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Motiwala HF, Armaly AM, Cacioppo JG, Coombs TC, Koehn KRK, Norwood VM, Aubé J. HFIP in Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12544-12747. [PMID: 35848353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) is a polar, strongly hydrogen bond-donating solvent that has found numerous uses in organic synthesis due to its ability to stabilize ionic species, transfer protons, and engage in a range of other intermolecular interactions. The use of this solvent has exponentially increased in the past decade and has become a solvent of choice in some areas, such as C-H functionalization chemistry. In this review, following a brief history of HFIP in organic synthesis and an overview of its physical properties, literature examples of organic reactions using HFIP as a solvent or an additive are presented, emphasizing the effect of solvent of each reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim F Motiwala
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Ahlam M Armaly
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jackson G Cacioppo
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Thomas C Coombs
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 United States
| | - Kimberly R K Koehn
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Verrill M Norwood
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Divison of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599 United States
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2
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Kumari S, Carmona AV, Tiwari AK, Trippier PC. Amide Bond Bioisosteres: Strategies, Synthesis, and Successes. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12290-12358. [PMID: 32686940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The amide functional group plays a key role in the composition of biomolecules, including many clinically approved drugs. Bioisosterism is widely employed in the rational modification of lead compounds, being used to increase potency, enhance selectivity, improve pharmacokinetic properties, eliminate toxicity, and acquire novel chemical space to secure intellectual property. The introduction of a bioisostere leads to structural changes in molecular size, shape, electronic distribution, polarity, pKa, dipole or polarizability, which can be either favorable or detrimental to biological activity. This approach has opened up new avenues in drug design and development resulting in more efficient drug candidates introduced onto the market as well as in the clinical pipeline. Herein, we review the strategic decisions in selecting an amide bioisostere (the why), synthetic routes to each (the how), and success stories of each bioisostere (the implementation) to provide a comprehensive overview of this important toolbox for medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Angelica V Carmona
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43614, United States
| | - Paul C Trippier
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,UNMC Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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3
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Stevenson GI, Yong S, Fechner GA, Neve J, Lock A, Avery VM. Solid-phase synthesis of Biotin-S-Farnesyl-l-Cysteine, a surrogate substrate for isoprenylcysteine Carboxylmethyltransferase (ICMT). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5671-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hahne K, Vervacke JS, Shrestha L, Donelson JL, Gibbs RA, Distefano MD, Hrycyna CA. Evaluation of substrate and inhibitor binding to yeast and human isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferases (Icmts) using biotinylated benzophenone-containing photoaffinity probes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:98-103. [PMID: 22634004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferases (Icmts) are a class of integral membrane protein methyltransferases localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane in eukaryotes. The Icmts from human (hIcmt) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Ste14p) catalyze the α-carboxyl methyl esterification step in the post-translational processing of CaaX proteins, including the yeast a-factor mating pheromones and both human and yeast Ras proteins. Herein, we evaluated synthetic analogs of two well-characterized Icmt substrates, N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC) and the yeast a-factor peptide mating pheromone, that contain photoactive benzophenone moieties in either the lipid or peptide portion of the molecule. The AFC based-compounds were substrates for both hIcmt and Ste14p, whereas the a-factor analogs were only substrates for Ste14p. However, the a-factor analogs were found to be micromolar inhibitors of hIcmt. Together, these data suggest that the Icmt substrate binding site is dependent upon features in both the isoprenyl moiety and upstream amino acid composition. Furthermore, these data suggest that hIcmt and Ste14p have overlapping, yet distinct, substrate specificities. Photocrosslinking and neutravidin-agarose capture experiments with these analogs revealed that both hIcmt and Ste14p were specifically photolabeled to varying degrees with all of the compounds tested. Our data suggest that these analogs will be useful for the future identification of the Icmt substrate binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalub Hahne
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Bergman JA, Hahne K, Song J, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. S-Farnesyl-Thiopropionic Acid (FTPA) Triazoles as Potent Inhibitors of Isoprenylcysteine Carboxyl Methyltransferase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:15-19. [PMID: 22754607 DOI: 10.1021/ml200106d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of novel FTPA-triazole compounds as potent inhibitors of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt), through a focus on thioether and isoprenoid mimetics. These mimetics were coupled utilizing a copper-assisted cycloaddition to assemble the potential inhibitors. Using the resulting triazole from the coupling as an isoprenyl mimetic resulted in the biphenyl substituted FTPA triazole 10n. This lipid-modified analog is a potent inhibitor of Icmt (IC(50) = 0.8 ± 0.1 μM; calculated K(i) = 0.4 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Bergman
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Kalub Hahne
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Jiao Song
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Center for
Cancer Research, and ‡Department of Chemistry and the Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
47907, United States
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Majmudar JD, Morrison-Logue A, Song J, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. Identification of a novel nanomolar inhibitor of hIcmt via a carboxylate replacement approach. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Amide-modified prenylcysteine based Icmt inhibitors: Structure-activity relationships, kinetic analysis and cellular characterization. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:283-95. [PMID: 22142613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human protein isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (hIcmt) is the enzyme responsible for the α-carboxyl methylation of the C-terminal isoprenylated cysteine of CaaX proteins, including Ras proteins. This specific posttranslational methylation event has been shown to be important for cellular transformation by oncogenic Ras isoforms. This finding led to interest in hIcmt inhibitors as potential anti-cancer agents. Previous analog studies based on N-acetyl-S-farnesylcysteine identified two prenylcysteine-based low micromolar inhibitors (1a and 1b) of hIcmt, each bearing a phenoxyphenyl amide modification. In this study, a focused library of analogs of 1a and 1b was synthesized and screened versus hIcmt, delineating structural features important for inhibition. Kinetic characterization of the most potent analogs 1a and 1b established that both inhibitors exhibited mixed-mode inhibition and that the competitive component predominated. Using the Cheng-Prusoff method, the K(i) values were determined from the IC(50) values. Analog 1a has a K(IC) of 1.4±0.2μM and a K(IU) of 4.8±0.5μM while 1b has a K(IC) of 0.5±0.07μM and a K(IU) of 1.9±0.2μM. Cellular evaluation of 1b revealed that it alters the subcellular localization of GFP-KRas, and also inhibits both Ras activation and Erk phosphorylation in Jurkat cells.
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Bergman JA, Hahne K, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. Lipid and sulfur substituted prenylcysteine analogs as human Icmt inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:5616-9. [PMID: 21782433 PMCID: PMC4037158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt) offers a promising strategy for K-Ras driven cancers. We describe the synthesis and inhibitory activity of substrate-based analogs derived from several novel scaffolds. Modifications of both the prenyl group and thioether of N-acetyl-S-farnesyl-L-cysteine (AFC), a substrate for human Icmt (hIcmt), have resulted in low micromolar inhibitors of Icmt and have given insights into the nature of the prenyl binding site of hIcmt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel A. Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kalub Hahne
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Christine A. Hrycyna
- Department of Chemistry and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Majmudar JD, Hahne K, Hrycyna CA, Gibbs RA. Probing the isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (Icmt) binding pocket: sulfonamide modified farnesyl cysteine (SMFC) analogs as Icmt inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2616-20. [PMID: 21334890 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (hIcmt) is a promising anticancer target as it is important for the post-translational modification of oncogenic Ras proteins. We herein report the synthesis and biochemical activity of 41 farnesyl-cysteine based analogs versus hIcmt. We have demonstrated that the amide linkage of a hIcmt substrate can be replaced by a sulfonamide bond to achieve hIcmt inhibition. The most potent sulfonamide-modified farnesyl cysteine analog was 6ag with an IC(50) of 8.8±0.5 μM for hIcmt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimeen D Majmudar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Inhibitors of Postprenylation CAAX Processing Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415922-8.00009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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