composed of residues highly conserved among all nAChRs, and explaining the diverse toxicity among animal species. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Molgó
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Rómulo Aráoz
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.,Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, UMR 9197, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)/Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Labex LERMIT, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yves Bourne
- Aix-Marseille Université / Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques laboratory, Marseille, France
| | - Denis Servent
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Institut de Biologie et Technologies de Saclay (IBITECS), Université Paris-Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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12
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Berdalet E, Fleming LE, Gowen R, Davidson K, Hess P, Backer LC, Moore SK, Hoagland P, Enevoldsen H. Marine harmful algal blooms, human health and wellbeing: challenges and opportunities in the 21st century. JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM. MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM 2015; 2015:10.1017/S0025315415001733. [PMID: 26692586 PMCID: PMC4676275 DOI: 10.1017/s0025315415001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal blooms are a natural part of the seasonal cycle of photosynthetic organisms in marine ecosystems. They are key components of the structure and dynamics of the oceans and thus sustain the benefits that humans obtain from these aquatic environments. However, some microalgal blooms can cause harm to humans and other organisms. These harmful algal blooms (HABs) have direct impacts on human health and negative influences on human wellbeing, mainly through their consequences to coastal ecosystem services (fisheries, tourism and recreation) and other marine organisms and environments. HABs are natural phenomena, but these events can be favoured by anthropogenic pressures in coastal areas. Global warming and associated changes in the oceans could affect HAB occurrences and toxicity as well, although forecasting the possible trends is still speculative and requires intensive multidisciplinary research. At the beginning of the 21st century, with expanding human populations, particularly in coastal and developing countries, mitigating HABs impacts on human health and wellbeing is becoming a more pressing public health need. The available tools to address this global challenge include maintaining intensive, multidisciplinary and collaborative scientific research, and strengthening the coordination with stakeholders, policymakers and the general public. Here we provide an overview of different aspects of the HABs phenomena, an important element of the intrinsic links between oceans and human health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Berdalet
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lora E Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
| | - Richard Gowen
- Fisheries and Aquatic Ecosystems Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK ; Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Keith Davidson
- Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Scottish Marine Institute, Oban, PA37 1QA, UK
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, BP21105, Rue de l'lle d'Yeu, 44311 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway NE, MS F-60, Chamblee, GA 30341
| | - Stephanie K Moore
- University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Joint Office for Science Support. Visiting Scientist at Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Porter Hoagland
- Marine Policy Center, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Henrik Enevoldsen
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, IOC Science and Communication Centre on Harmful Algae, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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13
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Stivala CE, Benoit E, Aráoz R, Servent D, Novikov A, Molgó J, Zakarian A. Synthesis and biology of cyclic imine toxins, an emerging class of potent, globally distributed marine toxins. Nat Prod Rep 2015; 32:411-35. [PMID: 25338021 DOI: 10.1039/c4np00089g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
From a small group of exotic compounds isolated only two decades ago, Cyclic Imine (CI) toxins have become a major class of marine toxins with global distribution. Their distinct chemical structure, biological mechanism of action, and intricate chemistry ensures that CI toxins will continue to be the subject of fascinating fundamental studies in the broad fields of chemistry, chemical biology, and toxicology. The worldwide occurrence of potent CI toxins in marine environments, their accumulation in shellfish, and chemical stability are important considerations in assessing risk factors for human health. This review article aims to provide an account of chemistry, biology, and toxicology of CI toxins from their discovery to the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Stivala
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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14
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Bourne Y, Sulzenbacher G, Radić Z, Aráoz R, Reynaud M, Benoit E, Zakarian A, Servent D, Molgó J, Taylor P, Marchot P. Marine Macrocyclic Imines, Pinnatoxins A and G: Structural Determinants and Functional Properties to Distinguish Neuronal α7 from Muscle α1(2)βγδ nAChRs. Structure 2015; 23:1106-15. [PMID: 26004441 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pinnatoxins are macrocyclic imine phycotoxins associated with algal blooms and shellfish toxicity. Functional analysis of pinnatoxin A and pinnatoxin G by binding and voltage-clamp electrophysiology on membrane-embedded neuronal α7, α4β2, α3β2, and muscle-type α12βγδ nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) reveals high-affinity binding and potent antagonism for the α7 and α12βγδ subtypes. The toxins also bind to the nAChR surrogate, acetylcholine-binding protein (AChBP), with low Kd values reflecting slow dissociation. Crystal structures of pinnatoxin-AChBP complexes (1.9-2.2 Å resolution) show the multiple anchoring points of the hydrophobic portion, the cyclic imine, and the substituted bis-spiroketal and cyclohexene ring systems of the pinnatoxins that dictate tight binding between the opposing loops C and F at the receptor subunit interface, as observed for the 13-desmethyl-spirolide C and gymnodimine A congeners. Uniquely, however, the bulky bridged EF-ketal ring specific to the pinnatoxins extends radially from the interfacial-binding pocket to interact with the sequence-variable loop F and govern nAChR subtype selectivity and central neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Bourne
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
| | - Gerlind Sulzenbacher
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France
| | - Zoran Radić
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0650, USA
| | - Rómulo Aráoz
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Morgane Reynaud
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Evelyne Benoit
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Armen Zakarian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA
| | - Denis Servent
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, iBiTecS, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0650, USA
| | - Pascale Marchot
- Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Campus Luminy, 13288 Marseille cedex 9, France.
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15
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Geiger M, Desanglois G, Hogeveen K, Fessard V, Leprêtre T, Mondeguer F, Guitton Y, Hervé F, Séchet V, Grovel O, Pouchus YF, Hess P. Cytotoxicity, fractionation and dereplication of extracts of the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum, a producer of pinnatoxin G. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3350-71. [PMID: 24002102 PMCID: PMC3806473 DOI: 10.3390/md11093350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G) is a marine toxin belonging to the class of cyclic imines and produced by the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum. In spite of its strong toxicity to mice, leading to the classification of pinnatoxins into the class of “fast-acting toxins”, its hazard for human health has never been demonstrated. In this study, crude extracts of V. rugosum exhibited significant cytotoxicity against Neuro2A and KB cells. IC50 values of 0.38 µg mL−1 and 0.19 µg mL−1 were estimated on Neuro2A cells after only 24 h of incubation and on KB cells after 72 h of incubation, respectively. In the case of Caco-2 cells 48 h after exposure, the crude extract of V. rugosum induced cell cycle arrest accompanied by a dramatic increase in double strand DNA breaks, although only 40% cytotoxicity was observed at the highest concentration tested (5 µg mL−1). However, PnTX-G was not a potent cytotoxic compound as no reduction of the cell viability was observed on the different cell lines. Moreover, no effects on the cell cycle or DNA damage were observed following treatment of undifferentiated Caco-2 cells with PnTX-G. The crude extract of V. rugosum was thus partially purified using liquid-liquid partitioning and SPE clean-up. In vitro assays revealed strong activity of some fractions containing no PnTX-G. The crude extract and the most potent fraction were evaluated using full scan and tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. The dereplication revealed the presence of a major compound that could be putatively annotated as nakijiquinone A, N-carboxy-methyl-smenospongine or stachybotrin A, using the MarinLit™ database. Further investigations will be necessary to confirm the identity of the compounds responsible for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the extracts of V. rugosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Geiger
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France; E-Mails: (M.G.); (T.L.); (F.M.); (Y.G.); (F.H.); (V.S.)
- MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, LUNAM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (O.G.); (Y.-F.P.)
| | - Gwenaëlle Desanglois
- Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, ANSES, 35302 Fougères, France; E-Mails: (G.D.); (K.H.); (V.F.)
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, ANSES, 35302 Fougères, France; E-Mails: (G.D.); (K.H.); (V.F.)
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, ANSES, 35302 Fougères, France; E-Mails: (G.D.); (K.H.); (V.F.)
| | - Thomas Leprêtre
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France; E-Mails: (M.G.); (T.L.); (F.M.); (Y.G.); (F.H.); (V.S.)
- MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, LUNAM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (O.G.); (Y.-F.P.)
| | - Florence Mondeguer
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France; E-Mails: (M.G.); (T.L.); (F.M.); (Y.G.); (F.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Yann Guitton
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France; E-Mails: (M.G.); (T.L.); (F.M.); (Y.G.); (F.H.); (V.S.)
- MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, LUNAM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (O.G.); (Y.-F.P.)
| | - Fabienne Hervé
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France; E-Mails: (M.G.); (T.L.); (F.M.); (Y.G.); (F.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Véronique Séchet
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France; E-Mails: (M.G.); (T.L.); (F.M.); (Y.G.); (F.H.); (V.S.)
| | - Olivier Grovel
- MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, LUNAM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (O.G.); (Y.-F.P.)
| | - Yves-François Pouchus
- MMS EA2160, Faculté de Pharmacie, LUNAM, Université de Nantes, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (O.G.); (Y.-F.P.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France; E-Mails: (M.G.); (T.L.); (F.M.); (Y.G.); (F.H.); (V.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-240-374-257; Fax: +33-240-374-267
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16
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Hess P, Abadie E, Hervé F, Berteaux T, Séchet V, Aráoz R, Molgó J, Zakarian A, Sibat M, Rundberget T, Miles CO, Amzil Z. Pinnatoxin G is responsible for atypical toxicity in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and clams (Venerupis decussata) from Ingril, a French Mediterranean lagoon. Toxicon 2013; 75:16-26. [PMID: 23726853 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Following a review of official control data on shellfish in France, Ingril Lagoon had been identified as a site where positive mouse bioassays for lipophilic toxins had been repeatedly observed. These unexplained mouse bioassays, also called atypical toxicity, coincided with an absence of regulated toxins and rapid death times in mice observed in the assay. The present study describes pinnatoxin G as the main compound responsible for the toxicity observed using the mouse bioassay for lipophilic toxins. Using a well-characterised standard for pinnatoxin G, LC-MS/MS analysis of mussel samples collected from 2009 to 2012 revealed regular occurrences of pinnatoxin G at levels sufficient to account for the toxicity in the mouse bioassays. Baseline levels of pinnatoxin G from May to October usually exceeded 40 μg kg(-1) in whole flesh, with a maximum in September 2010 of around 1200 μg kg(-1). These concentrations were much greater than those at the other 10 sites selected for vigilance testing, where concentrations did not exceed 10 μg kg(-1) in a 3-month survey from April to July 2010, and where rapid mouse deaths were not typically observed. Mussels were always more contaminated than clams, confirming that mussel is a good sentinel species for pinnatoxins. Profiles in mussels and clams were similar, with the concentration of pinnatoxin A less than 2% that of pinnatoxin G, and pteriatoxins were only present in non-quantifiable traces. Esters of pinnatoxin G could not be detected by analysis of extracts before and after alkaline hydrolysis. Analysis with a receptor-binding assay showed that natural pinnatoxin G was similarly active on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as chemically synthesized pinnatoxin G. Culture of Vulcanodinium rugosum, previously isolated from Ingril lagoon, confirmed that this alga is a pinnatoxin G producer (4.7 pg cell(-1)). Absence of this organism from the water column during prolonged periods of shellfish contamination and the dominance of non-motile life stages of V. rugosum both suggest that further studies will be required to fully describe the ecology of this organism and the accumulation of pinnatoxins in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Centre Atlantique, 44311 Nantes Cedex, France.
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