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Kadoglou NPE, Panayiotou C, Vardas M, Balaskas N, Kostomitsopoulos NG, Tsaroucha AK, Valsami G. A Comprehensive Review of the Cardiovascular Protective Properties of Silibinin/Silymarin: A New Kid on the Block. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050538. [PMID: 35631363 PMCID: PMC9145573 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Silibinin/silymarin has been used in herbal medicine for thousands of years and it is well-known for its hepato-protective properties. The present comprehensive literature review aimed to critically summarize the pharmacological properties of silymarin extract and its main ingredient silibinin in relation to classical cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., diabetes mellitus, etc.). We also assessed their potential protective and/or therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), based on experimental and clinical studies. Pre-clinical studies including in vitro tests or animal models have predominantly implicated the following effects of silymarin and its constituents: (1) antioxidant, (2) hypolipidemic, (3) hypoglycemic, (4) anti-hypertensive and (5) cardioprotective. On the other hand, a direct amelioration of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction after silymarin administration seems weak based on scarce data. In clinical trials, the most important findings are improved (1) glycemic and (2) lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or hyperlipidemia, while (3) the anti-hypertensive effects of silibinin/silymarin seem very modest. Finally, the changes in clinical endpoints are not robust enough to draw a firm conclusion. There are significant limitations in clinical trial design, including the great variety in doses and cohorts, the underlying conditions, the small sample sizes, the short duration and the absence of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tests prior to study commitment. More data from well-designed and high-quality pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of silibinin/silymarin and its possible therapeutic application in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. E. Kadoglou
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (C.P.); (M.V.); (N.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Michail Vardas
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (C.P.); (M.V.); (N.B.)
| | - Nikolaos Balaskas
- Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus; (C.P.); (M.V.); (N.B.)
| | - Nikolaos G. Kostomitsopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandra K. Tsaroucha
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece;
- Laboratory of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece;
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Przybylski P, Konopko A, Łętowski P, Jodko-Piórecka K, Litwinienko G. Concentration-dependent HAT/ET mechanism of the reaction of phenols with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph˙) in methanol. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8131-8136. [PMID: 35424731 PMCID: PMC8982332 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01033j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (dpph˙) with phenols carried out in alcohols is a frequently used assay for estimation of the antiradical activity of phenolic compounds. The rates of reactions of dpph˙ with five phenols (ArOH: unsubstituted phenol, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, two calix[4]resorcinarenes and baicalein) measured in methanol indicate the different kinetics of the process for very diluted phenols compared to their non-diluted solutions. This effect was explained as dependent on the ratio [ArO−]/[ArOH] and for diluted ArOH corresponds to an increased contribution of much faster electron transfer (ET, ArO−/dpph˙) over the Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT, ArOH/dpph˙). Simplified analysis of the reaction kinetics resulted in estimation of kET/kHAT ratios for each studied ArOH, and in calculation of the rate constants kET. Described results are cautionary examples of how the concentration of a phenol might change the reaction mechanism and the overall kinetics of the observed process. Concentration dependent contribution of hydrogen atom transfer and electron transfer to the overall kinetics of reaction of phenols with a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical in methanol.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Przybylski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Adrian Konopko
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland .,Polish Academy of Science, Institute of Experimental Biology Pasteura 3 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Piotr Łętowski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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3
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Zhang Z, Meng Y, Wang Z, Mei Y, Gao S, Wu Y, Du S. Discovery of Potent Glucokinase and PPARγ Dual-Target Agonists through an Innovative Scheme for Regioselective Modification of Silybin. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3812-3822. [PMID: 35128289 PMCID: PMC8811767 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) and PPARγ are important targets for antidiabetic use. Silybin is one of the major active ingredients of Silybum marianum. The regioselective modification of the five hydroxyl groups in the silybin structure has always been a challenge. In this study, we found that silybin was an agonist of GK and PPARγ. A novel synthesis scheme of silybin derivatives was designed, and a series of novel silybin derivatives has been synthesized. The derivative 8d showed relatively strong activation activity for GK and PPARγ in enzyme activity and transactivation assays (GK activation fold: 1.86; PPARγ transactivation activation percentage: 90.32%). This research suggests that silybin and its derivatives could be used as novel GK and PPARγ dual-target agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zhang
- Department
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Shenyang
University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 100142, China
| | - Yanqiu Meng
- Department
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Shenyang
University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 100142, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Analysis
and Testing Center, Shenyang University
of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 100142, China
| | - Yu Mei
- Department
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Shenyang
University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 100142, China
| | - Shite Gao
- Department
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Shenyang
University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 100142, China
| | - Yuejiao Wu
- Department
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Shenyang
University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 100142, China
| | - Shuxian Du
- Department
of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Shenyang
University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, Liaoning 100142, China
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Fallah M, Davoodvandi A, Nikmanzar S, Aghili S, Mirazimi SMA, Aschner M, Rashidian A, Hamblin MR, Chamanara M, Naghsh N, Mirzaei H. Silymarin (milk thistle extract) as a therapeutic agent in gastrointestinal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112024. [PMID: 34399200 PMCID: PMC8458260 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin contains a group of closely-related flavonolignan compounds including silibinin, and is extracted from Silybum marianum species, also called milk thistle. Silymarin has been shown to protect the liver in both experimental models and clinical studies. The chemopreventive activity of silymarin has shown some efficacy against cancer both in vitro and in vivo. Silymarin can modulate apoptosis in vitro and survival in vivo, by interfering with the expression of cell cycle regulators and apoptosis-associated proteins. In addition to its anti-metastatic activity, silymarin has also been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. The chemoprotective effects of silymarin and silibinin (its major constituent) suggest they could be applied to reduce the side effects and increase the anti-cancer effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in various cancer types, especially in gastrointestinal cancers. This review examines the recent studies and summarizes the mechanistic pathways and down-stream targets of silymarin in the therapy of gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Fallah
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Nikmanzar
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sarehnaz Aghili
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ali Mirazimi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10463, USA
| | - Amir Rashidian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Toxicology Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Navid Naghsh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Muchiri RN, van Breemen RB. Single Laboratory Validation of UHPLC-MS/MS Assays for Six Milk Thistle Flavonolignans in Human Serum. J AOAC Int 2021; 104:232-238. [PMID: 33251548 PMCID: PMC7892635 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracts of milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., are used as dietary supplements for their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor activities. OBJECTIVE An assay based on UHPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated for the quantitative analysis of six major milk thistle flavonolignans extracted from human serum. METHODS Ethyl acetate containing 0.1% formic acid was used to extract flavonolignans from human serum. A 10-min UHPLC-MS/MS method using selected reaction ion monitoring was developed for measuring extracts for silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silychristin, and silydianin. RESULTS The quantitative method was validated with respect to selectivity, specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, LOD, and LLOQ. Extraction efficiency for the quality control standards at LLOQ, low, medium, and high concentrations ranged between 81% and 109%, and the calibration curves were linear (R2 > 0.997) for all flavonolignans. The method precision was determined using coefficients of variation, which were <15%. The method accuracy was assessed using percent relative error which was <15%. CONCLUSIONS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is fast, precise, sensitive, selective, accurate, and useful for the analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum. HIGHLIGHTS The UHPLC-MS/MS assay is suitable for rapid quantitative analysis of milk thistle flavonolignans in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth N Muchiri
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Kusio J, Sitkowska K, Konopko A, Litwinienko G. Hydroxycinnamyl Derived BODIPY as a Lipophilic Fluorescence Probe for Peroxyl Radicals. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010088. [PMID: 31968662 PMCID: PMC7022944 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of a fluorescent probe NB-2 and its use for the detection of peroxyl radicals. This probe is composed of two receptor segments (4-hydroxycinnamyl moieties) sensitive towards peroxyl radicals that are conjugated with a fluorescent reporter, dipyrrometheneboron difluoride (BODIPY), whose emission changes depend on the oxidation state of the receptors. The measurement of the rate of peroxidation of methyl linoleate in a micellar system in the presence of 1.0 µM NB-2 confirmed its ability to trap lipid peroxyl radicals with the rate constant kinh = 1000 M−1·s−1, which is ten-fold smaller than for pentamethylchromanol (an analog of α-tocopherol). The reaction of NB-2 with peroxyl radicals was further studied via fluorescence measurements in methanol, with α,α′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) used as a source of radicals generated by photolysis or thermolysis, and in the micellar system at pH 7.4, with 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) (ABAP) used as a thermal source of the radicals. The reaction of NB-2 receptors with peroxyl radicals manifests itself by the strong increase of a fluorescence with a maximum at 612–616 nm, with a 14-fold enhancement of emission in methanol and a 4-fold enhancement in the micelles, as compared to the unoxidized probe. Our preliminary results indicate that NB-2 behaves as a “switch on” fluorescent probe that is suitable for sensing peroxyl radicals in an organic lipid environment and in bi-phasic dispersed lipid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Kusio
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Kaja Sitkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.K.)
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.L.)
| | - Adrian Konopko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.K.)
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Litwinienko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (G.L.)
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7
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Konopko A, Kusio J, Litwinienko G. Antioxidant Activity of Metal Nanoparticles Coated with Tocopherol-Like Residues-The Importance of Studies in Homo- and Heterogeneous Systems. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 9:E5. [PMID: 31861581 PMCID: PMC7022694 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) attract great attention in pharmacy, diagnostics, and biomedical areas due to benefits like localization and unique interactions of NPs with biocomponents of living cells. In the present paper, we prepared and characterized two kinds of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with α-tocopherol-like residues: 1A were soluble in non-polar solvents and their antioxidant activity was tested during the peroxidation of a model hydrocarbon in a homogeneous system, whereas nanoparticles 1B were soluble in polar solvents and were applied as antioxidants in micellar and liposomal systems. The effectiveness of 1A is comparable to 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-ol (PMHC, an analogue of α-tocopherol). Taking the results of the kinetic measurements, we calculated an average number of 2150 chromanol residues per one NP, suggesting a thick organic coating around the metal core. In heterogeneous systems, the peroxidation of methyl linoleate dispersed in Triton X-100 micelles or DMPC liposomes resulted in the observation that 1B (545 chromanol residues per one NP) was active enough to effectively inhibit peroxidation in a micellar system, but in a liposomal system, 1B behaved as a retardant (no clear induction period). The importance of microenvironment in heterogeneous systems on the overall antioxidant activity of nanoparticles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Konopko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (J.K.)
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Kusio
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Litwinienko
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (A.K.); (J.K.)
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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Juráňová J, Aury-Landas J, Boumediene K, Baugé C, Biedermann D, Ulrichová J, Franková J. Modulation of Skin Inflammatory Response by Active Components of Silymarin. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010123. [PMID: 30598040 PMCID: PMC6337225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we compared selected silymarin components, such as quercetin (QE), 2,3-dehydrosilybin (DHS) and silybin (SB), with the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (IND) in terms of their wound healing potential. In view of the fact that pathological cutaneous wound healing is associated with persistent inflammation, we studied their anti-inflammatory activity against inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the regulation of crucial pro-inflammatory transcription factors—nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and activator protein 1 (AP-1)—as well as the expression of downstream inflammatory targets by Western blotting, real-time PCR (RT-PCR), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in vitro using primary normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). We demonstrated the greater ability of DHS to modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokines production via the NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways when compared to other tested substances. The prolonged exposure of LPS-challenged human dermal fibroblasts to DHS had both beneficial and detrimental consequences. DHS diminished interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion but induced the significant upregulation of IL-8 mRNA associated with NF-κB and AP-1 activation. The observed conflicting results may compromise the main expected benefit, which is the acceleration of the healing of the wound via a diminished inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Juráňová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Karim Boumediene
- EA7451 BioConnecT, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - Catherine Baugé
- EA7451 BioConnecT, Normandie University, UNICAEN, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - David Biedermann
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Franková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hněvotínská 5, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Kalinowska M, Mazur L, Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Lewandowski W. A new calcium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate: Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant studies and stress mediated cytotoxity in MCF-7 cells. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Wen YJ, Zhou ZY, Zhang GL, Lu XX. Metal coordination protocol for the synthesis of-2,3-dehydrosilybin and 19-O-demethyl-2,3-dehydrosilybin from silybin and their antitumor activities. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Silibinin phosphodiester glyco-conjugates: Synthesis, redox behaviour and biological investigations. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:349-359. [PMID: 29421711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
New silibinin phosphodiester glyco-conjugates were synthesized by efficient phosphoramidite chemistry and were fully characterized by 2D-NMR. A wide-ranging study focused on the determination of their pKa and E° values as well as on their radical scavenging activities by different assays (DPPH, ABTS+ and HRSA) was conducted. The new glyco-conjugates are more water-soluble than silibinin, and their radical scavenging activities are higher than those of silibinin. The conjugation therefore improves both the water solubilities and antioxidant activities of the flavonolignan moieties. The serum stability was evaluated under physiological conditions, and the glyco-conjugates degraded with half-lives of 40-70 h, making them useful in pro-drug approaches. We started by treating androgen-dependent prostate cancer (PCa) LNCaP cells and then expanded our studies to androgen-independent PCa PC3 and DU145 cells. In most cases, the new derivatives significantly reduced both total and live cell numbers, albeit at different levels. Anti-HIV activities were evaluated and the glucosamine-phosphate silibinin derivative showed higher activity (IC50 = 73 μM) than silibinin.
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12
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Toğay VA, Sevimli TS, Sevimli M, Çelik DA, Özçelik N. DNA damage in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes; protective effect of silibinin. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 825:15-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Bijak M. Silybin, a Major Bioactive Component of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaernt.)-Chemistry, Bioavailability, and Metabolism. Molecules 2017; 22:E1942. [PMID: 29125572 PMCID: PMC6150307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a medicinal plant that has been used for thousands of years as a remedy for a variety of ailments. The main component of S. marianum fruit extract (silymarin) is a flavonolignan called silybin, which is not only the major silymarin element but is also the most active ingredient of this extract, which has been confirmed in various studies. This compound belongs to the flavonoid group known as flavonolignans. Silybin's structure consists in two main units. The first is based on a taxifolin, the second a phenyllpropanoid unit, which in this case is conyferil alcohol. These two units are linked together into one structure by an oxeran ring. Since the 1970s, silybin has been regarded in official medicine as a substance with hepatoprotective properties. There is a large body of research that demonstrates silybin's many other healthy properties, but there are still a lack of papers focused on its molecular structure, chemistry, metabolism, and novel form of administration. Therefore, the aim of this paper is a literature review presenting and systematizing our knowledge of the silybin molecule, with particular emphasis on its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Bijak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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14
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Badhani B, Kakkar R. Influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the antiradical activity of Gallic acid: a theoretical study. Struct Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-017-1033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Sokolová R, Kocábová J, Marhol P, Fiedler J, Biedermann D, Vacek J, Křen V. Oxidation of Natural Bioactive Flavonolignan 2,3-Dehydrosilybin: An Electrochemical and Spectral Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6841-6846. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romana Sokolová
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kocábová
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marhol
- Institute
of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Fiedler
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Biedermann
- Institute
of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Faculty
of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská
3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute
of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
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Reina M, Martínez A. Silybin interacting with Cu 4 , Ag 4 and Au 4 clusters: Do these constitute antioxidant materials? COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Reina M, Martínez A. How the presence of metal atoms and clusters can modify the properties of Silybin? A computational prediction. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Phenolic Melatonin-Related Compounds: Their Role as Chemical Protectors against Oxidative Stress. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111442. [PMID: 27801875 PMCID: PMC6274579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no doubt about the serious threat that oxidative stress (OS) poses to human health. Therefore, a crucial strategy to maintain a good health status is to identify molecules capable of offering protection against OS through chemical routes. Based on the known efficiency of the phenolic and melatonin (MLT) families of compounds as antioxidants, it is logical to assume that phenolic MLT-related compounds should be (at least) equally efficient. Unfortunately, they have been less investigated than phenols, MLT and its non-phenolic metabolites in this context. The evidence reviewed here strongly suggests that MLT phenolic derivatives can act as both primary and secondary antioxidants, exerting their protection through diverse chemical routes. They all seem to be better free radical scavengers than MLT and Trolox, while some of them also surpass ascorbic acid and resveratrol. However, there are still many aspects that deserve further investigations for this kind of compounds.
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Samanta R, Pattnaik AK, Pradhan KK, Mehta BK, Pattanayak SP, Banerjee S. Wound Healing Activity of Silibinin in Mice. Pharmacognosy Res 2016; 8:298-302. [PMID: 27695272 PMCID: PMC5004523 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.188880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silibinin is a semi-purified fraction of silymarin contained in milk thistle (Silybum marianum Asteraceae). Primarily known for its hepatoprotective actions, silymarin may also stimulate epithelialization and reduce inflammation in excision wound. Previous studies show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial actions of silibinin. However, wound healing property of silibinin is not well studied. OBJECTIVE This study investigates wound healing activity of silibinin topical formulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wound healing activity of 0.2% silibinin gel was assessed by incision and excision wound models in mice. Animals were divided into gel base, silibinin gel, and Mega Heal gel® treated groups with six animals in each group. Wound contraction, wound tissue tensile strength, and hydroxyproline content were measured, and histopathological evaluation of wound tissue of all the above treatment groups was carried out. RESULTS Application of 0.2% silibinin hydrogel for 8 days led to 56.3% wound contraction compared to 64.6% using standard Mega Heal gel with a subsequent increase in hydroxyproline content, which was significantly higher (P < 0.001) over control animals showing 33.2% contraction. After 14 days, percentage of contraction reached 96.1%, 97.6%, and 86.7%, respectively. Wound tissue tensile strength with silibinin (223.55 ± 3.82 g) and standard (241.38 ± 2.49 g) was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than control (174.06 ± 5.75 g). Histopathology of silibinin and standard gel treated wound tissue showed more fibroblasts, fewer macrophage infiltration, and well-formed collagen fibers. CONCLUSION Here, we show potent wound healing activity of silibinin hydrogel formulation. SUMMARY 0.2% silibinin hydrogel showed potent wound healing activity in incision and excision wound models in mice. Abbreviations Used: ROS: Reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rojalini Samanta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Ashok K. Pattnaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kishanta K. Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Beena K. Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shakti P. Pattanayak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sugato Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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Biler M, Trouillas P, Biedermann D, Křen V, Kubala M. Tunable optical properties of silymarin flavonolignans. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Oxidation of the Flavonolignan Silybin. In situ EPR Evidence of the Spin-Trapped Silybin Radical. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Reina M, Martínez A. Is Silybin the Best Free Radical Scavenger Compound in Silymarin? J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:4568-78. [PMID: 27149000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Silymarin is a natural mixture with beneficial properties for health, specifically due to its antiradical characteristics. The major components of this mixture are silybin (SIL), silychristin (SILYC), isosilybin (ISOSIL), silydianin (SILYD), and taxifolin (TAX). In this report, the electronic properties of these substances are investigated using density functional theory calculations, mainly in order to fully understand the free radical scavenger properties of these compounds. Optimized geometries and Raman spectra are reported. These results could be experimentally useful for identifying some of the major components of the mixture. The relative abundance of deprotonated species under physiological conditions is also included. The free radical scavenger capacity is studied in relation to three mechanisms: the single electron transfer (SET), the radical adduct formation (RAF), and the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). According to this investigation, the HAT mechanism is the most efficient mechanism for scavenging free radicals for these compounds followed by the RAF mechanism where intramolecular hydrogen bonds are formed in order to stabilize the (•)OOH free radical. A particularly important factor is that none of the compounds being studied showed an outstanding antiradical capacity performance compared to the others. In this sense, silymarin is an interesting mixture with antiradical properties and we now know that one single component should be as effective as the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ana Martínez
- Departamento de Materiales de Baja Dimensionalidad Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, P.O. Box 70-360, Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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Pyszková M, Biler M, Biedermann D, Valentová K, Kuzma M, Vrba J, Ulrichová J, Sokolová R, Mojović M, Popović-Bijelić A, Kubala M, Trouillas P, Křen V, Vacek J. Flavonolignan 2,3-dehydroderivatives: Preparation, antiradical and cytoprotective activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 90:114-25. [PMID: 26582372 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The protective constituents of silymarin, an extract from Silybum marianum fruits, have been extensively studied in terms of their antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Here, we explore the electron-donor properties of the major silymarin flavonolignans. Silybin (SB), silychristin (SCH), silydianin (SD) and their respective 2,3-dehydroderivatives (DHSB, DHSCH and DHSD) were oxidized electrochemically and their antiradical/antioxidant properties were investigated. Namely, Folin-Ciocalteau reduction, DPPH and ABTS(+) radical scavenging, inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation and cytoprotective effects against tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced damage to a human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line were evaluated. Due to the presence of the highly reactive C3-OH group and the C-2,3 double bond (ring C) allowing electron delocalization across the whole structure in the 2,3-dehydroderivatives, these compounds are much more easily oxidized than the corresponding flavonolignans SB, SCH and SD. This finding was unequivocally confirmed not only by experimental approaches, but also by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The hierarchy in terms of ability to undergo electrochemical oxidation (DHSCH~DHSD>DHSB>>SCH/SD>SB) was consistent with their antiradical activities, mainly DPPH scavenging, as well as in vitro cytoprotection of HepG2 cells. The results are discussed in the context of the antioxidant vs. prooxidant activities of flavonolignans and molecular interactions in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Pyszková
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Biler
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic; INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges, School of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - David Biedermann
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kuzma
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vrba
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Ulrichová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Sokolová
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Mojović
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Popović-Bijelić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martin Kubala
- Department of Biophysics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges, School of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Docteur Marcland, 87025 Limoges, France; Department of Physical Chemistry, Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17 listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hněvotínská 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Reina M, Martínez A. Silybin and 2,3-Dehydrosilybin Flavonolignans as Free Radical Scavengers. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11597-606. [PMID: 26259041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The electronic properties of six derivatives of silybin (characterized by the absence of the 2,3 double bond) and six derivatives of 2,3-dehydrosilybin (characterized by the presence of the 2,3 double bond) have been studied by applying density functional theory to fully understand the free radical scavenger's mechanism for action and the relationship between reactivity and chemical structure. Optimized geometries, Raman spectra, and λmax values are reported, enabling us to characterize the systems. These spectra may be useful for monitoring the oxidation between silybin and 2,3-dehydrosilybin, thus providing important experimental information. The relative abundance of deprotonated species under physiological conditions is also reported. Under physiological conditions (pH 7.4), ∼70% of silybin is protonated, but 60% of 2,3-dehydrosilybin is deprotonated. The free radical scavenger capacity is analyzed in terms of two mechanisms: electron transfer and adduct formation. Deprotonated molecules are better electron donors and worse electron acceptors than non-deprotonated species. The conclusions derived from this investigation completely concur with previous experimental results. The free radical scavenging activity of 2,3-dehydrosilybin derivatives is higher than that for silybin derivatives. What was not previously considered was the importance of the deprotonated species, which is remarkable and may be important for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior SN, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 Coyoacán, México DF, México
| | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Circuito Exterior SN, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510 Coyoacán, México DF, México
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Beydilli H, Yilmaz N, Cetin ES, Topal Y, Celik OI, Sahin C, Topal H, Cigerci IH, Sozen H. Evaluation of the protective effect of silibinin against diazinon induced hepatotoxicity and free-radical damage in rat liver. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 17:e25310. [PMID: 26023342 PMCID: PMC4443388 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.17(4)2015.25310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Diazinon (0,0-Diethyl 0-(1-6-methyl-2-isoprophyl 4 pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate) (DI) is a very effective organophosphate pesticide, used widely in agriculture. Consequently, data on poisoning cases secondary to DI exposure are important. The DI may affect a variety of tissues, including liver. Silibinin is a pharmacologically active constitute of Silybum marianum, with documented antioxidant activity. Objectives: The aim of our study was to evaluate both histopathologically and biochemically whether silibinin is protective in DI induced liver damage. Materials and Methods: Thirty two Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups, as follows: 1) control group - oral corn oil was given; 2) DI group - rats were administered orally 335 mg/kg in the corn oil solution; 3) Silibinin group - 100 mg/kg/day silibinin was given alone orally, every 24 hours for 7 days; 4) Silibinin + DI group - DI plus silibinin was given. All rats were sacrificed at the end of experiment. Superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were investigated in serum and liver tissue. In addition, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activities were evaluated. The liver tissue was evaluated histopathologically with Hematoxilin & Eosin dye. Results: Biochemically, ALT, AST, NO, MPO in serum and NO, MPO in liver tissue were found to be significantly higher in DI group, compared to control group (P < 0.001). In Group Silibinin + DI, serum AST, ALT, NO, MPO levels were significantly lower (P < 0.01), and both serum and tissue SOD activities were significantly higher, compared to DI group (P < 0.001). Diazinon induced histopathological changes in liver tissue were: severe sinusoidal dilatation, moderate disruption of the radial alignment of hepatocytes around the central vein, severe vacuolization in the hepatocyte cytoplasm, inflammation around central vein and portal region. In rats receiving both DI and silibinin, the DI induced changes accounted for less sinusoidal dilatation, vacuolization in the hepatocyte cytoplasm and the inflammation around central vein and portal region (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The DI was found to induce liver damage by oxidative stress mechanisms. Silibinin reduced the oxidative stress by inducing antioxidant mechanisms, thereby showing protective effect against DI induced liver damage. Further studies with silibinin should be performed regarding DI toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Beydilli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
- Corresponding Author: Halil Beydilli, Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey. Tel: +90-2522114835, E-mail:
| | - Nigar Yilmaz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Esin Sakalli Cetin
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Yasar Topal
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ilhan Celik
- Department of Medical Pathology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Cem Sahin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Hatice Topal
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | | | - Hamdi Sozen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
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Nakanishi I, Ohkubo K, Imai K, Kamibayashi M, Yoshihashi Y, Matsumoto KI, Fukuhara K, Terada K, Itoh S, Ozawa T, Fukuzumi S. Solubilisation of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical in water by β-cyclodextrin to evaluate the radical-scavenging activity of antioxidants in aqueous media. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8311-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02236c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical was solubilised in water by β-cyclodextrin.
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Sozen H, Celik OI, Cetin ES, Yilmaz N, Aksozek A, Topal Y, Cigerci IH, Beydilli H. Evaluation of the Protective Effect of Silibinin in Rats with Liver Damage Caused by Itraconazole. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 71:1215-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Silybin, a secondary metabolite isolated from the seeds of the blessed milk thistle (Silybum marianum) was discovered as the first member of a new family of natural compounds called flavonolignans in 1959. Over the years it has received the research attention of many organic chemists. This research has resulted in a number of semisynthetic derivatives prepared in an effort to modulate and better target the biological activities of silybin or to improve its physical properties, such as its solubility. A fundamental breakthrough in silybin chemistry was the determination of the absolute configurations of silybin A and silybin B, and the development of methods for their separation. This review covers articles dealing with silybin chemistry and also summarizes all the derivatives prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Biedermann
- Institute of Microbiology AS CR, Centre of Biocatalysis and Biotransformation, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, CZ 14220, Czech Republic.
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Nakanishi I, Kawashima T, Ohkubo K, Waki T, Uto Y, Kamada T, Ozawa T, Matsumoto KI, Fukuzumi S. Disproportionation of a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical as a model of reactive oxygen species catalysed by Lewis and/or Brønsted acids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:814-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc47819j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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