1
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Tureček F. Covalent crosslinking in gas-phase biomolecular ions. An account and perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32292-32304. [PMID: 37990588 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical crosslinking in gas-phase ion complexes has been introduced as a method to study biomolecular structures and dynamics. Emphasis has been on carbene-based crosslinking induced by photodissociation of diazirine-tagged ions. The features that characterize gas-phase crosslinking include (1) complex formation in electrospray droplets that allows for library-type screening; (2) well defined stoichiometry of the complexes due to mass-selective isolation; (3) facile reaction monitoring and yield determination, and (4) post-crosslinking structure analysis by tandem mass spectrometry that has been combined with hydrogen-deuterium exchange, UV-vis action spectroscopy, and ion mobility measurements. In this account, examples are given of peptide-peptide, peptide-nucleotide, and peptide-ligand crosslinking that chiefly used carbene-based reactions. The pros and cons of gas-phase crosslinking are discussed. Nitrile-imine based crosslinking in gas-phase ions is introduced as a promising new approach to ion structure analysis that offers high efficiency and has the potential for wide ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Tureček
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, WA 98195-1700, USA.
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2
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Zhu H, Zima V, Ding ER, Tureček F. Carbene Cross-Linking in Gas-Phase Peptide Ion Scaffolds. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:763-774. [PMID: 36881876 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds consisting of a peptide, a phthalate linker, and a 4,4-azipentyl group were synthesized and used to study intramolecular peptide-carbene cross-linking in gas-phase cations. Carbene intermediates were generated by UV-laser photodissociation at 355 nm of the diazirine ring in mass-selected ions, and the cross-linked products were detected and quantified by collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MSn, n = 3-5). Peptide scaffolds containing Ala and Leu residues with a C-terminal Gly gave 21-26% yields of cross-linked products, while the presence of the Pro and His residues decreased the yields. Experiments using hydrogen-deuterium-hydrogen exchange, carboxyl group blocking, and analysis of CID-MSn spectra of reference synthetic products revealed that a significant fraction of cross-links involved the Gly amide and carboxyl groups. Interpretation of the cross-linking results was aided by Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) and density functional theory calculations that allowed us to establish the protonation sites and conformations of the precursor ions. Analysis of long (100 ps) BOMD trajectories was used to count close contacts between the incipient carbene and peptide atoms, and the counting statistics was correlated with the results of gas-phase cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Václav Zima
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Emily R Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - František Tureček
- Department of Chemistry, Bagley Hall, Box 351700, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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3
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Orłowska K, Santiago JV, Krajewski P, Kisiel K, Deperasińska I, Zawada K, Chaładaj W, Gryko D. UV Light Is No Longer Required for the Photoactivation of 1,3,4-Oxadiazolines. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Orłowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - João V. Santiago
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Krajewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kacper Kisiel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Deperasińska
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zawada
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Chaładaj
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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4
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Clewing SF, Wagner JP. σ 0π 2 Singlet Ground State Carbenes Undergo Least-Motion Reactions with H 2 and Alkenes. J Org Chem 2021; 86:15247-15252. [PMID: 34634202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ground state singlet carbenes commonly feature σ2π0 orbital occupations and are known for their concerted σ-bond insertion and cycloaddition reactions. Despite the facility of these transformations, orbital symmetry conservation forces them into non-least-motion π-approach reaction pathways. This situation completely changes when the singlet σ0π2 electron configuration becomes the ground state, which we show here by means of high-level CCSD(T) geometry optimizations. Carbenes like the experimentally known 2H-imidazol-2-ylidene react with H2 and ethylene with negligible or no barrier in a σ-fashion, which effectively corresponds to a least-motion reaction trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Clewing
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Philipp Wagner
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Young TA, Silcock JJ, Sterling AJ, Duarte F. autodE: Automated Calculation of Reaction Energy Profiles— Application to Organic and Organometallic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. Young
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Joseph J. Silcock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alistair J. Sterling
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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6
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Rosenberg MG, Brinker UH. Tricyclo[2.1.0.0 2,5]pent-3-ylidene: Stereoelectronic Control of Bridge-Flapping within a Nonclassical Nucleophilic Carbene. J Org Chem 2021; 86:878-891. [PMID: 33355456 PMCID: PMC7872432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tricyclo[2.1.0.02,5]pent-3-ylidene is a carbene foreseen to rearrange to pyramidane (c-C4H4)C, a highly strained molecule featuring an inverted C atom. Modeling of the carbene, using the (U)MPWB1K/cc-pVTZ//(U)MPWB1K/6-311G(d) theoretical model, indicated a large singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔES-T = -45 kcal/mol), a high gas-phase proton affinity (PA = 258 kcal/mol), and a preference for electron-poor alkenes. These properties are consistent with those of nucleophilic carbenes. Structural differences between the Cs-symmetric singlet (ωflap = ±44 deg) and C2v-symmetric triplet (ωflap = 0 deg) stem from nonclassical electron delocalization in the former and the lack thereof in the latter. Degenerate bridge-flapping of the singlet's main bridge, which comprises the reactive divalent C3 atom, is computed to be slow due to a high activation barrier of the C2v-symmetric transition state (TS) (Ea = 17 kcal/mol). The position of the conformeric equilibrium is subject to stereoelectronic control. 1-Substituted derivatives of the carbene (R ≠ H) are sensitive to σ inductive effects. A proximal conformation is preferred when R is electron-donating and a distal one is favored when R is electron-withdrawing. Finally, carbene rearrangements via 1,2-C atom shift or enyne fragmentation were computed. The C2v-symmetric bridge-flapping TS has the proper geometry to initiate enyne fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray G Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, United States
| | - Udo H Brinker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Binghamton, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, United States
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7
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Young TA, Silcock JJ, Sterling AJ, Duarte F. autodE: Automated Calculation of Reaction Energy Profiles— Application to Organic and Organometallic Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:4266-4274. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom A. Young
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Joseph J. Silcock
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alistair J. Sterling
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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8
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Kinney ZJ, Rheingold AL, Protasiewicz JD. Preferential N-H⋯:C[double bond splayed right] hydrogen bonding involving ditopic NH-containing systems and N-heterocyclic carbenes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:42164-42171. [PMID: 35516763 PMCID: PMC9057831 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in maintaining order and structure in complex biological and synthetic systems. N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) represent one of the most versatile tools in the synthetic chemistry toolbox, yet their potential as neutral carbon hydrogen bond acceptors remains underexplored. This report investigates this capability in a strategic manner, wherein carbene-based hydrogen bonding can be assessed by use of ditopic NH-containing molecules. N-H bonds are unique as there are three established reaction modes with carbenes: non-traditional hydrogen bonding adducts (X-H⋯:C[double bond splayed right]), salts arising from proton transfer ([H-C[double bond splayed right]]+[X]-), or amines from insertion of the carbene into the N-H bond. Yet, there are no established rules to predict product distributions or the strength of these associations. Here we seek to correlate the hydrogen bond strength of symmetric and asymmetric ditopic secondary amines with 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr, a representative NHC). In symmetric and asymmetric ditopic amine adducts both the solid-state (hydrogen bond lengths, NHC interior angles) and solution-state (1H Δδ of NH signals, 13C signals of carbenic carbon) can be related to the pK a of the parent amine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias J Kinney
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California La Jolla San Diego California 92093 USA
| | - John D Protasiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106 USA
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9
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Peil S, Bistoni G, Goddard R, Fürstner A. Hydrogenative Metathesis of Enynes via Piano-Stool Ruthenium Carbene Complexes Formed by Alkyne gem-Hydrogenation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18541-18553. [PMID: 33073575 PMCID: PMC7596760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
only recently discovered gem-hydrogenation
of internal alkynes is a fundamentally new transformation, in which
both H atoms of dihydrogen are transferred to the same C atom of a
triple bond while the other position transforms into a discrete metal
carbene complex. [Cp*RuCl]4 is presently the catalyst of
choice: the resulting piano-stool ruthenium carbenes can engage a
tethered alkene into either cyclopropanation or metathesis, and a
prototypical example of such a reactive intermediate with an olefin
ligated to the ruthenium center has been isolated and characterized
by X-ray diffraction. It is the substitution pattern of the olefin
that determines whether metathesis or cyclopropanation takes place:
a systematic survey using alkenes of largely different character in
combination with a computational study of the mechanism at the local
coupled cluster level of theory allowed the preparative results to
be sorted and an intuitive model with predictive power to be proposed.
This model links the course of the reaction to the polarization of
the double bond as well as to the stability of the secondary carbene
complex formed, if metathesis were to take place. The first application
of “hydrogenative metathesis” to the total synthesis
of sinularones E and F concurred with this interpretation and allowed
the proposed structure of these marine natural products to be confirmed.
During this synthesis, it was found that gem-hydrogenation
also provides opportunities for C–H functionalization. Moreover,
silylated alkynes are shown to participate well in hydrogenative metathesis,
which opens a new entry into valuable allylsilane building blocks.
Crystallographic evidence suggests that the polarized [Ru–Cl]
bond of the catalyst interacts with the neighboring R3Si
group. Since attractive interligand Cl/R3Si contacts had
already previously been invoked to explain the outcome of various
ruthenium-catalyzed reactions, including trans-hydrosilylation,
the experimental confirmation provided herein has implications beyond
the present case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Peil
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Goddard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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10
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Rosenberg MG, Brinker UH. Bent Singlet Cyclobutylcarbene: Computed Geometry, Properties, and Product Selectivity of a Nonclassical Carbene. J Org Chem 2019; 84:11873-11884. [PMID: 31438680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio computations of cyclobutylcarbene (c-C4H7CH) were performed using the UMP4(fc)/6-311++G(2df,2p)//UMP2(full)/6-311++G(d,p) theoretical model. The carbene's most striking feature is its :CH-group. It is markedly bent toward the elongated C1'-C2' bond in the singlet ground-state but not in the triplet state, which is at least 1.1 kcal/mol higher in energy. Nonclassical 3C2E bonding among the C1, C1', and C2' atoms is prominent in the HOMO{-1}. The electron-donating ability of the nonbonding HOMO is thereby enhanced. The intensified nucleophilicity of the singlet carbene is manifested in quantifiable ways. For example, its hard and soft acid and base (HSAB) hardness, HSAB absolute electronegativity, and gas-phase proton affinity rival those of ylide-stabilized N-heterocyclic carbenes. It is computed to act as a nucleophile toward alkenes with higher HSAB hardness values. Transition states from singlet cyclobutylcarbene to bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane, cyclopentene, and methylenecyclobutane were computed and confirmed by intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations. Activation energies depend on the singlet's conformation with regard to c-C4H7 ring-puckering, :CH-group rotation, and :CH-group bending. The singlet's bent :CH-group favors bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane and cyclopentene formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray G Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry , The State University of New York at Binghamton , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902-6000 , United States
| | - Udo H Brinker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38 , A-1090 Vienna , Austria.,Department of Chemistry , The State University of New York at Binghamton , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton , New York 13902-6000 , United States
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11
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Kieser JM, Kinney ZJ, Gaffen JR, Evariste S, Harrison AM, Rheingold AL, Protasiewicz JD. Three Ways Isolable Carbenes Can Modulate Emission of NH-Containing Fluorophores. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12055-12063. [PMID: 31322901 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b04864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent molecules and materials that exhibit emission changes in response to analytes are of great interest across multiple disciplines. Herein, we investigate the response of NH-containing fluorophores carbazole and 2-phenylbenzimidazole (Ph-BIM) with two representative isolable singlet carbenes. Specifically, N-heterocyclic carbene 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,4-diethyl-2,2-dimethyl-pyrrolidin-5-ylidene (EtCAAC) were discovered to afford three different types of reaction products with carbazole and Ph-BIM. Depending on the reaction pair, hydrogen bonding (1), NH-insertion (2,3), or proton transfer (4) products can be isolated, each displaying variable photophysical responses. These products have been structurally authenticated by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectrometric methods. Studies of the solution state behavior of 1-4 reveals that these adducts are labile and can reversibly dissociate to free carbenes and fluorophores to varying extents. These equilibria produce concentration dependent solution state behavior as identified and quantified via UV-visible absorption, emission, 1H DOSY, and NMR spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod M Kieser
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Zacharias J Kinney
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Joshua R Gaffen
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Sloane Evariste
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Alexandra M Harrison
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Arnold L Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - John D Protasiewicz
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , 2080 Adelbert Road , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
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12
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Bhagat S, Arfeen M, Das G, Patel N, Bharatam PV. Electronic and ligating properties of carbocyclic carbenes: A theoretical investigation. J Comput Chem 2018; 40:726-733. [PMID: 30549074 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Carbocyclic carbenes (CCCs) are a class of nucleophilic carbenes which are very similar to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in terms of their reactivity, but they do not contain a stabilizing heteroatom in their cyclic ring system. In this study, 17 representative known CCCs and 34 newly designed CCCs are evaluated using quantum chemical methods, and the results are compared in terms of their stability, nucleophilicity, and proton affinity (PA) parameters. The results are divided on the basis of ring size of the known and reported CCCs. The stability, nucleophilicity, PA, complexation energy, and bond strength-related parameters were estimated using M06/6-311++G(d,p) method. The results indicated that the CCCs known in the literature are strong σ-electron donating species and have considerable π-accepting properties. This study led to the design and identification of a few new CCCs with dimethylamine and diaminomethynyl substituents which can be singlet stable and are substantially nucleophilic. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Bhagat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Minhajul Arfeen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Gourav Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Neha Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
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13
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Jacobson LD, Bochevarov AD, Watson MA, Hughes TF, Rinaldo D, Ehrlich S, Steinbrecher TB, Vaitheeswaran S, Philipp DM, Halls MD, Friesner RA. Automated Transition State Search and Its Application to Diverse Types of Organic Reactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:5780-5797. [PMID: 28957627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transition state search is at the center of multiple types of computational chemical predictions related to mechanistic investigations, reactivity and regioselectivity predictions, and catalyst design. The process of finding transition states in practice is, however, a laborious multistep operation that requires significant user involvement. Here, we report a highly automated workflow designed to locate transition states for a given elementary reaction with minimal setup overhead. The only essential inputs required from the user are the structures of the separated reactants and products. The seamless workflow combining computational technologies from the fields of cheminformatics, molecular mechanics, and quantum chemistry automatically finds the most probable correspondence between the atoms in the reactants and the products, generates a transition state guess, launches a transition state search through a combined approach involving the relaxing string method and the quadratic synchronous transit, and finally validates the transition state via the analysis of the reactive chemical bonds and imaginary vibrational frequencies as well as by the intrinsic reaction coordinate method. Our approach does not target any specific reaction type, nor does it depend on training data; instead, it is meant to be of general applicability for a wide variety of reaction types. The workflow is highly flexible, permitting modifications such as a choice of accuracy, level of theory, basis set, or solvation treatment. Successfully located transition states can be used for setting up transition state guesses in related reactions, saving computational time and increasing the probability of success. The utility and performance of the method are demonstrated in applications to transition state searches in reactions typical for organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and homogeneous catalysis research. In particular, applications of our code to Michael additions, hydrogen abstractions, Diels-Alder cycloadditions, carbene insertions, and an enzyme reaction model involving a molybdenum complex are shown and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif D Jacobson
- Schrödinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th St., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Art D Bochevarov
- Schrödinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th St., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Mark A Watson
- Schrödinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th St., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Thomas F Hughes
- Schrödinger, Inc. , 120 West 45th St., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - David Rinaldo
- Schrödinger GmbH , Dynamostrasse 13, D-68165 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephan Ehrlich
- Schrödinger GmbH , Dynamostrasse 13, D-68165 Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - S Vaitheeswaran
- Schrödinger, Inc. , 222 Third St., Suite 2230, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Dean M Philipp
- Schrödinger, Inc. , 101 SW Main St., Suite 1300, Portland, Oregon 97204, United States
| | - Mathew D Halls
- Schrödinger, Inc. , 5820 Oberlin Dr., Suite 203, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Richard A Friesner
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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14
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Ezugwu CI, Kabir NA, Yusubov M, Verpoort F. Metal–organic frameworks containing N-heterocyclic carbenes and their precursors. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Apeland IM, Rosenberg MG, Arion VB, Kählig H, Brinker UH. Intermolecular Reactions of a Foiled Carbene with Carbonyl Compounds: The Effects of Trishomocyclopropyl Stabilization. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11877-87. [PMID: 26447842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
endo-Tricyclo[3.2.1.0(2,4)]oct-8-ylidene is a foiled carbene reaction intermediate. It was generated by thermolyzing Δ(3)-1,3,4-oxadiazoline precursors dissolved in benzaldehyde and acetophenone. The products appear to stem from direct insertion of the carbene's divalent C atom into the α-bonds of the carbonyl compounds; however, this is only superficial. The strict stereochemistry observed is due to the topologies of the reaction intermediates of the proposed two-step mechanism. Bimolecular nucleophilic addition generates bent 1,3-zwitterions. The neutral reaction intermediates undergo pinacolic rearrangements to form the observed adducts. Product ratios reflect the migratory aptitudes of the carbonyl compounds' α-substituents. The carbene reaction was modeled using DFT. The singlet carbene's bicoordinate C atom bends 31° toward the endo-fused cyclopropane bond, elongating it to r = 1.69 Å. The resulting trishomocyclopropyl HOMO{-1} is a three-center two-electron bond responsible for the electron-deficient carbene's nucleophilicity. Its calculated properties are consistent with this assertion: (1) singlet-triplet (ΔE(S-T)) energy gap of -25 kcal/mol, (2) gas-phase proton affinity (PA) value of 272 kcal/mol, (3) hard and soft acid and base (HSAB) ΔN value of -0.2 in its initial reaction with the carbonyl compounds, and (4) negative frontier orbital interaction values ΔΔE(PhC(O)H) = -4.38 eV and ΔΔE(PhC(O)Me) = -3.97 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Malene Apeland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Murray G Rosenberg
- Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Binghamton , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, United States
| | - Vladimir B Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanspeter Kählig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo H Brinker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna , Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry, The State University of New York at Binghamton , P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton, New York 13902-6000, United States
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Cang H, Moss RA, Krogh-Jespersen K. Nucleophilic intermolecular chemistry and reactivity of dimethylcarbene. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2730-7. [PMID: 25668053 DOI: 10.1021/ja513024j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and computational studies find that dimethylcarbene (DMC), the parent dialkylcarbene, is both predicted to be and functions as a very reactive nucleophilic carbene in addition reactions with five simple alkenes. Activation energies and enthalpies for DMC additions to 2-ethyl-1-butene and methyl acrylate are computed and observed to be negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cang
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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17
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Nijesh K, Rojisha VC, De S, Parameswaran P. 2-Adamantylidene and its heavier analogues: hyperconjugation versus lone pair stability and electrophilicity versus nucleophilicity. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:4693-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03801k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Too heavy to bend: The Cieplak-type hyperconjugative interaction mainly contributes to the stability of 2C and 2Si whereas the inertness of lone pairs is the major factor for 2Ge and 2Sn. These molecules (2X; X = C–Sn) can be classified as a class of ambiphilic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karikkeeriyil Nijesh
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
| | - Vallyanga Chalil Rojisha
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
| | - Susmita De
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
| | - Pattiyil Parameswaran
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Calicut
- Kozhikode
- India
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18
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Lastovickova DN, Moerdyk JP, Kelley AR, Bielawski CW. Assessing the reactivity of the N
,N′
-diamidocarbenes toward compounds containing early p-block elements. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea R. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712 USA
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas; Austin Texas 78712 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering; Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST); Ulsan 689-798 South Korea
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19
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Moss RA, Cang H, Krogh-Jespersen K. The nucleophilicity of adamantanylidene: a Hammett study. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Moss RA, Wang L, Krogh-Jespersen K. The nucleophilicity of a dialkylcarbene: unusual activation parameters for additions of adamantanylidene to simple alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4885-8. [PMID: 24650151 DOI: 10.1021/ja501410x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Computational and experimental results demonstrate that adamantanylidene (1) behaves as a highly reactive nucleophile toward common alkenes. It is the only known saturated nucleophilic carbene that lacks direct or vinylogous heteroatomic substitution. The activation energy and enthalpy for addition of 1 to methyl acrylate are the most negative values yet encountered in any carbene-alkene addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Moss
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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21
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Kaupang A, Bonge-Hansen T. α-Bromodiazoacetamides - a new class of diazo compounds for catalyst-free, ambient temperature intramolecular C-H insertion reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1407-13. [PMID: 23946835 PMCID: PMC3740503 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we introduce a new class of halodiazocarbonyl compounds, α-halodiazoacetamides, which through a metal-free, ambient-temperature thermolysis perform intramolecular C-H insertions to produce α-halo-β-lactams. When carried out with α-bromodiazoacetamides bearing cyclic side chains, the thermolysis reaction affords bicyclic α-halo-β-lactams, in some cases in excellent yields, depending on the ring size and substitution pattern of the cyclic amide side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmund Kaupang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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22
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Devarajan D, Doubleday CE, Ess DH. Theory of divalent main group H2 activation: electronics and quasiclassical trajectories. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:8820-33. [PMID: 23837687 DOI: 10.1021/ic4010399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT), absolutely localized molecular orbital (ALMO) analysis, and quasiclassical trajectories (QCTs) were used to study the structure, barrier heights, thermodynamics, electronic properties, and dynamics of dihydrogen (H2) activation by singlet divalent main group compounds (ER2; E = C, Si, Ge). ALMO energy and charge decomposition calculations reveal that in the transition state CR2 acts as an ambiphile toward H2 because of equal forward-bonding and back-bonding orbital stabilization while SiR2 and GeR2 act as nucleophiles with dominant orbital energy stabilization arising from ER2 to H2 donation. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) energy gaps do not provide a reasonable estimate of energy stabilization gained between the ER2 and H2 in the transition state or an accurate description of the nucleophilic versus electrophilic character because of electron repulsion and orbital overlap influences that are neglected. In CR2 transition states, forward-bonding and back-bonding are maximized in the nonleast motion geometry. In contrast, SiR2/GeR2 transition states have side-on geometries to avoid electron-electron repulsion. Electron repulsion, rather than orbital interactions, also determines the relative barrier heights of CR2 versus SiR2/GeR2 reactions. Examination of barrier heights and reaction energies shows a clear kinetic-thermodynamic relationship for ER2 activation of H2. A computational survey of R groups on ER2 divalent atom centers was performed to explore the possibility for H2 activation to occur with a low barrier and thermodynamically reversible. QCTs show that dihydrogen approach and reaction with CR2 may involve geometries significantly different than the static transition-state structure. In contrast, trajectories for dihydrogen addition to SiR2 involve geometries close to the side-on approach suggested by the static transition-state structure. QCTs also demonstrate that addition of H2 to CR2 and SiR2 is dynamically concerted with the average time gap of bond formation between E-H bonds of approximately 11 and 21 fs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Devarajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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23
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Apeland IM, Kählig H, Lorbeer E, Brinker UH. Probing the Nature and Extent of Stabilization within Foiled Carbenes: Homoallylic Participation by a Neighboring Cyclopropane Ring. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4879-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4004579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Malene Apeland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Hanspeter Kählig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Eberhard Lorbeer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna,
Austria
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24
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Rojisha VC, Nijesh K, De S, Parameswaran P. Singlet 2-adamantylidene – an ambiphilic foiled carbene stabilized by hyperconjugation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8465-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc44509g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Gerbig D, Ley D. Computational methods for contemporary carbene chemistry. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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26
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Putative irreversible inhibitors of the human sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT; SLC10A2) support the role of transmembrane domain 7 in substrate binding/translocation. Pharm Res 2012; 29:1821-31. [PMID: 22354836 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-012-0706-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the involvement of transmembrane domain (TM) 7 of the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (hASBT) on bile acid (BA) binding/translocation, using two electrophilic BA derivatives as molecular probes. METHODS Two electrophilic derivatives of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inactivate hASBT, and the human organic cation/carnitine transporter (hOCTN2) as a control (i.e. a non-BA transporting model). The ability of electrophilic derivatives to interact with hASBT was evaluated by 2-aminoethyl-methanethiosulfonate (MTSEA)-biotin labeling of thiol groups in TM7 cysteine mutants. RESULTS Unlike native BAs, the electrophilic CDCA derivatives specifically inactivated hASBT, but not hOCTN2, and inhibited hASBT in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. Preincubation of hASBT Cys-mutants in the exofacial half of TM7 with reactive electrophilic probes blocked transporter biotinylation by MTSEA-biotin, similar to 2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl-methanethiosulfonate (MTSET) blocking. This blocking pattern differed from that produced by native BAs, which exposed exofacial TM7 residues, thereby increasing staining. CONCLUSION Kinetic and biochemical data indicate these novel electrophilic BAs are potent and specific irreversible inhibitors of hASBT and offer new evidence about the role of TM7 in binding/translocation of bile acids.
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Su KJ, Pačar M, Mieusset JL, Arion VB, Brinker UH. Quest for Even Higher Stabilized Foiled Carbenes. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7491-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201308a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Jen Su
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirjana Pačar
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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29
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Davis PJ, Harris L, Karim A, Thompson AL, Gilpin M, Moloney MG, Pound MJ, Thompson C. Substituted diaryldiazomethanes and diazofluorenes: structure, reactivity and stability. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.01.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Knoll W, Mieusset JL, Arion VB, Brecker L, Brinker UH. 2H-Azirines from a Concerted Addition of Alkylcarbenes to Nitrile Groups. Org Lett 2010; 12:2366-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100703r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Knoll
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Vladimir B. Arion
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Brecker
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria, and Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Novel α-spirocyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes at the theoretical crossroad of flexibility and rigidity. Struct Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-010-9585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Laroche C, Li J, Gonzales C, David WM, Kerwin SM. Cyclization kinetics and biological evaluation of an anticancer 1,2-dialkynylimidazole. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:1535-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b925261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Siemeling U, Färber C, Bruhn C, Leibold M, Selent D, Baumann W, von Hopffgarten M, Goedecke C, Frenking G. N-heterocyclic carbenes which readily add ammonia, carbon monoxide and other small molecules,. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00451k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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34
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Mieusset JL, Wagner G, Su KJ, Steurer M, Pacar M, Abraham M, Brinker UH. Supramolecular Photochirogenesis with Carbenes Entrapped in Cyclodextrins. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Kılbaş B, Azizoǧlu A, Balci M. Endo- and Exo-Configured Cyclopropylidenes Incorporated into the Norbornadiene Skeleton: Generation, Rearrangement to Allenes, and the Effect of Remote Substituents on Carbene Stability. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7075-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jo901398w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benan Kılbaş
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Akιn Azizoǧlu
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, Balikesir University, 10100 Balikesir, Turkey
| | - Metin Balci
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, 06531 Ankara, Turkey
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Moss RA, Zhang M, Krogh-Jespersen K. Latent Nucleophilicity of Dichlorocarbene. Org Lett 2009; 11:1947-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900381r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Moss
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
| | - Karsten Krogh-Jespersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
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Fey N, Haddow MF, Harvey JN, McMullin CL, Orpen AG. A ligand knowledge base for carbenes (LKB-C): maps of ligand space. Dalton Trans 2009:8183-96. [DOI: 10.1039/b909229c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Chattaraj PK, Giri S. Electrophilicity index within a conceptual DFT framework. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b802832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Mieusset JL, Billing P, Abraham M, Arion VB, Brecker L, Brinker UH. 2-Methoxy-Δ3-1,3,4-oxadiazoline, a Multipurpose Precursor for the Generation of a Carbene, an Ylide, or a Diazo Compound. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mieusset JL, Abraham M, Brinker UH. Carbene−Alkene Complexes between a Nucleophilic Carbene and Electron-Poor Alkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:14634-9. [PMID: 18847200 DOI: 10.1021/ja8042118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Abraham
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Udo H. Brinker
- Chair of Physical Organic and Structural Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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42
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Mitamura T, Nomoto A, Sonoda M, Ogawa A. Copper(0)-induced aminocyclopropanation of olefins via deselenation of N,N-disubstituted aromatic selenoamides. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Mieusset JL, Bespokoev A, Pacar M, Abraham M, Arion VB, Brinker UH. Intermolecular reactions of foiled carbenes with N-H bonds: evidence for an ylidic pathway. J Org Chem 2008; 73:6551-8. [PMID: 18662032 DOI: 10.1021/jo800802m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of endo-tricyclo[6.2.1.0 (2.7)]undec-9-en-11-ylidene (10), an archetypal foiled carbene, has been investigated. The intermolecular reactions of 10 are most conveniently performed with oxadiazoline 6 because the corresponding diazirine can be obtained only in very low yield. Furthermore, the aziridinyl imine is difficult to decompose and the tosylhydrazone sodium salt poorly soluble in common organic solvents. Photolysis of 6 in diethylamine leads merely to a reduction of the diazo group and regeneration of acetyl hydrazone 5, whereas thermolysis cleanly affords tertiary amine 12(anti) in 77% yield. Calculations show that even stabilized-nucleophilic carbenes react with amines through an ylidic pathway and not by a concerted insertion into the N-H bond. Nevertheless, in the gas phase, norbornen-7-ylidene (13) is predicted to be stabilized by one molecule of NH3 more efficiently through a hydrogen bond than by ylide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Mieusset
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
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44
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Mieusset J, Brinker UH. Reactions of Carbenes with Ethers: The Role of Noncovalent Interactions. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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