1
|
Wang P, Lim C. Photolabile Protecting Groups Based on the Excited State Meta Effect: Development and Application. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:221-234. [PMID: 35971244 DOI: 10.1111/php.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on utilization of the excited state meta effect (ESME) in the development of photolabile protecting groups (PPGs). Structurally simple ESME-based PPGs for release of various functional groups (such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and thiol groups) are discussed. Examples that demonstrate the appealing advantages of these new PPGs are provided, including their efficient release of "poor" leaving groups such as hydroxyl or amino group directly instead of in their respective carbonate or carbamate form. Applications of these PPGs in synthesis, release of biologically important molecules, materials science, and biomedical engineering are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Chaeeun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lineros‐Rosa M, Miranda MA, Lhiaubet‐Vallet V. A Sunscreen‐Based Photocage for Carbonyl Groups. Chemistry 2020; 26:7205-7211. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Lineros‐Rosa
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda de los Naranjos, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Miguel A. Miranda
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda de los Naranjos, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Virginie Lhiaubet‐Vallet
- Instituto Universitario Mixto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC)Universitat Politècnica de ValènciaConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Avda de los Naranjos, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo Y, Xu T, Ma J. Does the photoredox reaction affect the photorelease of anthraquinone protected benzaldehyde? A time-resolved spectroscopic study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15900-15907. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-resolved spectroscopy studies coupled with the results from density functional theory (DFT) computations were utilized to unravel the photodeprotection reaction mechanism of Aqe-diol-PPG and the photoredox of photoproduct Aqe-diol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Tongyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| | - Jiani Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi’an
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Narita K, Fujisaki N, Sakuma Y, Katoh T. A novel approach to oxazole-containing diterpenoid synthesis from plant roots: salviamines E and F. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:655-663. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Salviamines E and F were efficiently synthesized from a known molecule, 5,7,8-trimethoxy-1-naphthol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Narumi Fujisaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Yuta Sakuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Tadashi Katoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takeda Y, Nakai K, Narita K, Katoh T. A novel approach to sesquiterpenoid benzoxazole synthesis from marine sponges: nakijinols A, B and E–G. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3639-3647. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00721g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nakijinols A, B, E, F and G were efficiently synthesized via the ring closure of the N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-formamide or -acetamide moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takeda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Keiyo Nakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Koichi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| | - Tadashi Katoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
- Sendai
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang P. Developing photolabile protecting groups based on the excited state meta effect. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Du L, Zhang X, Xue J, Tang W, Li MD, Lan X, Zhu J, Zhu R, Weng Y, Li YL, Phillips DL. Influence of Water in the Photogeneration and Properties of a Bifunctional Quinone Methide. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:11132-11141. [PMID: 27723330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Quinone methides (QM) are crucial reactive species in molecular biology and organic chemistry, with little known regarding the mechanism(s) for the generation of short-lived reactive QM intermediates from relevant precursors in aqueous solutions. In this study, several time-resolved spectroscopy methods were used to directly examine the photophysics and photochemical pathways of 1,1'-(2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl-6,6'-diyl)bis(N,N,N-trimethylmethanaminium) bromide (BQMP-b) from initial photoexcitation to the generation of the key reactive binol QM intermediate (BQM) in aqueous solution. The fluorescence of BQMP-b is effectively quenched with a small amount of water, which suggests an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) occurs. The kinetics isotope effects observed in femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption experiments provide evidence for the participation of water molecules in the BQMP-b singlet excited state ESIPT process and in the subsequent -HNMe3+ group release and ground state intramolecular proton transfer that give rise to production of the reactive BQM intermediate. Nanosecond time-resolved resonance Raman (ns-TR3) measurements were also employed to investigate the structure and properties of several intermediates, including the key reactive BQM in aqueous solution. The ns-TR3 and density functional theory (DFT) computational results were compared, and this indicates the binol moiety and water molecules both have important roles in the characteristics and structure of the key reactive BQM intermediate produced from BQMP-b. The results presented here also provide new benchmark characterization of bifunctional quinone methide intermediates that can be utilized to guide direct time-resolved spectroscopic study of the alkylation and interstrand cross-linking reactions of quinone methides with DNA in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Xiting Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Jiadan Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - WenJian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University , Meishan Road 81, Hefei 230032, P.R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Xin Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Jiangrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Liang Li
- Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hanna RD, Naro Y, Deiters A, Floreancig PE. Alcohol, Aldehyde, and Ketone Liberation and Intracellular Cargo Release through Peroxide-Mediated α-Boryl Ether Fragmentation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13353-13360. [PMID: 27636404 PMCID: PMC7075644 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
α-Boryl ethers, carbonates, and acetals, readily prepared from the corresponding alcohols that are accessed through ketone diboration, react rapidly with hydrogen peroxide to release alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones through the collapse of hemiacetal intermediates. Experiments with α-boryl acetals containing a latent fluorophore clearly demonstrate that cargo can be released inside cells in the presence of exogenous or endogenous hydrogen peroxide. These experiments show that this protocol can be used for drug activation in an oxidative environment without generating toxic byproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramsey D. Hanna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yuta Naro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Alexander Deiters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Paul E. Floreancig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Papadakis R, Ottosson H. The excited state antiaromatic benzene ring: a molecular Mr Hyde? Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6472-93. [PMID: 25960203 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00057b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The antiaromatic character of benzene in its first ππ* excited triplet state (T1) was deduced more than four decades ago by Baird using perturbation molecular orbital (PMO) theory [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 4941], and since then it has been confirmed through a range of high-level quantum chemical calculations. With focus on benzene we now first review theoretical and computational studies that examine and confirm Baird's rule on reversal in the electron count for aromaticity and antiaromaticity of annulenes in their lowest triplet states as compared to Hückel's rule for the ground state (S0). We also note that the rule according to quantum chemical calculations can be extended to the lowest singlet excited state (S1) of benzene. Importantly, Baird, as well as Aihara [Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1978, 51, 1788], early put forth that the destabilization and excited state antiaromaticity of the benzene ring should be reflected in its photochemical reactivity, yet, today these conclusions are often overlooked. Thus, in the second part of the article we review photochemical reactions of a series of benzene derivatives that to various extents should stem from the excited state antiaromatic character of the benzene ring. We argue that benzene can be viewed as a molecular "Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" with its largely unknown excited state antiaromaticity representing its "Mr Hyde" character. The recognition of the "Jekyll and Hyde" split personality feature of the benzene ring can likely be useful in a range of different areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Papadakis
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nekongo EE, Popik VV. Photoactivatable fluorescein derivatives caged with a (3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl)methyl group. J Org Chem 2014; 79:7665-71. [PMID: 25036698 DOI: 10.1021/jo501116g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The (3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl)methyl (NQMP) group represents an efficient photocage for fluorescein-based dyes. Thus, irradiation of the 6-NQMP ether of 2'-hydroxymethylfluorescein with low-intensity UVA light results in a 4-fold increase in emission intensity. Photoactivation of nonfluorescent NQMP-caged 3-allyloxyfluorescein produces a highly emissive fluorescein monoether. To facilitate conjugation of the caged dye to the substrate of interest via click chemistry, the allyloxy appendage was functionalized with an azide moiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel E Nekongo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rosenberg M, Dahlstrand C, Kilså K, Ottosson H. Excited State Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity: Opportunities for Photophysical and Photochemical Rationalizations. Chem Rev 2014; 114:5379-425. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300471v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rosenberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Dahlstrand
- Department
of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kristine Kilså
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh MS, Nagaraju A, Anand N, Chowdhury S. ortho-Quinone methide (o-QM): a highly reactive, ephemeral and versatile intermediate in organic synthesis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11444b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this critical review, we provide a comprehensive view of the chemistry of ortho-quinone methides as versatile reactive intermediates in organic synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Anugula Nagaraju
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Namrata Anand
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Sushobhan Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221 005, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1242] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou L, Yang H, Wang P. Development of Trityl-Based Photolabile Hydroxyl Protecting Groups. J Org Chem 2011; 76:5873-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200692c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Haishen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang H, Zhang X, Zhou L, Wang P. Development of a Photolabile Carbonyl-Protecting Group Toolbox. J Org Chem 2011; 76:2040-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102429g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haishen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Verga D, Nadai M, Doria F, Percivalle C, Di Antonio M, Palumbo M, Richter SN, Freccero M. Photogeneration and reactivity of naphthoquinone methides as purine selective DNA alkylating agents. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 132:14625-37. [PMID: 20863115 DOI: 10.1021/ja1063857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A one-step protecting-group-free synthesis of both 6-hydroxy-naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde and the bifunctional binaphthalenyl derivative afforded 6-hydroxymethylnaphthalen-2-ol, 6-methylaminomethyl-naphthalen-2-ol, [(2-hydroxy-3-naphthyl)methyl]trimethyl ammonium iodide, and a small library of bifunctional binol analogues in good yields. Irradiation of naphthol quaternary ammonium salt and binol-derivatives (X = OH, NHR, NMe(3)(+), OCOCH(3), and L-proline) at 310 and 360 nm resulted in the photogeneration of the 2,6-naphthoquinone-6-methide (NQM) and binol quinone methide analogues (BQMs) by a water-mediated excited-state proton transfer (ESPT). The hydration, the mono- and bis-alkylation reactions of morpholine and 2-ethanethiol, as N and S prototype nucleophiles, by the transient NQM (λ(max) 310, 330 nm) and BQMs (λ(max) 360 nm) were investigated in water by product distribution analysis and laser flash photolysis (LFP). Both the photogeneration and the reactivity of NQM and BQMs exhibited striking differences. BQMs were at least 2 orders of magnitude more reactive than NQM, and they were generated much more efficiently from a greater variety of photoprecursors including the hydroxymethyl, quaternary ammonium salt and several binol-amino acids. On the contrary, the only efficient precursor of NQM was the quaternary ammonium salt. All water-soluble BQM precursors were further investigated for their ability to alkylate and cross-link plasmid DNA and oligonucleotides by gel electrophoresis: the BQMs were more efficient than the isomeric o-BQM (binol quinone methide analogue of 2,3-naphthoquinone-3-methide). Sequence analysis by gel electrophoresis, HPLC, and MS showed that the alkylation occurred at purines, with a preference for guanine. In particular, a BQM was able to alkylate N7 of guanines resulting in depurination at the oligonucleotide level, and ribose loss at the nucleotide level. The photoreactivity of BQM precursors translated into photocytotoxic and cytotoxic effects on two human cancer cell lines: in particular, one compound showed promising selectivity index on both cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Verga
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Università di Pavia, V. le Taramelli 10, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Russell AG, Ragoussi ME, Ramalho R, Wharton CW, Carteau D, Bassani DM, Snaith JS. Alpha-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl: a photolabile protecting group for carboxylic acids. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4648-51. [PMID: 20536152 DOI: 10.1021/jo100783v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new photolabile protecting group for carboxylic acids, alpha-carboxy-6-nitroveratryl (alphaCNV), is described. Bromide 3, prepared in four steps from 3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid, was used to alkylate carboxylic acids under mild conditions in good yield. Palladium-catalyzed deallylation afforded the acids 4a-h, which underwent rapid and quantitative photolysis at wavelengths longer than 300 nm to liberate the carboxylic acid in good to quantitative yield. The rate of photolysis and quantum yield were determined to be 325 s(-1) and 0.17.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G Russell
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oxazole light triggered protecting groups: synthesis and photolysis of fused heteroaromatic conjugates. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|