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Gamboa Marin OJ, Heis F, Gauthier C. Synthesis of immunostimulatory saponins: A sweet challenge for carbohydrate chemists. Carbohydr Res 2023; 530:108851. [PMID: 37257206 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are a large family of natural glycosides showing a wide range of biological activities. Current research efforts on saponins as vaccine adjuvants have been mainly focused on the development of synthetic analogs. By mimicking the immunomodulatory saponins from Quillaja saponaria (QS), less complex and readily accessible analogs have been synthesized to improve the industrial applicability and efficacy of saponins as vaccine adjuvants. Through the exploration of several structural modifications on the skeleton of QS saponins, including changes in the sugar and aglycone compositions as well as in the nature and configuration of the glycosidic bonds, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies developed by Pr. Gin in the early 2010s were taken as a starting point for the development of a new generation of immunomodulatory candidates. In this review, the recent synthetic strategies and SAR studies of mono- and bidesmosidic QS saponins are discussed. Original concepts of vaccination including self-adjuvanticity and the development of saponin-based glycoconjugates are described. The synthesis and semi-synthesis of saponin alternatives to QS, such as Momordica saponin and onjisaponin derivatives, are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Javier Gamboa Marin
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) INRS-UQAC, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval and Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Floriane Heis
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) INRS-UQAC, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval and Chicoutimi, Canada
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) INRS-UQAC, Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval and Chicoutimi, Canada.
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Das A, Jayaraman N. Aglycon reactivity as a guiding principle in latent-active approach to chemical glycosylations. Carbohydr Res 2021; 508:108404. [PMID: 34352649 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chemical glycosylations critically depend on the activation of a glycosyl donor and the reaction of this activated donor intermediate with an acceptor alcohol. Whereas many strategies are developed for the activation of an anomeric aglycon substituent, the latent-active method of glycosylation is based specifically on tuning the reactivity of the aglycon substituent of a glycosyl donor. Several novel methods have emerged to install reactive aglycon moiety in a glycosyl donor and fine-tuning the reactivity of the moiety. Remote functionalizations of the aglycon plays a key role in the reactivity tuning. Activation of a remote functionality enables an otherwise latent aglycon to an active moiety, suitable as a glycosyl donor. The latent-active approach provides an advantage to avoid the conversion of the aglycon to another donor prior to a glycosylation, in addition to advancing the contemporary glycosylations with alternate insights. The review analyzes the methodologies that consolidate the latent-active approach to chemical glycosylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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Cai L, Zeng J, Li T, Xiao Y, Ma X, Xiao X, Zhang Q, Meng L, Wan Q. Dehydrative Glycosylation Enabled by a Comproportionation Reaction of 2‐Aryl‐1,3‐dithiane 1‐Oxide
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cai
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ting Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Ying Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Lingkui Meng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
| | - Qian Wan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of PharmacyHuazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
- Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road Wuhan Hubei 430030 China
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Wang P, Škalamera Đ, Sui X, Zhang P, Michalek SM. Synthesis and Evaluation of QS-7-Based Vaccine Adjuvants. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:974-981. [PMID: 30920199 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized two analogs (5 and 6) of QS-7, a natural saponin compound isolated from Quillaja saponaria (QS) Molina tree bark. The only structural difference between compound 5 and 6 is that 5 is acetylated at the 3- and 4-O positions of the quillaic acid C28 fucosyl unit while 6 is not. However, the two analogs show significantly different immunostimulant profiles. Compound 5 may potentiate a mixed Th1/Th2 (Th, T helper cells) immune response against the specific antigens while compound 6 may only induce a Th2-biased immunity. These results suggest that the 3- and/or 4-O acetyl groups of the fucosyl unit may play an important role in tuning the adjuvanticity of the QS-7 analogs, and compound 5 can serve as a structurally defined synthetic adjuvant when a mixed Th1/Th2 immune responses is desired.
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Wang P, Škalamera Đ, Sui X, Zhang P, Michalek SM. Synthesis and Evaluation of a QS-17/18-Based Vaccine Adjuvant. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1669-1676. [PMID: 30656932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized a QS-17/18 analogue (7) and evaluated its adjuvant activity in the formulation with rHagB antigen. Compound 7 and QS-21 analogues 5 and 6 are presumably the major components of GPI-0100, a widely used complex mixture of semisynthetic derivatives of Quillaja saponaria (QS) Molina saponins. The QS-17/18 analogue 7 shows an adjuvant activity profile similar to that of GPI-0100, potentiating mixed Th-1/Th-2 immune responses, which is different from those of QS-21 analogues 5 and 6 that probably only induce a Th2-like immunity. The combination of QS-17/18 and QS-21 analogues does not show a synergistic effect. These results suggest that QS-17/18 analogue 7 might be the active component of GPI-0100 responsible for its immunostimulant property. Therefore, compound 7 can not only be a structurally defined alternative to GPI-0100 but also provide a valuable clue for rational design of new QS-based vaccine adjuvants with better adjuvant properties.
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Liu X, Ren S, Gao Q, Hu C, Li Y, Ding N. Glycosylation of a Ketone with an O-Glycosyl Trichloroacetimidate Provides an Enol Glycoside. Org Lett 2018; 20:5186-5189. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianglai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sumei Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qi Gao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Zhangjiang Technology Institute, Fudan University, 825 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Martin Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hollaus R, Kosma P, Zamyatina A. Stereoselective Synthesis of α- and β-l-Ara4N Glycosyl H-Phosphonates and a Neoglycoconjugate Comprising Glycosyl Phosphodiester Linked β-l-Ara4N. Org Lett 2016; 19:78-81. [PMID: 28009171 PMCID: PMC5223274 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Stereoselective synthesis
of variably protected α- and β-l-Ara4N glycosyl
H-phosphonates as key intermediates in the
syntheses of β-l-Ara4N-modified LPS structures and
α-l-Ara4N-containing biosynthetic precursors is reported.
A facile one-pot approach toward β-l-Ara4N glycosyl
H-phosphonates includes anomeric deallylation of protected 4-azido
β-l-Ara4N via terminal olefin isomerization followed
by ozonolysis and methanolysis of formyl groups to furnish exclusively
β-configured lactols that are phosphitylated with retention
of configuration. The carbohydrate epitope of β-l-Ara4N-modified
Lipid A, βGlcN(1→6)αGlcN(1→P←1)β-l-Ara4N, was stereoselectively synthesized and linked to maleimide-activated
bovine serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Hollaus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Kosma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Kononov LO, Fedina KG, Orlova AV, Kondakov NN, Abronina PI, Podvalnyy NM, Chizhov AO. Bimodal concentration-dependent reactivity pattern of a glycosyl donor: Is the solution structure involved? Carbohydr Res 2016; 437:28-35. [PMID: 27883907 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in concentration (0.001-0.1 M) of an arabinofuranosyl donor (1) have been shown to modulate the temperature T at which activation of 1 occurs (from -23 °C to +7 °C), the reaction time (from 1.5 h to 3 days) and the yield of the disaccharide formed (from 14% to 82%). At concentrations exceeding 0.01 M, these parameters, as well as the specific optical rotation of the solution of 1, virtually do not depend on concentration suggesting formation of reacting species (supramers) of glycosyl donor with similar structures, hence reactivities, but considerably different from those formed in more dilute solutions. The found critical concentration (0.01 M) separates two concentration ranges of reaction solutions corresponding to two types of solution structure that are featured by the presence of fundamentally different supramers of glycosyl donor, which have distinct chemical properties. These results allow a fresh look at the problems of reactivity of chemical compounds and selectivity of the reactions in which they participate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid O Kononov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Ksenia G Fedina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V Orlova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay N Kondakov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina I Abronina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita M Podvalnyy
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Chizhov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp., 47, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Wang P, Devalankar DA, Dai Q, Zhang P, Michalek SM. Synthesis and Evaluation of QS-21-Based Immunoadjuvants with a Terminal-Functionalized Side Chain Incorporated in the West Wing Trisaccharide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9560-9566. [PMID: 27709937 PMCID: PMC6488304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three QS-21-based vaccine adjuvant candidates with a terminal-functionalized side chain incorporated in the west wing trisaccharide have been synthesized. The terminal polar functional group serves to increase the solubility of these analogues in water. Two of the synthetic analogues have been shown to have adjuvant activity comparable to that of GPI-0100. The stand-alone adjuvant activity of the new synthetic analogues again confirmed that it is a feasible way to develop new saponin-based vaccine adjuvants through derivatizing at the west wing branched trisaccharide domain. Inclusion of an additional polar functional group such as a carboxyl group (as in 3x) or a monosaccharide (as in 4x and 5x) is sufficient to increase the water solubility of the corresponding synthetic analogues to a level comparable to that of GPI-0100 and suitable for immunological studies and clinical application. The structure of the incorporated side chain has a significant impact on the adjuvant activity in terms of the magnitude and nature of the host's responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Dattatray A. Devalankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Qipu Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Suzanne M Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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Wang P, Dai Q, Thogaripally P, Zhang P, Michalek SM. Synthesis of QS-21-based immunoadjuvants. J Org Chem 2013; 78:11525-34. [PMID: 24147602 DOI: 10.1021/jo402118j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three structurally defined QS-21-based immune adjuvant candidates (2a-2c) have been synthesized. Application of the two-stage activation glycosylation approach utilizing allyl glycoside building blocks improved the synthetic accessibility of the new adjuvants. The efficient synthesis and establishment of the stand-alone adjuvanticity of the examined synthetic adjuvant (2b) open the door to the pursuit of a new series of structurally defined QS-saponin-based synthetic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Pediatric Dentistry, and §Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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