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Yanagi S, Takayama O, Toriumi N, Muranaka A, Hashizume D, Uchiyama M. 20π-Electron Antiaromatic Benziphthalocyanines with Absorption Reaching the Near-Infrared-II Region. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400401. [PMID: 38488227 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Although second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1500 nm) light has attracted considerable attention, especially for life sciences applications, the development of organic dyes with NIR-II absorption remains a formidable challenge. Herein we report the design, synthesis, and electronic properties of 20π-electron antiaromatic benziphthalocyanines (BPcs) that exhibit intense absorption bands in the NIR region. The strong, low-energy absorption of the antiaromatic BPcs is attributed to electric-dipole-allowed HOMO-LUMO transitions with narrow band gaps, enabled by the reduced structural symmetry of BPc compared with regular porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The combination of peripheral substituents and a central metal decreases the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, leading to the extension of the absorption bands into the NIR-II region (reaching 1100 nm) under reductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yanagi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Orie Takayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Toriumi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsuya Muranaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masanobu Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
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2
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Abstract
The cis and trans structural isomers of di-p-benzidithiaoctaphyrins were synthesized by adopting two different synthetic routes using readily available precursors under acid-catalyzed conditions, and the isomers were separated using basic alumina column chromatography. 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy were used to deduce the molecular structures of the macrocycles, which also helps to differentiate the cis isomer from the trans isomer. DFT studies revealed that both the cis and trans isomers adopt figure of eight conformations but exhibit clear differences in their structural features, and the trans isomer is more distorted than the cis isomer. Experimental and theoretical studies revealed that both the cis and trans isomers are nonaromatic stable macrocycles and show subtle differences in their structure, spectral and redox properties. The cis and trans isomers of di-p-benzidithiaoctaphyrin exhibit nonaromatic absorption features in the visible-NIR region, and electrochemical studies revealed their electron-rich nature. TD-DFT studies are in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vratta Grover
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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3
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Varak P, Sinha A, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Properties of Nonaromatic meso-fused Heterobenzihomoporphyrin(2.1.1.1)s. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300387. [PMID: 37440606 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorene-based tripyrrane has been used as a fused precursor to synthesize three novel examples of nonaromatic meso-fused thia and selenabenzihomoporphyrin(2.1.1.1)s by condensing it with appropriate 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)aryl thiophene or selenophene under acid catalyzed conditions. The meso-fused heterobenzihomoporphyrins contain one fluorene unit, two pyrrole rings and one thiophene/selenophene ring connected via five meso-carbons in the macrocyclic framework. The macrocycles were thoroughly characterized by HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, absorption, cyclic voltammetry and DFT/TD-DFT studies. NMR, absorption, and DFT studies indicated the nonaromatic nature of meso-fused heterobenzihomoporphyrins. The macrocycles displayed one intense band at ∼380 nm along with a shoulder band at 450 nm and a broad band in the region of 590-850 nm which were bathochromically shifted in the monoprotonated derivatives and absorbed prominently in the NIR region with the peak maxima at ∼1035 nm. The electrochemical studies revealed that the macrocycles showed three well-defined oxidations and reductions, and TD-DFT studies corroborated experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Varak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Owai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Avisikta Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Owai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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4
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Organometallic Chemistry within the Structured Environment Provided by the Macrocyclic Cores of Carbaporphyrins and Related Systems. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031496. [PMID: 36771158 PMCID: PMC9920839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique environment within the core of carbaporphyrinoid systems provides a platform to explore unusual organometallic chemistry. The ability of these structures to form stable organometallic derivatives was first demonstrated for N-confused porphyrins but many other carbaporphyrin-type systems were subsequently shown to exhibit similar or complementary properties. Metalation commonly occurs with catalytically active transition metal cations and the resulting derivatives exhibit widely different physical, chemical and spectroscopic properties and range from strongly aromatic to nonaromatic and antiaromatic species. Metalation may trigger unusual, highly selective, oxidation reactions. Alkyl group migration has been observed within the cavity of metalated carbaporphyrins, and in some cases ring contraction of the carbocyclic subunit takes place. Over the past thirty years, studies in this area have led to multiple synthetic routes to carbaporphyrinoid ligands and remarkable organometallic chemistry has been reported. An overview of this important area is presented.
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5
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Yadav B, Isar P, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Studies of Fused Benzo-Benzisapphyrins. J Org Chem 2023; 88:395-402. [PMID: 36524818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of rare examples of fused benzo-benzisapphyrins were synthesized readily by (3 + 2) condensation of benzodipyrrole-derived diol and para-benzitripyrrane in the presence of 0.5 equiv of TFA in CH2Cl2 under inert atmosphere conditions accompanied by DDQ oxidation in open air. The crude compounds were separated by basic alumina column chromatography and afforded pure fused benzo-benzisapphyrins in 20-22% yields. The fused sapphyrins were characterized in detail by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy. The 1H NMR spectra recorded at both 298 and at 233 K clearly exhibited the presence of a strong diatropic ring current in benzo-benzisapphyrins, and the macrocycles are of aromatic nature. The DFT-optimized structure of benzo-benzisapphyrin revealed that the macrocycle was planar to a great extent due to the rigid structure of the dibenzopyrrole moiety, and the NICS(0) value of -11.2 ppm supports the aromatic nature of macrocycles. The absorption spectra of benzo-benzisapphyrins showed three weak Q bands approximately in the region of 650-900 nm and a strong Soret band at 480 nm, along with a shoulder band at ∼510 nm. The diprotonated derivative generated by the addition of excess TFA to the benzo-benzisapphyrin macrocycle exhibited bathochromically shifted absorption bands compared to the free base macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Prosenjit Isar
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraβe 55, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Ko MS, Hong JH, Aslam AS, Rao PS, Desale PP, Choi J, Lee Y, Cho DG. o-(2-Thienyl)vinylarene as an Alternative Synthetic Motif for Porphyrinoids: o-Arene-Connected Porphyrinoids. Org Lett 2022; 24:8812-8815. [PMID: 36417689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
o-Arene-connected porphyrinoids were synthesized with o-(2-thienyl)vinylarene motif as a new building block for porphyrinoids. This motif can replace meso-aryl-substituted dipyrromethene and serve as a command key arranging o-connectivity of porphyrinoid. While 6a (benzene version) is very weak, 6b (pyridine version) shows a substantial amount of diatropic ring current due to reduced steric hindrance (without H23) and rigidified Pd-6a became more aromatic than 6b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Sung Ko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ho Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Adil S Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - P Sankara Rao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Pradeep P Desale
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gyu Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Inharo 100, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
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7
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Rawat N, Ojha B, Ravikanth M. Synthesis and Properties of Nonaromatic Meta-Benziheptaphyrins and Aromatic Para-Benziheptaphyrins. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200715. [PMID: 35899820 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two examples of nonaromatic m -benziheptaphyrins and two examples of aromatic p -benziheptaphyrins were synthesized by [5+2] condensation of appropriate m -benzi pentapyrrane and p -benzi pentapyrrane respectively and bithiophene diol in CH 2 Cl 2 in the presence of one equivalent of TFA under inert conditions for 30 min followed by oxidation with DDQ in open air for 1 h. The 1 H NMR studies carried out at room temperature as well as at lower temperature indicated the nonaromatic nature of m -benziheptaphyrins with inversion of two thiophene rings and aromatic nature of p -benziheptaphyrins with inversion of one of the thiophene ring. The X-ray structure obtained for one of the p -benziheptaphyrins showed a planar conformation with alignment of one of the thiophene ring away from the macrocyclic inner core but maintained its coplanarity with the mean plane and supported the aromatic nature of the macrocycle. The absorption spectra of m -benziheptaphyrins resembled with the nonaromatic systems and showed two intense bands at 445 nm, 555 nm and a very broad band in the region of 600-1100 nm whereas the p -benziheptaphyrin showed three sharp intense bands at 534 nm, 585 nm and 832 nm due to their aromatic nature. The protonation of m -benziheptaphyrins and p -benziheptaphyrins resulted in significant bathochromic shifts in their absorption maxima and showed strong absorption in NIR region. The electrochemical studies indicated that m - & p -benziheptaphyrins undergo oxidations and reductions easily. DFT and TD-DFT studies were in agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Rawat
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Chemistry, IIT bombay, powai, 400076, Mumbai, INDIA
| | - Belarani Ojha
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Chemistry, 400076, INDIA
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Chemistry, Powai, 400 076, Mumbai, INDIA
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8
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Thuita DW, Brückner C. Metal Complexes of Porphyrinoids Containing Nonpyrrolic Heterocycles. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7990-8052. [PMID: 35302354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of one or more pyrrolic building block(s) of a porphyrin by a nonpyrrolic heterocycle leads to the formation of so-called pyrrole-modified porphyrins (PMPs), porphyrinoids of broad structural variability. The wide range of coordination environments (type, number, charge, and architecture of the donor atoms) that the pyrrole-modified frameworks provide to the central metal ions, the frequent presence of donor atoms at their periphery, and their often observed nonplanarity or conformational flexibility distinguish the complexes of the PMPs clearly from those of the traditional square-planar, dianionic, N4-coordinating (hydro)porphyrins. Their different coordination properties suggest their utilization in areas beyond which regular metalloporphyrins are suitable. Following a general introduction to the synthetic methodologies available to generate pyrrole-modified porphyrins, their general structure, history, coordination chemistry, and optical properties, this Review highlights the chemical, electronic (optical), and structural differences of specific classes of metalloporphyrinoids containing nonpyrrolic heterocycles. The focus is on macrocycles with similar "tetrapyrrolic" architectures as porphyrins, thusly excluding the majority of expanded porphyrins. We highlight the relevance and application of these metal complexes in biological and technical fields as chemosensors, catalysts, photochemotherapeutics, or imaging agents. This Review provides an introduction to the field of metallo-PMPs as well as a comprehensive snapshot of the current state of the art of their synthesis, structures, and properties. It also aims to provide encouragement for the further study of these intriguing and structurally versatile metalloporphyrinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris Waiyigo Thuita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
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9
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Synthesis, Characterization, and Spectroscopic Studies of Bis-(meso-4-methoxyphenyl)-Benziporphyrin and Its Pd-Metal Complex. J CHEM-NY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/4586739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benziporphyrin systems are widely explored, yet alternative improved synthetic routes towards these systems are needed. Here, a fairly and efficient synthesis of the free base and its metal complex is well designed. Dimethoxybenzene dicarbinol intermediate was prepared in excellent yields by reacting 4-methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide with isophthaladehyde in diethyl ether. Reaction with equivalent pyrrole and pentafluorobenzaldehyde in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), followed by oxidation with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone (DDQ), provided good yields of bis-(meso-4-methoxyphenyl)-benziporphyrin. Metalation of the free base was performed using palladium(II) acetate salt in acetonitrile. All intermediates and the final products are fully characterized using NMR, HMRS, and UV-Vis spectroscopies and briefly discussed.
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10
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Grover N, Emandi G, Twamley B, Khurana B, Sol V, Senge MO. Synthesis and Structure of meso-Substituted Dibenzihomoporphyrins. European J Org Chem 2020; 2020:6489-6496. [PMID: 33328793 PMCID: PMC7702178 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bench-stable meso-substituted di(p/m-benzi)homoporphyrins were synthesized through acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrole derivatives with aryl aldehydes. The insertion of a 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethene (TPE) or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene unit in the porphyrin framework results in the formation of dibenzihomoporphyrins, merging the features of hydrocarbons and porphyrins. Single crystal X-ray analyses established the non-planar structure of these molecules, with the phenylene rings out of the mean plane, as defined by the dipyrromethene moiety and the two meso-carbon atoms. Spectroscopic and structural investigations show that the macrocycles exhibit characteristics of both TPE or but-2-ene-2,3-diyldibenzene and dipyrromethene units indicating the non-aromatic characteristics of the compounds synthesized. Additionally, the dibenzihomoporphyrins were found to generate singlet oxygen, potentially allowing their use as photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Grover
- School of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Ganapathi Emandi
- School of ChemistryThe University of DublinTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of ChemistryTrinity College DublinThe University of DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Bhavya Khurana
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteThe University of Dublin, St James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, EA 7500Université de Limoges87000LimogesFrance
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE, EA 7500Université de Limoges87000LimogesFrance
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal ChemistryTrinity Translational Medicine InstituteThe University of Dublin, St James's HospitalDublin 8Ireland
- Technical University of MunichInstitute for Advanced Study (TUM‐IAS)Lichtenbergstrasse 2a85748GarchingGermany
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11
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A Pincer Motif Etched into a meta-Benziporphyrin Frame. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Kumar A, Laxman K, Ravikanth M. Antiaromatic Carbaporphyrinoids: Fluorene as a Fused Motif toward the Synthesis of meso-Fused Heterobenziporphyrins. Org Lett 2019; 21:8726-8730. [PMID: 31618042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
meso-Tetraphenyl meta-benziporphyrins are nonaromatic macrocycles which can be changed to antiaromatic by fusing the core benzene ring with one of the adjacent meso-phenyl groups, as demonstrated here by adopting a premodification method. We used a fluorene moiety in place of the m-phenylene ring as a premodified fused aromatic motif to synthesize fused heterobenziporphyrins. Spectral and X-ray data indicated that the macrocycles are antiaromatic, which was supported by DFT, ACID, and NICS calculations. These macrocycles formed organopalladium complexes.
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Szyszko B, Matviyishyn M, Hirka S, Pacholska-Dudziak E, Białońska A, Latos-Grażyński L. 28-Hetero-2,7-Naphthiporphyrins: Horizontal Expansion of the m-Benziporphyrin Macrocycle. Org Lett 2019; 21:7009-7014. [PMID: 31423794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Replacement of the m-phenylene moiety of m-benziporphyrins with the 2,7-naphthalenyl subunit yielded 28-hetero-2,7-naphthiporphyrins-macrocycles that can be considered as expanded carbaporphyrinoids. This group retains some features of parent m-benziporphyrins, but due to larger size and different shape of the macrocyclic cavity, their coordination properties are different. Upon reduction and conformational rearrangement the 28-thia- and 28-selena-2,7-naphthiporphyrin form organophosphorus(V) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szyszko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maksym Matviyishyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Serhii Hirka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Pacholska-Dudziak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Białońska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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Jain P, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. adj-Dicarbaporphyrinoid Systems: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Reactivity of 23-Carbabenziporphyrins. J Org Chem 2019; 84:10237-10256. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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15
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Ghosh A, Larsen S, Conradie J, Foroutan-Nejad C. Local versus global aromaticity in azuliporphyrin and benziporphyrin derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:7964-7970. [PMID: 30325395 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01672k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbaporphyrinoids afford fascinating examples of competition between local and global aromaticity in conjugated, polycyclic systems. Thus, whereas density functional theory calculations reveal only a modest effect of metal complexation on the current density profiles of true carbaporphyrins and azuliporphyrins, the impact is much greater for benziporphyrins, underscoring a strong competition between local and global aromaticity in the latter system. Furthermore, the calculations shed light on the remarkable efficacy of suitably placed electron-donating substituents on the benzene ring in boosting the global diatropic currents in a metallobenziporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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16
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Hong SJ, Dutta R, Kumar R, He Q, Lynch VM, Sessler JL, Lee CH. meso-Alkylidenyl dibenzihexaphyrins: synthesis and protonation studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:9693-9696. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc04607k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the alkylidenyl-dibenzihexaphyrins bearing four indanedionyl groups at themeso-positions linkedviafourmeso-exocyclic double bonds is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry
- Kangwon National University
- Chun Cheon
- Korea
| | - Ranjan Dutta
- Department of Chemistry
- Kangwon National University
- Chun Cheon
- Korea
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Kangwon National University
- Chun Cheon
- Korea
| | - Qing He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Vincent M. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | | | - Chang-Hee Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Kangwon National University
- Chun Cheon
- Korea
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17
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Kumar S, Thorat KG, Lee WZ, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structural, Spectral, and Electrochemical Studies of Selenabenziporphyrin and Its Pd(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:8956-8963. [PMID: 29985596 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new nonaromatic selenabenziporphyrin was synthesized by (3 + 1) condensation of m-benzitripyrrane and 2,5-bis[( p-tolyl)hydroxymethyl] selenophene under mild trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed reaction conditions. The selenabenziporphyrin was characterized by high-resolution mass spectrometry, one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure revealed that the macrocycle was planar with moderately tilted m-phenylene ring and that the phenylene ring completely blocks the macrocyclic π-delocalization. The selenabenziporphyrin exhibits one broad absorption band at 645 nm along with one sharp band at 415 nm, and electrochemical studies revealed that the macrocycle was electron-deficient. The selenabenziporphyrin readily forms organometallic Pd(II) complex when treated with PdCl2 in CH3CN/CHCl3 at reflux followed by recrystallization. The X-ray structure revealed that the Pd(II) ion was coordinated with two pyrrole "N"s, selenophene "Se", and m-phenylene ring "C" in square-planar fashion, and the complex retained its nonaromatic nature. The Pd(II) complex exhibits ill-defined absorption bands, and it was more electron-deficient than free-base selenabenziporphyrin macrocycle. Time-dependent density functional theory studies supported the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Kishor G Thorat
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Way-Zen Lee
- Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , 88 Section 4 Ting-Chow Road , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
An unprecedented tellurabenziporphyrin containing C, N, and Te donor atoms was synthesized by condensing benzitripyrrane and tellurophene diol under acid catalyzed conditions. The tellurabenziporphyrin readily forms a Pd(II) complex when treated with PdCl2 in CHCl3/CH3CN. The crystal structures of tellurabenziporphyrin and its Pd(II) complex revealed that the benzene ring hinders the π-electron delocalization. An unusual five-membered ring formed inside the macrocycle due to the strong interaction between "Te" and "N" in the Pd(II) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology , Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Way-Zen Lee
- Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University , 88 Section 4 Ting-Chow Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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19
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Smolczyk TJ, Lash TD. Alphabet soup within a porphyrinoid cavity: synthesis of heterocarbaporphyrins with CNNO, CNOO, CNSO and CNSeO Cores from an oxacarbatripyrrin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9003-9006. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of porphyrin analogues with four different core atoms have been synthesized from an oxacarbatripyrrin intermediate.
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20
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Darrow WT, Lash TD. An alternative synthesis of benziporphyrins starting from isophthaloyl chloride. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424617500493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An alternative route to benziporphyrins has been developed. Reaction of an [Formula: see text]-unsubstituted pyrrole ethyl ester with isophthaloyl chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride afforded a diketone that underwent selective reduction with diborane to give a benzitripyrrane. Cleavage of the ethyl esters with sodium hydroxide in refluxing ethylene glycol, followed by acid catalyzed condensation with a pyrrole dialdehyde and oxidation with DDQ, generated the targeted benziporphyrin product. Spectrophotometric titration of the benziporphyrin with trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) demonstrated the sequential formation of mono- and dicationic species. At lower dilutions, the free base benziporphyrin showed unusually strong [Formula: see text] coupling between two adjacent methyl substituents, indicating that the connecting unit has substantial olefinic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T. Darrow
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, U.S.A
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, U.S.A
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21
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Lash TD, Ferrence GM. Metalation and Selective Oxidation of Diphenyl-23-oxa-, -thia-, and -selena-21-carbaporphyrins. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11426-11434. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Gregory M. Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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22
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Gao R, AbuSalim DI, Lash TD. Pyreniporphyrins: Porphyrin Analogues That Incorporate a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Subunit within the Macrocyclic Framework. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6680-6688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Deyaa I. AbuSalim
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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23
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Abstract
In 1960, MacDonald and coworkers introduced a new method for porphyrin synthesis that involved the acid-catalyzed condensation of dipyrrylmethane dialdehydes with [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-diunsubstituted dipyrrylmethanes or the related dicarboxylic acids, followed by an air oxidation. The key bond forming steps entail electrophilic substitution at two pyrrole units with the aldehyde moieties to generate, following elimination of water, a 5,15-dihydroporphyrin or porphodimethene intermediate. Following addition of sodium acetate, or in later procedures zinc acetate, the dihydroporphyrins readily air oxidize to the fully aromatic porphyrin system. This strategy, which parallels chemistry contemporaneously developed by R. B. Woodward at Harvard for the total synthesis of chlorophyll [Formula: see text], demonstrated that dipyrrylmethanes were sufficiently stable to be utilized as intermediates in porphyrin syntheses and that porphodimethene formation circumvented acidolytic scrambling reactions that might lead to isomeric porphyrin products. This type of chemistry was later adapted by Johnson, Woodward and others to prepare porphyrin-type systems by a “3 + 1” strategy, or expanded porphyrins by “3 + 2” or other combinations of oligopyrrolic precursors. In recent years, the term “MacDonald condensation” has been increasingly used to describe other types of chemistry involving oligopyrrolic intermediates. Following on from a historical review of this area, guidelines for the identification of MacDonald-type reactions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA
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24
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Adiraju VAK, Ferrence GM, Lash TD. Regioselective oxidation and metalation of meso-unsubstituted azuliporphyrins. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10523-10533. [PMID: 27775128 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Azuliporphyrins are intriguing porphyrin analogues that incorporate an azulene ring in place of a pyrrolic unit. This system undergoes regioselective oxidation reactions and favors the formation of stable organometallic derivatives. Reaction of meso-unsubstituted azuliporphyrins with Co2(CO)8 or CoCl2·6H2O gave 21-oxyazuliporphyrins, while Cu(OAc)2 produced the corresponding copper(ii) complexes. Treatment of an oxyazuliporphyrin with Ni(OAc)2 or Pd(OAc)2 afforded analogous nickel(ii) and palladium(ii) derivatives. Silver(i) acetate in pyridine reacted with azuliporphyrins to give moderate yields of silver(iii) benzocarbaporphyrins, and the prevalence of structures with a formyl moiety at the sterically crowded 21-position suggested that the ring contraction reactions were triggered in part by intramolecular attack from an axial peroxide ligand. Related thiaazuliporphyrins reacted with palladium(ii) acetate to give palladium(ii) benzothiacarbaporphyrins but this chemistry did not give rise to structures with 21-formyl groups, suggesting that the ring contraction reactions occurred by a different mechanistic pathway. These results demonstrate the existence of a rich tapestry of oxidation and metalation reactions for azuliporphyrin systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata A K Adiraju
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA.
| | - Gregory M Ferrence
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA.
| | - Timothy D Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, USA.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D. Lash
- Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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26
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Stateman LM, Lash TD. Syntheses of Carbaporphyrinoid Systems Using a Carbatripyrrin Methodology. Org Lett 2015; 17:4522-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah M. Stateman
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
| | - Timothy D. Lash
- Department
of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Campus Box 4160, Normal, Illinois 61790-4160, United States
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27
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Szyszko B, Latos-Grażyński L. Core chemistry and skeletal rearrangements of porphyrinoids and metalloporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3588-616. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00398e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin core alteration allows for the exploration of porphyrin-like or porphyrin-unlike coordination chemistry and provides an insight into reactions inside particularly shaped macrocyclic architecture including metal-mediated structural transformations.
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28
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Lash TD, AbuSalim DI, Ferrence GM. adj-Dicarbachlorin, the first free base carbaporphyrinoid system with an internal methylene unit. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15952-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06890h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Base-catalyzed condensation of dicyclopentadienylmethane with a dipyrrylmethane dialdehyde gave a dicarbachlorin with an internal CH2 group.
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29
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Lash TD. Benziporphyrins, a unique platform for exploring the aromatic characteristics of porphyrinoid systems. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7846-78. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Benziporphyrins and related systems exhibit a wide range of properties and may possess nonaromatic, strongly aromatic or even antiaromatic characteristics.
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