1
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Duan M, Shao Q, Zhou Q, Baran PS, Houk KN. Why •CF 2H is nucleophilic but •CF 3 is electrophilic in reactions with heterocycles. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4630. [PMID: 38821941 PMCID: PMC11143314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Radical substitution is a useful method to functionalize heterocycles, as in the venerable Minisci reaction. Empirically observed regiochemistries indicate that the CF2H radical has a nucleophilic character similar to alkyl radicals, but the CF3 radical is electrophilic. While the difference between •CH3 and •CF3 is well understood, the reason that one and two Fs make little difference but the third has a large effect is puzzling. DFT calculations with M06-2X both reproduce experimental selectivities and also lead to an explanation of this difference. Theoretical methods reveal how the F inductive withdrawal and conjugative donation alter radical properties, but only CF3 becomes decidedly electrophilic toward heterocycles. Here, we show a simple model to explain the radical orbital energy trends and resulting nucleophilicity or electrophilicity of fluorinated radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qianzhen Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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2
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Azpilcueta-Nicolas CR, Meng D, Edelmann S, Lumb JP. Dearomatization of Biaryls through Polarity Mismatched Radical Spirocyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215422. [PMID: 36454656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Dearomatization reactions involving radical cyclizations can facilitate the synthesis of complex polycyclic systems that find applications in medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis. Here we employ redox-neutral photocatalysis to affect a radical spirocyclization that transforms biaryls into spirocyclic cyclohexadienones under mild reaction conditions. In a departure from previously reported methods, our work demonstrates the polarity mismatched addition of a nucleophilic radical to an electron rich arene, and allows the regioselective synthesis of 2,4- or 2,5-cyclohexadienones with broad functional group tolerance. By transforming biaryls into spirocycles, our methodology accesses underexplored three-dimensional chemical space, and provides an efficient means of creating quaternary spirocenters that we apply to the first synthesis of the cytotoxic plant metabolite denobilone A.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek Meng
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Simon Edelmann
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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3
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Liu Y, Holm S, Meisner J, Jia Y, Wu Q, Woods TJ, Martinez TJ, Moore JS. Flyby reaction trajectories: Chemical dynamics under extrinsic force. Science 2021; 373:208-212. [PMID: 34244412 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic effects are an important determinant of chemical reactivity and selectivity, but the deliberate manipulation of atomic motions during a chemical transformation is not straightforward. Here, we demonstrate that extrinsic force exerted upon cyclobutanes by stretching pendant polymer chains influences product selectivity through force-imparted nonstatistical dynamic effects on the stepwise ring-opening reaction. The high product stereoselectivity is quantified by carbon-13 labeling and shown to depend on external force, reactant stereochemistry, and intermediate stability. Computational modeling and simulations show that, besides altering energy barriers, the mechanical force activates reactive intramolecular motions nonstatistically, setting up "flyby trajectories" that advance directly to product without isomerization excursions. A mechanistic model incorporating nonstatistical dynamic effects accounts for isomer-dependent mechanochemical stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Soren Holm
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yuan Jia
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Toby J Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,3M Materials Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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4
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Radical philicity and its role in selective organic transformations. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:486-499. [PMID: 37118440 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radical intermediates in organic chemistry lack a full octet of electrons and, thus, are commonly said to be electron deficient. By denotation, such a statement is technically correct; however, in modern literature, the term 'electron deficient' carries a connotation of electrophilicity. This lexical quirk leads one to predict that all radicals should behave as electrophiles, when this is not the case. Indeed, practitioners of radical chemistry have known for decades that many radicals behave as nucleophiles, sometimes strongly so. This Review aims to establish guidelines for understanding radical philicity by highlighting examples from recent literature as a demonstration of general reactivity paradigms across a series of different carbon-based and heteroatom-based radicals. We present strategies for predicting the philicity of a given radical on the basis of qualitative features of the radical's structure. Finally, we discuss the implications of radical philicity to selective hydrogen atom transfer.
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5
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Xia H, Zhang W, Yang Y, Zhang W, Purchase D, Zhao C, Song X, Wang Y. Degradation mechanism of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) as an emerging contaminant in advanced oxidation processes: A DFT modelling approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129674. [PMID: 33571912 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a typical toxic organophosphate and emerging contaminant, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is resistant to conventional water treatment processes. Studies on advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to degrade TCEP have received increasing attention, but the detailed mechanism is not yet fully understood. This study investigated the mechanistic details of TCEP degradation promoted by OH by using the density functional theory (DFT) method. Our results demonstrated that in the initial step, energy barriers of the hydrogen abstraction pathways were no more than 7 kcal/mol. Cleavage of the P-O or C-Cl bond was possible to occur, whilst the C-O or C-C cleavage had to overcome an energy barrier above 50 kcal/mol, which was too high for mild experimental conditions. The bond dissociation energy (BDE) combined with the distortion/interaction energy (DIE) analysis disclosed origin of the various reactivities of each site of TCEP. The systematic calculations on the transformation of products generated in the initial step showed remarkable exothermic property. The novel information at molecular level provides insight on how these products are generated and offers valuable theoretical guidance to help develop more effective AOPs to degrade TCEP or other emerging environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xia
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry, and Institute of Green Catalysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Yuesuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China; Key Laboratory of Groundwater Environment and Resources (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, United Kingdom.
| | - Diane Purchase
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, UK
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-restoration (Shenyang University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Environment and Resources (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, 130021, China
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6
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Sarkar S, Cheung KPS, Gevorgyan V. C-H functionalization reactions enabled by hydrogen atom transfer to carbon-centered radicals. Chem Sci 2020; 11:12974-12993. [PMID: 34123240 PMCID: PMC8163321 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04881j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective functionalization of ubiquitous unactivated C-H bonds is a continuous quest for synthetic organic chemists. In addition to transition metal catalysis, which typically operates under a two-electron manifold, a recent renaissance in the radical approach relying on the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process has led to tremendous growth in the area. Despite several challenges, protocols proceeding via HAT are highly sought after as they allow for relatively easy activation of inert C-H bonds under mild conditions leading to a broader scope and higher functional group tolerance and sometimes complementary reactivity over methods relying on traditional transition metal catalysis. A number of methods operating via heteroatom-based HAT have been extensively reported over the past few years, while methods employing more challenging carbon analogues have been less explored. Recent developments of mild methodologies for generation of various carbon-centered radical species enabled their utilization in the HAT process, which, in turn, led to the development of remote C(sp3)-H functionalization reactions of alcohols, amines, amides and related compounds. This review covers mostly recent advances in C-H functionalization reactions involving the HAT step to carbon-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumon Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas 800 W Campbell Rd Richardson Texas 75080 USA
| | - Kelvin Pak Shing Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas 800 W Campbell Rd Richardson Texas 75080 USA
| | - Vladimir Gevorgyan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas 800 W Campbell Rd Richardson Texas 75080 USA
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7
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8
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Sandford C, Fries LR, Ball TE, Minteer SD, Sigman MS. Mechanistic Studies into the Oxidative Addition of Co(I) Complexes: Combining Electroanalytical Techniques with Parameterization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18877-18889. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sandford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Lydia R. Fries
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Tyler E. Ball
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew S. Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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9
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He L, Schaefer T, Otto T, Kroflič A, Herrmann H. Kinetic and Theoretical Study of the Atmospheric Aqueous-Phase Reactions of OH Radicals with Methoxyphenolic Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:7828-7838. [PMID: 31397571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Methoxyphenols, which are emitted through biomass burning, are an important species in atmospheric chemistry. In the present study, temperature-dependent aqueous-phase OH radical reactions of six methoxyphenols and two related phenols have been investigated through laser flash photolysis and the density functional theory. The rate constants obtained were in a range of (1.1-1.9) × 1010 L mol-1 s-1 with k(3-MC) > k(Cre) ≈ k(Syr) ≈ k(MEP) > k(Res) > k(3-MP) > k(2-EP) ≈ k(2-MP). We derived the parameters of these reactions from the obtained T-dependent rate constants and found a mean Arrhenius activation energy of 16.9 kJ mol-1. The diffusion rate constants were calculated for each case and compared to the measured ones. Generally, the rate constants are found to be close to fully diffusion-controlled (kdiff = (1.4-1.5) × 1010 L mol-1 s-1 for all reactions). A structure-function relationship was established through the measurement result, which could be used for predicting unknown rate constants of other phenolic compounds. All of these findings are expected to enhance the predictive capabilities of models, such as the chemical aqueous-phase radical mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,Department of Analytical Chemistry , National Institute of Chemistry , Hajdrihova 19 , SI-1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD) , Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) , Permoserstrasse 15 , 04318 Leipzig , Germany.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shandong University , Binhai Road 72 , 266237 Qingdao , China
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10
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Teunissen JL, De Proft F, De Vleeschouwer F. Acceleration of Inverse Molecular Design by Using Predictive Techniques. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2587-2599. [PMID: 31063374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses one of the most important drawbacks inherently related to molecular searches in chemical compound space by greedy algorithms such as Best First Search and Genetic Algorithm, i.e., the large computational cost required to optimize one or more quantum-chemical properties. Significant speed-ups are obtained by initial property screening via predictive techniques starting already from very small databases. It is shown that the attainable acceleration depends heavily on the molecular properties, the predictive model, the molecular descriptor, and the current size of the database. We discuss the implementation and performance of predictive techniques in molecular searches based on a fixed molecular framework with a selection of sites to be filled with groups from a chemical fragment library. It is shown that for some properties speed-ups of a factor of 5 to even 20 can be obtained, while inverse design procedures on more complex properties still reach speed-ups of a factor of 2 without losing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos L Teunissen
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC) , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC) , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC) , Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
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11
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Griesser M, Chauvin JPR, Pratt DA. The hydrogen atom transfer reactivity of sulfinic acids. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7218-7229. [PMID: 30288241 PMCID: PMC6148200 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc02400f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfinic acids (RSO2H) have a reputation for being difficult reagents due to their facile autoxidation. Nevertheless, they have recently been employed as key reagents in a variety of useful radical chain reactions. To account for this paradox and enable further development of radical reactions employing sulfinic acids, we have characterized the thermodynamics and kinetics of their H-atom transfer reactions for the first time. The O-H bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of sulfinic acids was determined by radical equilibration to be ∼78 kcal mol-1; roughly halfway between the RS-H BDE in thiols (∼87 kcal mol-1) and RSO-H BDE in sulfenic acids (∼70 kcal mol-1). Regardless, RSH, RSOH and RSO2H have relatively similar inherent H-atom transfer reactivity to alkyl radicals (∼106 M-1 s-1). Counter-intuitively, the trend in rate constants with more reactive alkoxyl radicals follows the reaction energetics: ∼108 M-1 s-1 for RSO2H, midway between thiols (∼107 M-1 s-1) and sulfenic acids (∼109 M-1 s-1). Importantly, since sulfinic and sulfenic acids are very strong H-bond donors (αH2 ∼ 0.63 and 0.55, respectively), their reactivity is greatly attenuated in H-bond accepting solvents, whereas the reactivity of thiols is largely solvent-independent. Efforts to measure rate constants for the reactions of sulfinic acids with alkylperoxyl radicals were unsuccessful. Computations predict these reactions to be surprisingly slow; ∼1000-times slower than for thiols and ∼10 000 000-times slower than for sulfenic acids. On the other hand, the reaction of sulfinic acids with sulfonylperoxyl radicals - which propagate sulfinic acid autoxidation - is predicted to be almost diffusion-controlled. In fact, the rate-determining step in sulfinic acid autoxidation, and the reason they can be used for productive chemistry, is the relatively slow reaction of propagating sulfonyl radicals with O2 (∼106 M-1 s-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Griesser
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada K1N 6N5 .
| | - Jean-Philippe R Chauvin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada K1N 6N5 .
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences , University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada K1N 6N5 .
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12
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Khatun N, Kim MJ, Woo SK. Visible-Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Hydroalkoxymethylation of Activated Alkenes Using α-Silyl Ethers as Alkoxymethyl Radical Equivalents. Org Lett 2018; 20:6239-6243. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilufa Khatun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Woo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, 93 Daehak-Ro, Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610, Korea
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13
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He L, Sun X, Zhu F, Ren S, Wang S. OH-initiated transformation and hydrolysis of aspirin in AOPs system: DFT and experimental studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:33-40. [PMID: 28297635 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are widely used in wastewater treatment of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs). In this work, the OH-initiated transformation as well as the hydrolysis of a typical PPCPs, aspirin, was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and laboratory experiments. For DFT calculations, the frontier electron densities and bond dissociation energies were analyzed. Profiles of the potential energy surface were constructed, and all the possible pathways were discussed. Additionally, rate constants for each pathway were calculated with transition state theory (TST) method. UV/H2O2 experiments of aspirin were performed and degradation intermediates were identified by UPLC-MS-MS analysis. Different findings from previous experimental works were reported that the H-abstraction pathways at methyl position were dominated and OH-addition pathways on benzene ring were also favored. Meantime, hydroxyl ASA was confirmed as the main stable intermediate. Moreover, it was the first time to use DFT method to investigate the hydrolysis mechanisms of organic ester compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Fanping Zhu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shaojie Ren
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
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14
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Eisenhofer A, Hioe J, Gschwind RM, König B. Photocatalytic Phenol-Arene C-C and C-O Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling. European J Org Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Eisenhofer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Johnny Hioe
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Institute of Organic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
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15
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Degirmenci I, Coote ML. UNDERSTANDING THE BEHAVIOUR OF SULPHUR-CENTRED RADICALS DURING POLYMER SELF-HEALING. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.287305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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16
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Molecular Property Optimizations with Boundary Conditions through the Best First Search Scheme. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1414-24. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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De Vleeschouwer F, Chankisjijev A, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Designing Stable Radicals with Highly Electrophilic or Nucleophilic Character: Thiadiazinyl as a Case Study. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Cinar SA, De Proft F, Avci D, Aviyente V, De Vleeschouwer F. Relationship Between the Free Radical Polymerization Rates of Methacrylates and the Chemical Properties of their Monomeric Radicals. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201400484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Duygu Avci
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; 34342 Bebek Istanbul Turkey
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Department of Chemistry; Bogazici University; 34342 Bebek Istanbul Turkey
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC); Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2 B-1050 Brussels Belgium
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19
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He L, Sun X, Sun X, Gao J, Zhang C, Cao H, Wang S. OH-initiated AOPs degradation mechanism of ibuprofen in aqueous environments. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a common pharmaceutical and personal care product, ibuprofen (IBP) is regarded as an important pollutant in aqueous environments. In this paper, the OH-initiated advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) degradation mechanism and its subsequent reaction mechanism with IBP were studied at the M06-2x/6-311++G(2d, p)//M06-2x/6-31+G(d,p) level. The frontier electron density and bond dissociation energy were analyzed. In addition, profiles of the potential energy surface were constructed, and all the possible pathways were discussed. H-atom abstraction is the most important mechanism. The dominant products were IBAP, 2-[4-(1-hydroxyisobutyl)phenyl]propionic acid, and 1-(4-isobutylphenyl)-1-ethanol, which is in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin He
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Xuefei Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Jun Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Haijie Cao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P.R. China
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Coote ML, Lin CY, Zavitsas AA. Inherent and transferable stabilization energies of carbon- and heteroatom-centred radicals on the same relative scale and their applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:8686-96. [PMID: 24675783 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00537f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate G3(MP2)-RAD calculations are used to predict 264 R-H, R-CH3, R-Cl and R-R bond dissociation energies for a wide-ranging test set of carbon and non-carbon centred R˙ radicals. The data are used to calculate a set of inherent and transferrable radical stabilization energies, denoted RSEEt, which ranks the inherent stability of the 66 radicals studied on the same relative scale, irrespective of the nature of the radical centre. The Pauling electronegativity parameter for each radical is also calculated from the same data, along with the radical's inherent bonding ability D[R-R]calc. This latter quantity is defined as the R-R bond dissociation energy expected in the absence of direct steric or resonance interactions that are present in R-R but absent in R-CH3 and R-Cl. We show that the differences between D[R-R] and D[R-R]calc are typically very small except when R is sterically bulky, or there is a chain of (hyper)conjugation across the R-R bond. In such cases the difference between D[R-R] and D[R-R]calc provides a convenient means of quantifying the stabilization or destabilization of R-R due to these interactions. The predictability of the scheme is demonstrated by using these radical stabilities to calculate R-R' bond dissociation energies for 234 combinations of the 66 radicals studied, chosen to exclude steric or resonance interactions in the R-R' bond. The predicted bond energies lie within an average of 1.6 kcal mol(-1) from directly measured or calculated literature values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Coote
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
| | - Ching Yeh Lin
- Research School of Chemistry
- Australian National University
- Canberra, Australia
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Zhang H, Hay EB, Geib SJ, Curran DP. Radical cyclizations of cyclic ene sulfonamides occur with β-elimination of sulfonyl radicals to form polycyclic imines. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16610-7. [PMID: 24111991 PMCID: PMC3868638 DOI: 10.1021/ja408387d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical cyclizations of cyclic ene sulfonamides provide stable bicyclic and tricyclic aldimines and ketimines in good yields. Depending on the structure of the precursor, the cyclizations occur to provide fused and spirocyclic imines with five-, six-, and seven-membered rings. The initial radical cyclization produces an α-sulfonamidoyl radical that undergoes elimination to form the imine and a phenylsulfonyl radical. In a related method, 3,4-dihydroquinolines can also be produced by radical translocation reactions of N-(2-iodophenylsulfonyl)tetrahydroiso-quinolines. In either case, very stable sulfonamides are cleaved to form imines (rather than amines) under mild reductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - E. Ben Hay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Steven J. Geib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Dennis P. Curran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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22
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Colombel S, Van Hijfte N, Poisson T, Leclerc E, Pannecoucke X. Addition of electrophilic radicals to 2-benzyloxyglycals: synthesis and functionalization of fluorinated α-C-glycosides and derivatives. Chemistry 2013; 19:12778-87. [PMID: 23955898 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of fluorinated α-C-glycosides is described. The reactions between highly electrophilic radicals (fluorinated or unfluorinated) and a 2-benzyloxyglucal or galactal provide 2-keto-D-arabino- or 2-keto-D-lyxo-hexopyranosides through an addition/fragmentation process. Sodium borohydride mediated or Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley (MPV) reduction of these compounds provides α-C-glycosides that feature appropriate anchoring groups for further synthetic elaboration. The presence of CF2 CO2 iPr or CF2 Br groups at the pseudo-anomeric position allows efficient reduction/olefination or Br/Li-exchange/nucleophilic-addition sequences. These transformations open the way for the synthesis of fluorinated C-glycosidic analogues of glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Colombel
- Normandie Université, COBRA, UMR 6014 et FR 3038, Université Rouen, INSA Rouen, CNRS, 1 rue Tesnière, 76821 Mont Saint-Aignan Cedex (France)
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De Vleeschouwer F, Chankisjijev A, Yang W, Geerlings P, De Proft F. Pushing the boundaries of intrinsically stable radicals: inverse design using the thiadiazinyl radical as a template. J Org Chem 2013; 78:3151-8. [PMID: 23461465 PMCID: PMC3651879 DOI: 10.1021/jo400101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time inverse design was applied to search for the intrinsically most stable radical system in a predefined chemical space of enormous size by scanning in a rational way that entire chemical space. The focus was predominantly on thermodynamic stabilization effects, such as stabilization through resonance. Two different properties were optimized: a newly introduced descriptor called the radical delocalization value and the intrinsic stability via a previously established bond dissociation enthalpy model. The thiadiazinyl radical was chosen as case study of this new approach of inverse design in stable radical chemistry. The resulting optimal structure is found to be highly stable, intrinsically more so than other well-known stable radicals, such as verdazyls and N,N-diphenyl-N'-picrylhydrazyl, and even rivaling the intrinsic stability of nitrogen monoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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Chan B, Radom L. BDE261: a comprehensive set of high-level theoretical bond dissociation enthalpies. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4975-86. [PMID: 22587308 DOI: 10.1021/jp302542z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have used the high-level W1w protocol to compile a comprehensive collection of 261 bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) for bonds connecting hydrogen, first-row and second-row p-block elements. Together they cover 45 bond types, and we term this the BDE261 set. We have used these benchmark values to assess the performance of computationally less demanding theoretical procedures, including density functional theory (DFT), double-hybrid DFT (DHDFT), and high-level composite procedures. We find that the M06-2X (DFT), ROB2-PLYP and DuT-D3 (DHDFT), and G3X(MP2)-RAD and G4(MP2)-6X (composite) procedures yield absolute BDEs with satisfactory to excellent accuracy. Overall, we recommend G4(MP2)-6X as an accurate and relatively cost-effective procedure for the direct computation of BDEs. One important finding is that the deviations for DFT and (especially) DHDFT procedures are often quite systematic. This allows an alternative approach to obtaining accurate absolute BDEs, namely, to evaluate accurate relative BDEs (RBDEs) using a computationally less demanding procedure, and to use these RBDEs in combination with appropriate and accurate reference BDEs to give accurate absolute BDEs. We recommend DuT-D3 for this purpose. For a still less computationally demanding approach, we introduce the deviation from additivity of the RBDE (DARBDE), and demonstrate that the combination of lower-level DARBDEs for larger systems and higher-level (W1w) reference RBDEs and BDEs for small systems can be utilized to obtain improved RBDEs for multiply substituted systems at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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26
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Youmin S, Xiaohua R, Zhaojie C, Guiqin Z. The degradation mechanism of phenol induced by ozone in wastes system. J Mol Model 2012; 18:3821-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The nucleophilicity N index (J. Org. Chem. 2008, 73, 4615), the inverse of the electrophilicity, 1/ω, and the recently proposed inverse of the electrodonating power, 1/ω⁻, (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 4957) have been checked toward (i) a series of single 5-substituted indoles for which rate constants are available, (ii) a series of para-substituted phenols, and for (iii) a series of 2,5-disubstituted bicyclic[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes which display concurrently electrophilic and nucleophilic behaviors. While all considered indices account well for the nucleophilic behavior of organic molecules having a single substitution, the nucleophilicity N index works better for more complex molecules. Unlike, the inverse of the electrophilicity, 1/ω, (R(2) = 0.71), and the inverse of the electrodonating power, 1/ω⁻ (R(2) = 0.83), a very good correlation of the nucleophilicity N index of twelve 2-substituted-6-methoxy-bicyclic[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-dienes versus the activation energy associated with the nucleophilic attack on 1,1-dicyanoethylene is found (R(2) = 0.99). This comparative study allows to assert that the nucleophilicity N index is a measure of the nucleophilicity of complex organic molecules displaying concurrently electrophilic and nucleophilic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Universidad de Valencia, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Dr Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratim Kumar Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India
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Hemelsoet K, De Vleeschouwer F, Van Speybroeck V, De Proft F, Geerlings P, Waroquier M. Validation of DFT-Based Methods for Predicting Qualitative Thermochemistry of Large Polyaromatics. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1100-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Menon AS, Henry DJ, Bally T, Radom L. Effect of substituents on the stabilities of multiply-substituted carbon-centered radicals. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:3636-57. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05196b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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31
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Poutsma ML. The Radical Stabilization Energy of a Substituted Carbon-Centered Free Radical Depends on Both the Functionality of the Substituent and the Ordinality of the Radical. J Org Chem 2010; 76:270-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102097n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin L. Poutsma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6197, United States
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32
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De Vleeschouwer F, Jaque P, Geerlings P, Toro-Labbé A, De Proft F. Regioselectivity of Radical Additions to Substituted Alkenes: Insight from Conceptual Density Functional Theory. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4964-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jo100503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Av. Republica 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paul Geerlings
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alejandro Toro-Labbé
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica Computacional (QTC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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33
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Hodgson JL, Yeh Lin C, Coote ML, Marque SRA, Matyjaszewski K. Linear Free-Energy Relationships for the Alkyl Radical Affinities of Nitroxides: A Theoretical Study. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100287w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Hodgson
- ARC Center of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Ching Yeh Lin
- ARC Center of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Coote
- ARC Center of Excellence for Free-Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sylvain R. A. Marque
- UMR 6264 Laboratoire Chimie Provence, case 521, Universite de Provence, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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De Vleeschouwer F, De Proft F, Geerlings P. Conceptual density functional theory based intrinsic radical stabilities: Application to substituted silylenes and p-benzynes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hemelsoet K, Van Durme F, Van Speybroeck V, Reyniers MF, Waroquier M. Bond Dissociation Energies of Organophosphorus Compounds: an Assessment of Contemporary Ab Initio Procedures. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2864-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp908502d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hemelsoet
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, QCMM-alliance, Ghent-Brussels, and Laboratory of Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederick Van Durme
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, QCMM-alliance, Ghent-Brussels, and Laboratory of Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, QCMM-alliance, Ghent-Brussels, and Laboratory of Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marie-Françoise Reyniers
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, QCMM-alliance, Ghent-Brussels, and Laboratory of Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michel Waroquier
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium, QCMM-alliance, Ghent-Brussels, and Laboratory of Chemical Technology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S5, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Coote ML, Lin CY, Beckwith ALJ, Zavitsas AA. A comparison of methods for measuring relative radical stabilities of carbon-centred radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9597-610. [DOI: 10.1039/c003880f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Hazimeh H, Mattalia JM, Marchi-Delapierre C, Kanoufi F, Combellas C, Chanon M. Structural Effects in Radical Clocks and Mechanisms of Grignard Reagent Formation: Special Effect of a Phenyl Substituent in a Radical Clock when the Crossroads of Selectivity is at a Metal/Solution Interface. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Beste A, Buchanan AC. Computational Study of Bond Dissociation Enthalpies for Lignin Model Compounds. Substituent Effects in Phenethyl Phenyl Ethers. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2837-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9001307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Beste
- Joint Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6367, and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6197
| | - A. C. Buchanan
- Joint Institute for Computational Sciences, University of Tennessee, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6367, and Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6197
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van Zeist WJ, Matthias Bickelhaupt F. Trends and anomalies in H–AHn and CH3–AHn bond strengths (AHn = CH3, NH2, OH, F). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:10317-22. [DOI: 10.1039/b914873f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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