1
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Sasaki K, Uesaki N. Conformationally restricted donors for stereoselective glycosylation. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2022; 82:107-155. [PMID: 36470647 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In nucleophilic reactions using sugars as electrophiles, i.e., glycosyl donors, their conformation affects the generation rate or stability of the glycosyl cation intermediates and determines at which side of the SN2-SN1 borderline and at what rate the reaction occurs. In addition, changes in the conformation create the steric or stereoelectronic effects of the substituents, which also change the reaction rate and stereoselectivity. Bulky silyl protecting groups, uronic acid esters, and transannular structures have been utilized to change the conformation. Consequently, reactions with unique reactivities and stereoselectivities have been developed. In this chapter, a discussion of the reaction mechanisms relating stereoselectivity to conformation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan.
| | - Nanako Uesaki
- Department of Chemistry, Toho University, Funabashi, Japan
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2
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Mukherjee MM, Ghosh R, Hanover JA. Recent Advances in Stereoselective Chemical O-Glycosylation Reactions. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:896187. [PMID: 35775080 PMCID: PMC9237389 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.896187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates involving glycoconjugates play a pivotal role in many life processes. Better understanding toward glycobiological events including the structure–function relationship of these biomolecules and for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes including tailor-made vaccine development and synthesis of structurally well-defined oligosaccharides (OS) become important. Efficient chemical glycosylation in high yield and stereoselectivity is however challenging and depends on the fine tuning of a protection profile to get matching glycosyl donor–acceptor reactivity along with proper use of other important external factors like catalyst, solvent, temperature, activator, and additive. So far, many glycosylation methods have been reported including several reviews also. In the present review, we will concentrate our discussion on the recent trend on α- and β-selective glycosylation reactions reported during the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mohan Mukherjee
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: John A. Hanover, ; Rina Ghosh,
| | - John A. Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: John A. Hanover, ; Rina Ghosh,
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3
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Arachchige SS, Crich D. Side Chain Conformation and Its Influence on Glycosylation Selectivity in Hexo- and Higher Carbon Furanosides. J Org Chem 2022; 87:316-339. [PMID: 34905382 PMCID: PMC8741747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and side chain conformational analysis of a series of four 6-deoxy-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl hexofuranosyl donors with the d-gluco, l-ido, d-altro, and l-galacto configurations. The conformation of the exocyclic bond of these compounds depends on the relative configuration of the point of attachment of the side chain to the ring and of the two flanking centers and can be predicted on that basis analogously to the heptopyranose analogs. Variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (VT NMR) spectroscopy of the activated donors reveals complex, configuration-dependent mixtures of intermediates that we interpret in terms of fused and bridged oxonium ions arising from participation by the various benzyl ethers. The increased importance of ether participation in the furanoside series compared to the pyranosides is discussed in terms of the reduced stabilization afforded to furanosyl oxocarbenium ions by covalent triflate formation. The stereoselectivities of the four donors are discussed on the basis of the benzyl ether participation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Siyabalapitiya Arachchige
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David Crich
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA,Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, 140 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Bols M, Frihed TG, Pedersen MJ, Pedersen CM. Silylated Sugars – Synthesis and Properties. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSilicon has been used in carbohydrate chemistry for half a century, but mostly as a protective group for sugar alcohols. Recently, the use of silicon has expanded to functionalization via C–H activation, conformational arming of glycosyl donors, and conformational alteration of carbohydrates. Silicon has proven useful as more than a protective group and during the last one and a half decades we have demonstrated how it influences both the reactivity of glycosyl donors and stereochemical outcome of glycosylations. Silicon can also be attached directly to the sugar C-backbone, which has even more pronounced effects on the chemistry and properties of the molecules. In this Account, we will give a tour through our work involving silicon and carbohydrates.1 Introduction2 Conformational Arming of Glycosyl Donors with Silyl Groups3 Silyl Protective Groups for Tethering Glycosyl Donors4. Si–C Glycosides via C–H Activation4.1 C–H Activation and Oxidation of Methyl 6-Deoxy-l-glycosides4.2 Synthesis of All Eight 6-Deoxy-l-sugars4.3 Synthesis of All Eight l-Sugars by C–H Activation4.4 Modification of the Oxasilolane Ring5 C–Si in Glycosyl Donors – Activating or Not?6 Si–C-Substituted Pyranosides7 Perspective
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Bols
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Chemistry
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5
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Chang CW, Lin MH, Chan CK, Su KY, Wu CH, Lo WC, Lam S, Cheng YT, Liao PH, Wong CH, Wang CC. Automated Quantification of Hydroxyl Reactivities: Prediction of Glycosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12413-12423. [PMID: 33634934 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselectivity and yield in glycosylation reactions are paramount but unpredictable. We have developed a database of acceptor nucleophilic constants (Aka) to quantify the nucleophilicity of hydroxyl groups in glycosylation influenced by the steric, electronic and structural effects, providing a connection between experiments and computer algorithms. The subtle reactivity differences among the hydroxyl groups on various carbohydrate molecules can be defined by Aka, which is easily accessible by a simple and convenient automation system to assure high reproducibility and accuracy. A diverse range of glycosylation donors and acceptors with well-defined reactivity and promoters were organized and processed by the designed software program "GlycoComputer" for prediction of glycosylation reactions without involving sophisticated computational processing. The importance of Aka was further verified by random forest algorithm, and the applicability was tested by the synthesis of a Lewis A skeleton to show that the stereoselectivity and yield can be accurately estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Kai Chan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yu Su
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chih Lo
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Sarah Lam
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Liao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, 92037, USA
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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6
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Chang C, Lin M, Chan C, Su K, Wu C, Lo W, Lam S, Cheng Y, Liao P, Wong C, Wang C. Automated Quantification of Hydroxyl Reactivities: Prediction of Glycosylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Mei‐Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Chieh‐Kai Chan
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Kuan‐Yu Su
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Hui Wu
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Chih Lo
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Sarah Lam
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Cheng
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Pin‐Hsuan Liao
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Huey Wong
- The Genomics Research Center Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry The Scripps Research Institute 10550 N Torrey Pines Road La Jolla 92037 USA
| | - Cheng‐Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan
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7
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Chang CW, Lin MH, Wang CC. Statistical Analysis of Glycosylation Reactions. Chemistry 2020; 27:2556-2568. [PMID: 32939892 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is one of the practical approaches to access carbohydrate-based natural products and their derivatives with high quality and in a large quantity. However, stereoselectivity during the glycosylation reaction is the main challenge because the reaction can generate both α- and β-glycosides. The main focus of the present article is the concept of recent mechanistic studies that have applied statistical analysis and quantitation for defining stereoselective changes during the reaction process. Based on experimental evidence, a detailed discussion associated with the mechanism and degree of influence affecting the stereoselective outcome of glycosylation is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Huei Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program (Taiwan), International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
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8
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Parent JF, Deslongchamps G, Deslongchamps P. Bent Bond/Antiperiplanar Hypothesis: Modulating the Reactivity and the Selectivity in the Glycosylation of Bicyclic Pyranoside Models. J Org Chem 2020; 85:4220-4236. [PMID: 32068401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation reactions were performed on a series of bicyclic C2-substituted pyranoside models to isolate and analyze factors that control the glycosylation stereoselectivities observed in carbohydrates. The bent bond/antiperiplanar hypothesis (BBAH) orbital model rationalizes all of these results by considering hyperconjugation interactions between groups at C2 and the two τ bonds (bent bonds) of oxocarbenium ion intermediates formed under the glycosylation conditions. According to the BBAH, nucleophiles add to oxocarbenium intermediates by SN2-like antiperiplanar displacement of the weaker of their two τ bonds.
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9
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Hansen T, Lebedel L, Remmerswaal WA, van der Vorm S, Wander DPA, Somers M, Overkleeft HS, Filippov DV, Désiré J, Mingot A, Bleriot Y, van der Marel GA, Thibaudeau S, Codée JDC. Defining the S N1 Side of Glycosylation Reactions: Stereoselectivity of Glycopyranosyl Cations. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:781-788. [PMID: 31139714 PMCID: PMC6535769 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The broad application of well-defined synthetic oligosaccharides in glycobiology and glycobiotechnology is largely hampered by the lack of sufficient amounts of synthetic carbohydrate specimens. Insufficient knowledge of the glycosylation reaction mechanism thwarts the routine assembly of these materials. Glycosyl cations are key reactive intermediates in the glycosylation reaction, but their high reactivity and fleeting nature have precluded the determination of clear structure-reactivity-stereoselectivity principles for these species. We report a combined experimental and computational method that connects the stereoselectivity of oxocarbenium ions to the full ensemble of conformations these species can adopt, mapped in conformational energy landscapes (CEL), in a quantitative manner. The detailed description of stereoselective SN1-type glycosylation reactions firmly establishes glycosyl cations as true reaction intermediates and will enable the generation of new stereoselective glycosylation methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hansen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ludivine Lebedel
- UMR-CNRS
7285, IC2MP, Equipe “Synthèse Organique”, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Wouter A. Remmerswaal
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan van der Vorm
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis P. A. Wander
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Somers
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V. Filippov
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jérôme Désiré
- UMR-CNRS
7285, IC2MP, Equipe “Synthèse Organique”, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Agnès Mingot
- UMR-CNRS
7285, IC2MP, Equipe “Synthèse Organique”, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Yves Bleriot
- UMR-CNRS
7285, IC2MP, Equipe “Synthèse Organique”, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | | | - Sebastien Thibaudeau
- UMR-CNRS
7285, IC2MP, Equipe “Synthèse Organique”, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, Poitiers Cedex 9 86073, France
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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10
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Kurfiřt M, Červenková Št’astná L, Dračínský M, Müllerová M, Hamala V, Cuřínová P, Karban J. Stereoselectivity in Glycosylation with Deoxofluorinated Glucosazide and Galactosazide Thiodonors. J Org Chem 2019; 84:6405-6431. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kurfiřt
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Červenková Št’astná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Flemingovo náměstí 542/2, 16610 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Müllerová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Hamala
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cuřínová
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Karban
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, v. v. i, Rozvojová 135, 16502 Praha, Czech Republic
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11
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Mukherjee MM, Basu N, Nandi S, Ghosh R. A metal free mild and green approach for tandem opening of 4,6-O-benzylidene acetals to their corresponding 6-O-acetyl derivatives: Application in the synthesis of a trisaccharide using one-pot glycosylation reactions. Carbohydr Res 2019; 476:36-43. [PMID: 30889504 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and high yielding reaction for tandem opening of 4,6-O-benzylidene derivatives (gluco, galacto, manno, 2-phthalimido-2-deoxy glucosides) to their corresponding 6-O-acetyl derivatives has been established under metal free condition using 60% solution of aqueous acetic acid (v/v). The reaction is equally pertinent for large scale synthesis and also for disaccharide glycosides. Its application for the construction of a building block towards synthesis of a trisaccharide part related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizing one-pot glycosylation reactions has also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mana Mohan Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Nabamita Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Nabagram Hiralal Paul College, Konnagar, Hoogly, West Bengal, 712246, India
| | - Shantanu Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Rina Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India.
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12
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Adero PO, Amarasekara H, Wen P, Bohé L, Crich D. The Experimental Evidence in Support of Glycosylation Mechanisms at the S N1-S N2 Interface. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8242-8284. [PMID: 29846062 PMCID: PMC6135681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A critical review of the state-of-the-art evidence in support of the mechanisms of glycosylation reactions is provided. Factors affecting the stability of putative oxocarbenium ions as intermediates at the SN1 end of the mechanistic continuum are first surveyed before the evidence, spectroscopic and indirect, for the existence of such species on the time scale of glycosylation reactions is presented. Current models for diastereoselectivity in nucleophilic attack on oxocarbenium ions are then described. Evidence in support of the intermediacy of activated covalent glycosyl donors is reviewed, before the influences of the structure of the nucleophile, of the solvent, of temperature, and of donor-acceptor hydrogen bonding on the mechanism of glycosylation reactions are surveyed. Studies on the kinetics of glycosylation reactions and the use of kinetic isotope effects for the determination of transition-state structure are presented, before computational models are finally surveyed. The review concludes with a critical appraisal of the state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ouma Adero
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Harsha Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Peng Wen
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Luis Bohé
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301 , Université Paris-Sud Université Paris-Saclay , 1 avenue de la Terrasse , 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
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13
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Heuckendorff M, Poulsen LT, Hedberg C, Jensen HH. Dissection of the effects that govern thioglucoside and thiomannoside reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2018. [PMID: 29533400 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02968c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neighboring group effects were investigated in gluco- and manno-configured thioglycosides under NIS/TfOH activation. Donors possessing a 2-O-benzoyl group that are capable (1,2-trans) and incapable (1,2-cis) of exerting nucleophilic push were compared with donors possessing a participatory neutral 2-O-benzyl group. By using competition experiments between sets of glycosyl donors the direct effect of neighboring group participation and the electron withdrawing effect of the 2-O-benzoyl group could be separated. The study brings insight into how the stereochemistry of the 1 and 2 position and how the nature of the aglycon (Ph or Et) have a pronounced effect on glycosyl donor reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Heuckendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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14
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Parent JF, Deslongchamps P. Bent bonds (τ) and the antiperiplanar hypothesis, and the reactivity at the anomeric center in pyranosides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:11183-11198. [PMID: 27834970 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02263d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The stereoselectivity of nucleophilic addition on oxocarbenium ions derived from the bicyclic pyranoside model with or without a C2-OR group can be understood through the use of the bent-bond and the antiperiplanar hypothesis in conjunction with the concept of hyperconjugation as an alternative interpretive model of structure and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Parent
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Pierre Deslongchamps
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Pavillon Alexandre-Vachon, 1045 avenue de la médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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15
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Shen Z, Mobarak H, Li W, Widmalm G, Yu B. Synthesis of β-(1→2)-Linked 6-Deoxy-l-altropyranose Oligosaccharides via Gold(I)-Catalyzed Glycosylation of an ortho-Hexynylbenzoate Donor. J Org Chem 2017; 82:3062-3071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Shen
- School
of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike
Road, Shanghai 201210, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hani Mobarak
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wei Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Göran Widmalm
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Biao Yu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai
Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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van der Vorm S, Hansen T, Overkleeft HS, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC. The influence of acceptor nucleophilicity on the glycosylation reaction mechanism. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1867-1875. [PMID: 28553477 PMCID: PMC5424809 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04638j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of model nucleophiles of gradually changing nucleophilicity is used to probe the glycosylation reaction mechanism. Glycosylations of ethanol-based acceptors, bearing varying amounts of fluorine atoms, report on the dependency of the stereochemistry in condensation reactions on the nucleophilicity of the acceptor. Three different glycosylation systems were scrutinized, that differ in the reaction mechanism, that - putatively - prevails during the coupling reaction. It is revealed that the stereoselectivity in glycosylations of benzylidene protected glucose donors are very susceptible to acceptor nucleophilicity whereas condensations of benzylidene mannose and mannuronic acid donors represent more robust glycosylation systems in terms of diastereoselectivity. The change in stereoselectivity with decreasing acceptor nucleophilicity is related to a change in reaction mechanism shifting from the SN2 side to the SN1 side of the reactivity spectrum. Carbohydrate acceptors are examined and the reactivity-selectivity profile of these nucleophiles mirrored those of the model acceptors studied. The set of model ethanol acceptors thus provides a simple and effective "toolbox" to investigate glycosylation reaction mechanisms and report on the robustness of glycosylation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van der Vorm
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - T Hansen
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - H S Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - G A van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands .
| | - J D C Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55 , 2333 CC Leiden , The Netherlands .
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17
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Zhou J, Lv S, Zhang D, Xia F, Hu W. Deactivating Influence of 3-O-Glycosyl Substituent on Anomeric Reactivity of Thiomannoside Observed in Oligomannoside Synthesis. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2599-2621. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b03017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Siying Lv
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Fei Xia
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research
Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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18
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Li W, Silipo A, Gersby LBA, Newman MA, Molinaro A, Yu B. Synthesis of Bradyrhizose Oligosaccharides Relevant to theBradyrhizobiumO-Antigen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2092-2096. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”; Via Cintia 4 80126 Napoli Italy
| | | | - Mari-Anne Newman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 1871 Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”; Via Cintia 4 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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19
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Li W, Silipo A, Gersby LBA, Newman MA, Molinaro A, Yu B. Synthesis of Bradyrhizose Oligosaccharides Relevant to theBradyrhizobiumO-Antigen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”; Via Cintia 4 80126 Napoli Italy
| | | | - Mari-Anne Newman
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; 1871 Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Naples “Federico II”; Via Cintia 4 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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20
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Heuckendorff M, Jensen HH. On the Gluco/Manno Paradox: Practical α-Glucosylations by NIS/TfOH Activation of 4,6-O
-Tethered Thioglucoside Donors. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Heuckendorff
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Henrik H. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gylling Frihed
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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22
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Fascione MA, Brabham R, Turnbull WB. Mechanistic Investigations into the Application of Sulfoxides in Carbohydrate Synthesis. Chemistry 2016; 22:3916-28. [PMID: 26744250 PMCID: PMC4794778 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The utility of sulfoxides in a diverse range of transformations in the field of carbohydrate chemistry has seen rapid growth since the first introduction of a sulfoxide as a glycosyl donor in 1989. Sulfoxides have since developed into more than just anomeric leaving groups, and today have multiple roles in glycosylation reactions. These include as activators for thioglycosides, hemiacetals, and glycals, and as precursors to glycosyl triflates, which are essential for stereoselective β-mannoside synthesis, and bicyclic sulfonium ions that facilitate the stereoselective synthesis of α-glycosides. In this review we highlight the mechanistic investigations undertaken in this area, often outlining strategies employed to differentiate between multiple proposed reaction pathways, and how the conclusions of these investigations have and continue to inform upon the development of more efficient transformations in sulfoxide-based carbohydrate synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Fascione
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington Road, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Robin Brabham
- York Structural Biology Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington Road, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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23
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Zhu Y, Shen Z, Li W, Yu B. Stereoselective synthesis of β-rhamnopyranosides via gold(i)-catalyzed glycosylation with 2-alkynyl-4-nitro-benzoate donors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1536-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02551f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An effective β-rhamnosylation protocol has been developed by using α-rhamnopyranosyl ortho-hexynyl-para-nitro-benzoates as donors and Ph3PAuBArF4 as a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zhengnan Shen
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- ShanghaiTech University
- Shanghai 201210
- China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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24
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Heuckendorff M, Bols PS, Barry CB, Frihed TG, Pedersen CM, Bols M. β-Mannosylation with 4,6-benzylidene protected mannosyl donors without preactivation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [PMID: 26197760 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mannosylations with benzylidene protected mannosyl donors were found to be β-selective even when no preactivation was performed. It was also found that the kinetic β-product in some cases anomerizes fast to the thermodynamically favored α-anomer under typical reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Heuckendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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25
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Singh GP, Watson AJA, Fairbanks AJ. Achiral 2-Hydroxy Protecting Group for the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of 1,2-cis-α-Glycosides by Six-Ring Neighboring Group Participation. Org Lett 2015; 17:4376-9. [PMID: 26308903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of a fully armed donor bearing a 2-O-(trimethoxybenzenethiol) ethyl ether protecting group is completely α-selective with a range of carbohydrate alcohol acceptors. Low-temperature NMR studies confirm the intermediacy of cyclic sulfonium ion intermediates arising from six-membered β-sulfonium ring neighboring group participation. Selective protecting group removal is achieved in high yield in a single operation by S-methylation and base-induced β-elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govind P Singh
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Antony J Fairbanks
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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26
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Hosoya T, Kosma P, Rosenau T. Theoretical study on the effects of a 4,6-O-diacetal protecting group on the stability of ion pairs from d-mannopyranosyl and d-glucopyranosyl triflates. Carbohydr Res 2015; 411:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Lavinda O, Tran VT, Woerpel KA. Effect of conformational rigidity on the stereoselectivity of nucleophilic additions to five-membered ring bicyclic oxocarbenium ion intermediates. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 12:7083-91. [PMID: 25087588 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01251h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of five-membered ring acetals bearing fused rings reveal that subtle changes in the structure of the fused ring can exert dramatic influences on selectivity. If the fused ring did not constrain the five-membered ring undergoing substitution, selectivity was comparable to what was observed for an unconstrained system (≥92% diastereoselectivity, favoring the product of inside attack on the oxocarbenium ion). If the ring were more constrained by including at least one oxygen atom in the ring, selectivity dropped considerably (to 60% diastereoselectivity in one case). Transition states of the nucleophilic addition of allyltrimethylsilane to selected oxocarbenium ions were calculated using DFT methods. These computational models reproduced the correlation between additional conformational rigidity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lavinda
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.
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28
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Frihed TG, Bols M, Pedersen CM. Mechanisms of Glycosylation Reactions Studied by Low-Temperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4963-5013. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500434x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Zhu Y, Yu B. Highly Stereoselective β-Mannopyranosylation via the 1-α-Glycosyloxy-isochromenylium-4-gold(I) Intermediates. Chemistry 2015; 21:8771-80. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Sun P, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Liu S, Lu J, Li M. Construction of β-Mannosidic Bonds via Gold(I)-Catalyzed Glycosylations with Mannopyranosyl ortho-Hexynylbenzoates and Its Application in Synthesis of Acremomannolipin A. J Org Chem 2015; 80:4164-75. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhen Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Shaojing Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jinjie Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Key
Laboratory of Marine Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Education, School
of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 Shandong, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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32
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Peng P, Geng Y, Göttker-Schnetmann I, Schmidt RR. 2-Nitro-thioglycosides: α- and β-selective generation and their potential as β-selective glycosyl donors. Org Lett 2015; 17:1421-4. [PMID: 25740177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Michael-type addition of thiolates to 2-nitro-D-glucal or to 2-nitro-D-galactal derivatives readily provides 2-deoxy-2-nitro-1-thioglycosides. Kinetic and thermodynamic reaction control permitted formation of either the α- or preferentially the β-anomers, respectively. Addition of achiral and chiral thiourea derivatives to the reaction mixture increased the reaction rate; the outcome is substrate-controlled. The 2-deoxy-2-nitro-1-thioglycosides are excellent glycosyl donors under arylsulfenyl chloride/silver triflate (ArSCl/AgOTf) activation, and they provide, anchimerically assisted by the nitro group, mostly β-glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Yiqun Geng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Richard R Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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33
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Bohé L, Crich D. A propos of glycosyl cations and the mechanism of chemical glycosylation; the current state of the art. Carbohydr Res 2015; 403:48-59. [PMID: 25108484 PMCID: PMC4281519 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An overview of recent advances in glycosylation with particular emphasis on mechanism is presented. The mounting evidence for both the existence of glycosyl oxocarbenium ions as fleeting intermediates in some reactions, and the crucial role of the associated counterion in others is discussed. The extremes of the SN1 and SN2 manifolds for the glycosylation reaction are bridged by a continuum of mechanisms in which it appears likely that most examples are located.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bohé
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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34
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Hosoya T, Kosma P, Rosenau T. Contact ion pairs and solvent-separated ion pairs from d-mannopyranosyl and d-glucopyranosyl triflates. Carbohydr Res 2015; 401:127-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Kancharla PK, Kato T, Crich D. Probing the influence of protecting groups on the anomeric equilibrium in sialic acid glycosides with the persistent radical effect. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5472-80. [PMID: 24606062 PMCID: PMC4004215 DOI: 10.1021/ja501276r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A method for the investigation of the influence of protecting groups on the anomeric equilibrium in the sialic acid glycosides has been developed on the basis of the equilibration of O-sialyl hydroxylamines by reversible homolytic scission of the glycosidic bond following the dictates of the Fischer-Ingold persistent radical effect. It is found that a trans-fused 4O,5N-oxazolidinone group stabilizes the equatorial glycoside, i.e., reduces the anomeric effect, when compared to the 4O,5N-diacetyl protected systems. This effect is discussed in terms of the powerful electron-withdrawing nature of the oxazolidinone system, which in turn is a function of its strong dipole moment in the mean plane of the pyranose ring system. The new equilibration method displays a small solvent effect and is most pronounced in less polar media consistent with the anomeric effect in general. The unusual (for anomeric radicals) poor kinetic selectivity of anomeric sialyl radicals is discussed in terms of the planar π-type structure of these radicals and of competing 1,3-diaxial interactions in the diastereomeric transition states for trapping on the α- and β-faces of the radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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36
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Heuckendorff M, Bendix J, Pedersen CM, Bols M. β-Selective mannosylation with a 4,6-silylene-tethered thiomannosyl donor. Org Lett 2014; 16:1116-9. [PMID: 24502365 DOI: 10.1021/ol403722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mannosylations using the new conformationally restricted donor phenyl 2,3-di-O-benzyl-4,6-O-(di-tert-butylsilylene)-1-thio-α-D-mannopyranoside (6) have been found to be β-selective with a variety of activation conditions. The simplest activation conditions were NIS/TfOH, in which case it is proposed that the β-mannoside is formed from β-selective glycosylation of the oxocarbenium ion 25 in a B(2,5) conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Heuckendorff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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37
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Kancharla PK, Crich D. Influence of side chain conformation and configuration on glycosyl donor reactivity and selectivity as illustrated by sialic acid donors epimeric at the 7-position. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:18999-9007. [PMID: 24261615 PMCID: PMC3917720 DOI: 10.1021/ja410683y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two N-acetyl 4O,5N-oxazolidinone-protected sialyl thioglycosides epimeric at the 7-position have been synthesized and their reactivity and stereoselectivity in glycosylation reactions have been compared. It is demonstrated that the natural 7S-donor is both more reactive and more α-selective than the unnatural 7R-isomer. The difference in reactivity is attributed to the side chain conformation and specifically to the proximity of O7 to the anomeric center. In the natural 7S-isomer, O7 is closer to the anomeric center than in its unnatural 7R-epimer and, therefore, better able to support incipient positive charge at the locus of reaction. The difference in selectivity is also attributed to the side conformation, which in the unnatural 7R-series is placed perpendicularly above the α-face of the donor and so shields it to a greater extent than in the 7S-series. These observations are consistent with earlier conclusions on the influence of the side chain conformation on reactivity and selectivity derived from conformationally locked models in the glucose and galactose series and corroborate the suggestion that those effects are predominantly stereoelectronic rather than torsional. The possible relevance of side chain conformation as a factor in the influence of glycosylation stereoselectivity by remote protecting groups and as a control element in enzymic processes for glycosidic bond formation and hydrolysis are discussed. Methods for assignment of the anomeric configuration in the sialic acid glycosides are critically surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Kancharla
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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38
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Moumé-Pymbock M, Furukawa T, Mondal S, Crich D. Probing the influence of a 4,6-O-acetal on the reactivity of galactopyranosyl donors: verification of the disarming influence of the trans-gauche conformation of C5-C6 bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:14249-55. [PMID: 23984633 PMCID: PMC3814037 DOI: 10.1021/ja405588x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a 4,6-O-alkylidene acetal on the rate of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of methyl galactopyranosides and of spontaneous hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl galactopyranosides has been studied through the synthesis and hydrolysis of analogs in which O6 is replaced by a methoxymethylene unit in which the methoxy group adopts either an equatorial or an axial position according to the configuration. Consistent with earlier studies under both acid-catalyzed and spontaneous hydrolysis conditions, the alkylidene acetal, or its 7-carba analog, retards hydrolysis with respect to comparable systems lacking the cyclic protecting group. The configuration at C6 in the 7-carba analogs does not influence the rate of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis but has a minor influence on the rate of spontaneous hydrolysis of the 2,4-dinitrophenyl galactosides, confirming earlier studies on the role played by the hydroxymethyl group conformation on glycoside reactivity. The benzylidene acetal is found to stabilize the α-anomer of galactopyranose derivatives relative to monocyclic analogs. Reasons for the α-selectivity of 4,6-O-benzylidene-protected galactopyranosyl donors bearing neighboring group-active protecting groups at O2 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriame Moumé-Pymbock
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Takayuki Furukawa
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Sujit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
| | - David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202
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39
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Tikad A, Vincent SP. Constrained 3,6-Anhydro-Heptosides: Synthesis by a DAST-Induced Debenzylative Reaction, and Reactivity Profile. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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