1
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Chundu P, Dube E, Zinyama NP, Moyo M, Shumba M. Poly-Phthalocyanine-Doped Graphene Oxide Nanosheet Conjugates for Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Drug Residues. Front Chem 2021; 9:633547. [PMID: 34950634 PMCID: PMC8688842 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.633547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor and acceptor phthalocyanine molecules were copolymerized and linked to graphene oxide nanosheets through amidation to yield electrocatalytic platforms on glassy carbon electrodes. The platforms were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV/Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The fabricated electrochemical catalytic surfaces were then evaluated toward electrocatalytic detection of ascorbic acid and tryptophan. These were characterized by a wide linear dynamic range and low limits of detection and quantification of 2.13 and 7.12 µM for ascorbic acid and 1.65 and 5.5 µM for tryptophan, respectively. The catalytic rate constant was 1.86 × 104 and 1.51 × 104 M−1s−1 for ascorbic acid and tryptophan, respectively. The Gibbs energy for catalytic reactions was −17.45 and −14.83 kJ mol−1 depicting a spontaneous reaction on the electrode surface. The sensor platform showed an impressive recovery when applied in real samples such as fresh cow milk, in the range 91.71–106.73% for both samples. The developed sensor therefore shows high potential for applicability for minute quantities of the analytes in real biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Chundu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Edith Dube
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | | | - Mambo Moyo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Munyaradzi Shumba
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe
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2
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KALKAN BURAT A, PEKBELGİN KARAOĞLU HR. Photophysical properties of a newly synthesized unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.870010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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3
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Ducharme GT, LaCasse Z, Sheth T, Nesterova IV, Nesterov EE. Design of Turn‐On Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Highly Sensitive and Selective Monitoring of Biopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard T. Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Zane LaCasse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Tanya Sheth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Irina V. Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Evgueni E. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
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4
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Ducharme GT, LaCasse Z, Sheth T, Nesterova IV, Nesterov EE. Design of Turn‐On Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Highly Sensitive and Selective Monitoring of Biopolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8440-8444. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard T. Ducharme
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Zane LaCasse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Tanya Sheth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Irina V. Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
| | - Evgueni E. Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL 60115 USA
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5
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Omadoko O, Scott D, Hickman R, Myers DL. Simple photoreduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid and true quantum yield. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:4632-4639. [PMID: 32052000 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06707h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a need to develop techniques for conversion of carbon dioxide to useful products such as formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, and hydrocarbons. Carbon dioxide can be converted into these products using either photochemically, electrochemically, thermochemical or hydrogenation by bacteria. Formate is of interest due to the possibility of being used in liquid fuel cells, as an additive in pyrolysis vapors and as a precursor for biological fuels. In this work, conversion of carbon dioxide to formic acid under acidic conditions and formate under basic or neutral conditions was accomplished through photoreduction using an inexpensive setup consisting of titanium dioxide, metal phthalocyanines and inexpensive incandescent sources. The yield of formic acid based on anion chromatography was 1.54%. This work also discusses and presents a true quantum yield determined using chemical actinometry which was near 2.0%. Detailed studies of the photoreduction process showed that the amount of sensitizer, light intensity and pH affect the amount of formate generated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dane Scott
- 325 Treasure Lane, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.
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6
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Şahin S, Ağar E. A3B type unsymmetrical and amphiphilic phthalocyanines: Synthesis, characterization, thermal stability and aggregation studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 227:117694. [PMID: 31685426 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the preparation, analysis, aggregation statuses and thermal properties of five phthalocyanines. The preparation of all molecules includes two steps: the first step is the preparation of phthalocyanine precursor molecules (A and B coded phthalonitriles); the second step is the synthesis of one metal-free and four metalled phthalocyanines (A3B-Co, A3B-Cu, A3B-H, A3B-Ni, and A3B-Zn coded compounds). Compound A holds a hydrophobic chain (cetyl alcohol); compound B holds a hydrophilic chain (tetraethylene glycol). Phthalocyanines include three hydrophobic chains and one hydrophilic chain (A3B type phthalocyanine). Characterization methods which were used to determine the structure of these compounds are Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR), Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (13C NMR), and Ultraviolet Visible (UV Vis) spectroscopies and elemental analysis. The phthalocyanines have high stability up to 260 °C as a minimum value. Aggregation statuses of the phthalocyanines change to the metal from the metal or to the solvent from the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songül Şahin
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Department of Chemistry, 55139, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Erbil Ağar
- Ondokuz Mayıs University, Department of Chemistry, 55139, Samsun, Turkey
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7
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Pekbelgin Karaoğlu H, Kalkan Burat A. Synthesis and photophysical properties of usymmetrically substituted phthalocyanine-pyrene conjugate. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.572013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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8
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Özçeşmeci İ, Büyük P, Nar I, Gül A. Synthesis and photophysical and electrochemical properties of novel unsymmetrical phthalocyanines with a Sudan IV moiety. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel, A[Formula: see text]B type unsymmetrical metal-free and metallophthalocyanines bearing one aza dye group Sudan IV and three nitro terminal moieties was achieved by cyclotetramerization of novel 4-((1-((E)-(2-methyl-4-((E)-[Formula: see text]-tolyldiazenyl)phenyl)diazenyl)naphthalen-2-yl)oxy)phthalonitrile and 4-nitrophthalonitrile. The new unsymmetrical metal-free and metallophthalocyanines have been characterized using elemental analyses, [Formula: see text]H NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis and mass spectroscopic data. The aggregation properties of the compounds were investigated in a concentration range of 1.0 × 10[Formula: see text] M–6.25 × 10[Formula: see text] M. General trends were also studied for fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes of these phthalocyanine compounds in tetrahydrofuran. The fluorescence of the synthesized unsymmetrical metal-free and metallophthalocyanines is effectively quenched by 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) in THF. In-depth investigation of the electrochemical properties showed that nitro groups extended the reduction potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- İbrahim Özçeşmeci
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Pınar Büyük
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Ilgın Nar
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR34469, Turkey
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9
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Gao Y, Chen L, Quan M, Zhang G, Zheng Y, Zhao J. A series of new Phthalocyanine derivatives with large conjugated system as catalysts for the Li/SOCl2 battery. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Chow SYS, Ng DKP. Synthesis of an ABCD-Type Phthalocyanine by Intramolecular Cyclization Reaction. Org Lett 2016; 18:3234-7. [PMID: 27309120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines with a low symmetry can exhibit unique and intriguing properties that can facilitate their applications in certain disciplines. The synthesis of these compounds, however, has posed a great difficulty. A novel and unprecedented approach for phthalocyanine synthesis is reported that involves intramolecular cyclization of prelinked tetrakisphthalonitriles. By using this strategy, the first ABCD-type phthalocyanine has been prepared in 7.2% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Y S Chow
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K P Ng
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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11
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Li Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Guo W, Li F, Yu M, Kong X, Wu W, Hong Z. Highly water-soluble and tumor-targeted photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:7681-94. [PMID: 26082999 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biological uses of photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) often suffer from a lack of tumor selectivity; a strategy based on molecule-targeted cancer therapies could provide a promising solution. To synthesize new water-soluble phthalocyanines (Pcs) for bio-conjugation with peptides or antibodies, we developed a method to synthesize asymmetrically substituted Pcs with both high water solubility and one monoamino group for conjugation with biological agents for tumor homing, using folic acid as the ligand model to direct the modified Pcs into target cells. Here, we report studies on the syntheses and characterization of these Pcs. In vitro and in vivo assays prove that the high solubility characteristic can greatly increase the tumor targeting capability of Pcs by reducing non-specific uptake. This newly designed photosensitizer accumulated almost completely in tumor regions, with a negligible signal found in other tissues in the xenograft tumor model. These initial data provide strong evidence of the high specificity tumor targeting of Pcs with folate and tri-glycerol substitutions. Theoretically, the synthesized Pcs could be conveniently conjugated to many other ligands, endorsing the broad applicability of this method for tumor-targeted PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Li
- College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, P. R. China.
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12
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Modification of alkyne-functionalized asymmetric phthalocyanines by CuI-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Ptaszek M. Rational design of fluorophores for in vivo applications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 113:59-108. [PMID: 23244789 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386932-6.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of small organic molecules exhibit properties that make them suitable for fluorescence in vivo imaging. The most promising candidates are cyanines, squaraines, boron dipyrromethenes, porphyrin derivatives, hydroporphyrins, and phthalocyanines. The recent designing and synthetic efforts have been dedicated to improving their optical properties (shift the absorption and emission maxima toward longer wavelengths and increase the brightness) as well as increasing their stability and water solubility. The most notable advances include development of encapsulated cyanine dyes with increased stability and water solubility, squaraine rotaxanes with increased stability, long-wavelength-absorbing boron dipyrromethenes, long-wavelength-absorbing porphyrin and hydroporphyrin derivatives, and water-soluble phthalocyanines. Recent advances in luminescence and bioluminescence have made self-illuminating fluorophores available for in vivo applications. Development of new types of hydroporphyrin energy-transfer dyads gives the promise for further advances in in vivo multicolor imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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14
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Özçeşmeci İ, Burat AK, Bayır ZA. Synthesis and photophysical properties of novel unsymmetrical metal-free and metallophthalocyanines. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Lau JTF, Lo PC, Fong WP, Ng DKP. A Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine Conjugated with an Oxaliplatin Derivative for Dual Chemo- and Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5446-54. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300398q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet T. F. Lau
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Chi Lo
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ping Fong
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department
of Chemistry and ‡School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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16
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Vendrell M, Zhai D, Er JC, Chang YT. Combinatorial strategies in fluorescent probe development. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4391-420. [PMID: 22616565 DOI: 10.1021/cr200355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Vendrell
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, 138667 Singapore.
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17
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Akkurt HYY, Okur AI, Gül A. Unsymmetrical phthalocyanines with cyclopalladated azo functions. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612004525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a synthetic procedure for unsymmetrical metallophthalocyanines of the form M[Pc(AB3)], where A and B refer to two different types of peripheral functionality, has been developed and the new compounds have been converted to monomeric and dimeric palladium complexes. Asymmetrically substituted phthalocyanines were synthesized with the well-known statistical condensation method, by using two differently substituted precursors, namely 4-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-1-2-dicyanobenzene (1) and 4-{4-[Z/E]-phenylazo]-1-naphthyl}oxy-1,2-dicyanobenzene (2). Consequently, electron-donating 2-ethoxyethoxy groups and electron-withdrawing palladium complex are present in the same structure. Cyclopalladation was performed with [Pd(PhCN)2Cl2] to yield the bis-μ-chloro-bridged dimers and subsequently, the corresponding monomers were obtained by refluxing with three equivalents of potassium acetylacetonate. The resulting products were purified by column chromatography and characterized by several chemical and spectroscopic analysis methods. All compounds have very high solubility in organic solvents due to the presence of 2-ethoxyethoxy moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali ihsan Okur
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR-34469, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Technical University of Istanbul, Department of Chemistry, Maslak, Istanbul, TR-34469, Turkey
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18
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19
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Mudyiwa M, Ndinguri MW, Soper SA, Hammer RP. Microwave assisted solid-phase synthesis of substituted tetraazaporphyrins and a phthalocyanine-peptide conjugate. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424610002744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various asymmetrically substituted phthalocyanines (Pcs) and porphyrazines (Pzs) have been synthesized in good yields using a solid-phase synthesis method with a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) resin attached to an indole linker as the solid support. These compounds are formed by cross condensation of maleonitrile or phthalonitrile with another phthalonitrile covalently bonded to the solid support with an amino linking group. The polymer bound Pc or Pz is separated by filtration, and washing the symmetrical Pc or Pz by-product. The amine Pc -appended to polyethylene glycol resin is further reacted to yield azide whilst still on the solid support. Cleavage of the Pc or Pz off the solid support results in 3:1 asymmetric Pz or Pz with high degree of purity, requiring minimal further purification. The use of hydrophilic PEG-based resin allows the symmetrical compound to be removed completely by washing whereas the acid labile indole linker makes it easier to cleave the product under mild conditions. The conjugation abilities of these compounds have been demonstrated by the successful conjugation of one of the azide Pcs with a peptide elaborated with an alkyne function. Use of microwave for the synthesis of these compounds results in shorter reaction times, higher yields and higher degree of purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Mudyiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Margaret W. Ndinguri
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Steven A. Soper
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
| | - Robert P. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1803, USA
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Abstract
The syntheses and spectroscopic properties of a series of pegylated zinc(II)-phthalocyanines (Zn-Pcs) containing one, two or eight tri(ethylene glycol) chains are described. The single molecular structure of a phthalonitrile precursor containing one hydroxyl and one PEG group, and its unique intermolecular hydrogen bonding are presented. The pegylated Pcs are highly soluble in polar organic solvents and have fluorescence quantum yields in the range 0.08-0.28.
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21
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Kopecky K, Novakova V, Miletin M, Kučera R, Zimcik P. Synthesis of new azaphthalocyanine dark quencher and evaluation of its quenching efficiency with different fluorophores. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Kopecky K, Novakova V, Miletin M, Kucera R, Zimcik P. Solid-phase synthesis of azaphthalocyanine-oligonucleotide conjugates and their evaluation as new dark quenchers of fluorescence. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 21:1872-9. [PMID: 20853840 DOI: 10.1021/bc100226x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophobic nonaggregating metal-free azaphthalocyanines (AzaPc) of the tetrapyrazinoporphyrazine type were synthesized, characterized, and used for oligonucleotide labeling. Both 3'-end and 5'-end labeling methods using solid phase synthesis suitable for automatic processes in the DNA/RNA synthesizer were developed. The hydrophobic character of AzaPc enabled the anchoring of the conjugates on reverse phase of the oligonucleotide purification cartridge, thus enabling their simple purification. AzaPc did not show any fluorescence and extremely low singlet oxygen quantum yields (Φ(Δ) = 0.015-0.018 in DMF) in a monomeric state due to ultrafast intramolecular charge transfer. That is why they were investigated as a new dark quencher structural type. They profit particularly from absorption in a wide range of wavelengths (300-740 nm) that covers all fluorophores used in hybridization assays nowadays. As an example, quenching efficiency was evaluated in a simple hybridization assay using monolabeled probes. AzaPc-based probes efficiently quenched both fluorescein and Cy5 fluorescence by both resonance energy transfer and contact quenching. The results were compared with three established dark quenchers, and the AzaPc exerted better (BHQ-1 and BHQ-2) or comparable (BBQ-650) quenching efficiencies for both fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kopecky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- John Mack
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Erdem SS, Nesterova IV, Soper SA, Hammer RP. Mono-amine functionalized phthalocyanines: microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis and bioconjugation strategies. J Org Chem 2010; 74:9280-6. [PMID: 19911767 DOI: 10.1021/jo901424v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are excellent candidates for use as fluors for near-infrared (near-IR) fluorescent tagging of biomolecules for a wide variety of bioanalytical applications. Monofunctionalized Pcs, having two different types of peripheral substitutents, one for covalent conjugation of the Pc to biomolecules and others to improve the solubility of the macrocycle, are ideally suited for the desired applications. To date, difficulties faced during the purification of monofunctionalized Pcs limited their usage in various types of applications. Herein are reported a new synthetic method for rapid synthesis of the target Pcs and bioconjugation techniques for labeling of the oligonucleotides with the near-IR fluors. A novel synthetic route was developed utilizing a hydrophilic, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based support with an acid-labile Rink Amide linker. The Pcs were functionalized with an amine group for covalent conjugation purposes and were decorated with short PEG chains, serving as solubilizing groups. Microwave-assisted solid-phase synthetic method was successfully applied to obtain pure asymmetrically substituted monoamine functionalized Pcs in a short period of time. Three different bioconjugation techniques, reductive amination, amidation, and Huisgen cycloaddition, were employed for covalent conjugation of Pcs to oligonucleotides. The described microwave-assisted bioconjugation methods give an opportunity to synthesize and isolate the Pc-oligonucleotide conjugate in a few hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sibel Erdem
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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25
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Chen CH, Chien MH, Kuo ML, Chou CT, Lai JJ, Lin SF, Thummanagoti S, Sun CM. Diversity-oriented synthesis of angular bis-benzimidazole derivatives under microwave irradiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 11:1038-46. [PMID: 19852442 DOI: 10.1021/cc900084s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically interesting, angular bis-benzimidazoles with three appendages have been synthesized successfully through a diversity-oriented approach with soluble support under microwave irradiation. Polymer immobilized o-phenylenediamine was selectively N-acylated with 2-chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid in a primary aromatic amino moiety. The obtained amide was cyclized to benzimidazole in an acidic condition, and subsequently nucleophilic aromatic substitution with different amines was performed. Successive reduction, cyclization with various aldehydes and activated isothiocyanates yielded angular biheterocyclic benzimidazoles in good quantities. Reaction progress on polymer support was precisely monitored using the conventional proton NMR spectroscopy. Preliminary screening results showed some of these interesting compounds exhibited moderately to good inhibition against vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR-3), which is related to invasion and migration of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hau Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300-10, Taiwan, ROC
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26
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Escobedo JO, Rusin O, Lim S, Strongin RM. NIR dyes for bioimaging applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:64-70. [PMID: 19926332 PMCID: PMC2819555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent dyes based on small organic molecules that function in the near infrared (NIR) region are of great current interest in chemical biology. They allow for imaging with minimal autofluorescence from biological samples, reduced light scattering, and high tissue penetration. Herein, examples of ongoing NIR fluorophore design strategies as well as their properties and anticipated applications relevant to the bioimaging are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O Escobedo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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Chen X, Salmon, III TR, McGrath DV. Asymmetric Phthalocyanine Synthesis by ROMP-Capture-Release. Org Lett 2009; 11:2061-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900352f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
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