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Liu B, Rao J, Liu W, Gao Y, Huo Y, Chen Q, Li X. Ligand-assisted olefin-switched divergent oxidative Heck cascade with molecular oxygen enabled by self-assembled imines. Org Chem Front 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Divergent oxidative Heck reaction has proven to be reliable for the rapid construction of molecular complexity, while olefins switched the outcome that remained underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bairong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianhang Rao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Weibing Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, 2 Guandu Road, Maoming 525000, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xianwei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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2
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Kim HT, Kang E, Kim M, Joo JM. Synthesis of Bidentate Nitrogen Ligands by Rh-Catalyzed C–H Annulation and Their Application to Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic C–H Alkenylation. Org Lett 2021; 23:3657-3662. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Tae Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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3
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Hirai Y, Wrona-Piotrowicz A, Zakrzewski J, Brosseau A, Métivier R, Allain C. Mechanofluorochromism of pyrenyl acrylates with different substitutional position and steric hindrance. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Bruns DL, Musaev DG, Stahl SS. Can Donor Ligands Make Pd(OAc) 2 a Stronger Oxidant? Access to Elusive Palladium(II) Reduction Potentials and Effects of Ancillary Ligands via Palladium(II)/Hydroquinone Redox Equilibria. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19678-19688. [PMID: 33167610 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidation reactions represent an important class of methods for selective modification and functionalization of organic molecules. This field has benefitted greatly from the discovery of ancillary ligands that expand the scope, reactivity, and selectivity in these reactions; however, ancillary ligands also commonly poison these reactions. The different influences of ligands in these reactions remain poorly understood. For example, over the 60-year history of this field, the PdII/0 redox potentials for catalytically relevant Pd complexes have never been determined. Here, we report the unexpected discovery of (L)PdII(OAc)2-mediated oxidation of hydroquinones, the microscopic reverse of quinone-mediated oxidation of Pd0 commonly employed in PdII-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Analysis of redox equilibria arising from the reaction of (L)Pd(OAc)2 and hydroquinones (L = bathocuproine, 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one), generating reduced (L)Pd species and benzoquinones, provides the basis for determination of (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potentials. Experimental results are complemented by density functional theory calculations to show how a series of nitrogen-based ligands modulate the (L)PdII(OAc)2 reduction potential, thereby tuning the ability of PdII to serve as an effective oxidant of organic molecules in catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Bruns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation and Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Jaworski JN, Kozack CV, Tereniak SJ, Knapp SMM, Landis CR, Miller JT, Stahl SS. Operando Spectroscopic and Kinetic Characterization of Aerobic Allylic C-H Acetoxylation Catalyzed by Pd(OAc) 2/4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:10462-10474. [PMID: 31184479 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Allylic C-H acetoxylations are among the most widely studied palladium(II)-catalyzed C-H oxidation reactions. While the principal reaction steps are well established, key features of the catalytic mechanisms are poorly characterized, including the identity of the turnover-limiting step and the catalyst resting state. Here, we report a mechanistic study of aerobic allylic acetoxylation of allylbenzene with a catalyst system composed of Pd(OAc)2 and 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF). The DAF ligand is unique in its ability to support aerobic catalytic turnover, even in the absence of benzoquinone or other co-catalysts. Herein, we describe operando spectroscopic analysis of the catalytic reaction using X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopic methods that allow direct observation of the formation and decay of a palladium(I) species during the reaction. Kinetic studies reveal the presence of two distinct kinetic phases: (1) a burst phase, involving rapid formation of the allylic acetoxylation product and formation of the dimeric PdI complex [PdI(DAF)(OAc)]2, followed by (2) a post-burst phase that coincides with evolution of the catalyst resting state from the PdI dimer into a π-allyl-PdII species. The data provide unprecedented insights into the role of ancillary ligands in supporting catalytic turnover with O2 as the stoichiometric oxidant and establish an important foundation for the development of improved catalysts for allylic oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Caitlin V Kozack
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Stephen J Tereniak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Spring Melody M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Clark R Landis
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Jeffrey T Miller
- David School of Chemical Engineering , Purdue University , 480 Stadium Mall Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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6
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Higashino T, Ishida K, Sakurai T, Seki S, Konishi T, Kamada K, Kamada K, Imahori H. Pluripotent Features of Doubly Thiophene‐Fused Benzodiphospholes as Organic Functional Materials. Chemistry 2019; 25:6425-6438. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Higashino
- Department of Molecular EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Keiichi Ishida
- Department of Molecular EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Department of Molecular EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Shu Seki
- Department of Molecular EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Tatsuki Konishi
- Inorganic Functional Materials Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Inorganic Functional Materials Research InstituteNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda Osaka 563-8577 Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Department of ChemistrySchool of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin University Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Imahori
- Department of Molecular EngineeringGraduate School of EngineeringKyoto University Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS)Kyoto University Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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7
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Wrona-Piotrowicz A, Witalewska M, Zakrzewski J, Makal A. Regioselective (thio)carbamoylation of 2,7-di- tert-butylpyrene at the 1-position with iso(thio)cyanates. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1032-1038. [PMID: 28684982 PMCID: PMC5480332 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been found that 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene reacts with aliphatic iso(thio)cyanates in the presence of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid to exclusively afford the corresponding 1-substituted (thio)amides in high yields. For aromatic iso(thio)cyanates the reaction is less regioselective, although substitution at the 1-position prevails. For ethoxycarbonyl isothiocyanate, apart from the 1-substituted thioamide, 1,8-disubstituted thioamide and 2,7-di-tert-butylpyrene-1-carbonitrile are formed (especially at longer reaction times).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wrona-Piotrowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marzena Witalewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Janusz Zakrzewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Makal
- University of Warsaw, Biological and Chemical Research Center, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland
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8
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Sasaki S, Suzuki S, Igawa K, Morokuma K, Konishi GI. The K-Region in Pyrenes as a Key Position to Activate Aggregation-Induced Emission: Effects of Introducing Highly Twisted N,N-Dimethylamines. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6865-6873. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Sasaki
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Igawa
- Institute
for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and Department of Molecular
and Material Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Keiji Morokuma
- Fukui
Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
| | - Gen-ichi Konishi
- Department
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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9
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Pyrene fluorophores bearing two carbonyl groups in 1,2- positions: Synthesis and photophysical properties of pyrene-1,2-dicarboximides and a pyrene-1,2-dicarboxamide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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10
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Liu Y, Huang B. Three-component reactions of phosphorus ylides, thiophenols, and acetyl chloride for the synthesis of (β-thioacrylates). PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2015.1115403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecules, Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, P. R. China
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11
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White PB, Jaworski JN, Fry CG, Dolinar BS, Guzei IA, Stahl SS. Structurally Diverse Diazafluorene-Ligated Palladium(II) Complexes and Their Implications for Aerobic Oxidation Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4869-80. [PMID: 26967703 PMCID: PMC4863657 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
4,5-Diazafluoren-9-one (DAF) has been identified as a highly effective ligand in a number of Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions, but the mechanistic basis for its utility has not been elucidated. Here, we present the complex coordination chemistry of DAF and palladium(II) carboxylate salts. Multiple complexes among an equilibrating mixture of species have been characterized by (1)H and (15)N NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. These complexes include monomeric and dimeric Pd(II) species, with monodentate (κ(1)), bidentate (κ(2)), and bridging (μ:κ(1):κ(1)) DAF coordination modes. Titration studies of DAF and Pd(OAc)2 reveal the formation of two dimeric DAF/Pd(OAc)2 complexes at low [DAF] and four monomeric species at higher [DAF]. The dimeric complexes feature two bridging acetate ligands together with either a bridging or nonbridging (κ(1)) DAF ligand coordinated to each Pd(II) center. The monomeric structures consist of three isomeric Pd(κ(1)-DAF)2(OAc)2 complexes, together with Pd(κ(2)-DAF)(OAc)2 in which the DAF exhibits a traditional bidentate coordination mode. Replacing DAF with the structurally related, but more-electron-rich derivative 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-diazafluorene (Me2DAF) simplifies the equilibrium mixture to two complexes: a dimeric species in which the Me2DAF bridges the two Pd centers and a monomeric species with a traditional κ(2)-Me2DAF coordination mode. The use of DAF in combination with other carboxylate ligands (CF3CO2(-) or tBuCO2(-)) also results in a simplified collection of equilibrating Pd(II)-DAF complexes. Collectively, the results highlight the ability of DAF to equilibrate rapidly among multiple coordination modes, and provide valuable insights into the utility of DAF as a ligand in Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Charles G. Fry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Brian S. Dolinar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ilia A. Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
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White PB, Jaworski JN, Zhu GH, Stahl SS. Diazafluorenone-Promoted Oxidation Catalysis: Insights into the Role of Bidentate Ligands in Pd-Catalyzed Aerobic Aza-Wacker Reactions. ACS Catal 2016; 6:3340-3348. [PMID: 27175308 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
2,2'-Bipyridine (bpy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and related bidentate ligands often inhibit homogeneous Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reactions; however, certain derivatives, such as 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (DAF), can promote catalysis. In order to gain insight into this divergent ligand behavior, eight different bpy- and phen-derived chelating ligands have been evaluated in Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of (E)-4-hexenyltosylamide. Two of the ligands, DAF and 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (6,6'-Me2bpy), support efficient catalytic turnover, while the others strongly inhibit the reaction. DAF is especially effective and is the only ligand that exhibits "ligand-accelerated catalysis". Evidence suggests that the utility of DAF and 6,6'-Me2bpy originates from the ability of these ligands to access κ1-coordination modes via dissociation of one of the pyridyl rings. This hemilabile character is directly observed by NMR spectroscopy upon adding one equivalent of pyridine to solutions of 1:1 L/Pd(OAc)2 (L = DAF and 6,6'-Me2bpy), and is further supported by an X-ray crystal structure of Pd(py)(κ1-DAF)OAc2. DFT computational studies illuminate the influence of three different chelating ligands [DAF, 6,6'-Me2bpy, and 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-Me2phen)] on the energetics of the aza-Wacker reaction pathway. The results show that DAF and 6,6'-Me2bpy destabilize the corresponding ground-state Pd(N~N)(OAc)2 complexes, while stabilizing the rate-limiting transition state for alkene insertion into a Pd-N bond. Interconversion between κ2- and κ1-coordination modes facilitate access to open coordination sites at the PdII center. The insights from these studies introduce new ligand concepts that could promote numerous other classes of Pd-catalyzed aerobic oxidation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. White
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jonathan N. Jaworski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Geyunjian Harry Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Flamholc R, Zakrzewski J, Makal A, Brosseau A, Métivier R. Synthesis, regioselective aerobic Pd(ii)-catalyzed C–H bond alkenylation and the photophysical properties of pyrenylphenylpyrazoles. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2016; 15:580-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c6pp00009f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pd(ii)-catalyzed C–H alkenylation of a pyrenylphenylpyrazole afforded fluorophore exhibiting solvent-dependent dual emission, resulting from locally-excited (LE) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Flamholc
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Łódź
- 91-403 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Janusz Zakrzewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Łódź
- 91-403 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Anna Makal
- University of Warsaw
- Biological and Chemical Research Center
- 02-089 Warszawa
- Poland
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14
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Jing Y, Meng J, Liu Y, Wan JP. Direct Three-Component Synthesis ofα-Cyano Acrylates Involving Cascade Knoevenagel Reaction and Esterification. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201500420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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