1
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Hashiba K, Taguchi M, Sakamoto S, Otsu A, Maeda Y, Ebe H, Okazaki A, Harashima H, Sato Y. Overcoming thermostability challenges in mRNA-lipid nanoparticle systems with piperidine-based ionizable lipids. Commun Biol 2024; 7:556. [PMID: 38730092 PMCID: PMC11087515 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06235-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as promising platforms for efficient in vivo mRNA delivery owing to advancements in ionizable lipids. However, maintaining the thermostability of mRNA/LNP systems remains challenging. While the importance of only a small amount of lipid impurities on mRNA inactivation is clear, a fundamental solution has not yet been proposed. In this study, we investigate an approach to limit the generation of aldehyde impurities that react with mRNA nucleosides through the chemical engineering of lipids. We demonstrated that piperidine-based lipids improve the long-term storage stability of mRNA/LNPs at refrigeration temperature as a liquid formulation. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis and additional lipid synthesis revealed that amine moieties of ionizable lipids play a vital role in limiting reactive aldehyde generation, mRNA-lipid adduct formation, and loss of mRNA function during mRNA/LNP storage. These findings highlight the importance of lipid design and help enhance the shelf-life of mRNA/LNP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Hashiba
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8680, Japan.
| | - Masamitsu Taguchi
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8680, Japan
| | - Sachiko Sakamoto
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8680, Japan
| | - Ayaka Otsu
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8680, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Maeda
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8680, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ebe
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8680, Japan
| | - Arimichi Okazaki
- Nucleic Acid Medicine Business Division, Nitto Denko Corporation, 1-1-2, Shimohozumi, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-8680, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sato
- Laboratory for Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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2
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Uchida S, Lau CYJ, Oba M, Miyata K. Polyplex designs for improving the stability and safety of RNA therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114972. [PMID: 37364611 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based delivery systems have contributed to the recent clinical success of RNA therapeutics, including siRNA and mRNA. RNA delivery using polymers has several distinct properties, such as enabling RNA delivery into extra-hepatic organs, modulation of immune responses to RNA, and regulation of intracellular RNA release. However, delivery systems should overcome safety and stability issues to achieve widespread therapeutic applications. Safety concerns include direct damage to cellular components, innate and adaptive immune responses, complement activation, and interaction with surrounding molecules and cells in the blood circulation. The stability of the delivery systems should balance extracellular RNA protection and controlled intracellular RNA release, which requires optimization for each RNA species. Further, polymer designs for improving safety and stability often conflict with each other. This review covers advances in polymer-based approaches to address these issues over several years, focusing on biological understanding and design concepts for delivery systems rather than material chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Uchida
- Department of Advanced Nanomedical Engineering, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan; Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan; Innovation Center of NanoMedicine (iCONM), Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, 3-25-14 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Chun Yin Jerry Lau
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Makoto Oba
- Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-0823, Japan
| | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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3
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Chatterjee A, Zhang K, Rao Y, Sharma N, Giammar DE, Parker KM. Metal-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of RNA in Aqueous Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3564-3574. [PMID: 35226478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The stability of RNA in aqueous systems is critical for multiple environmental applications including evaluating the environmental fate of RNA interference pesticides and interpreting viral genetic marker abundance for wastewater-based epidemiology. In addition to biological processes, abiotic reactions may also contribute to RNA loss. In particular, some metals are known to dramatically accelerate rates of RNA hydrolysis under certain conditions (i.e., 37 °C or higher temperatures, 0.15-100 mM metal concentrations). In this study, we investigated the extent to which metals catalyze RNA hydrolysis under environmentally relevant conditions. At ambient temperature, neutral pH, and ∼10 μM metal concentrations, we determined that metals that are stronger Lewis acids (i.e., lead, copper) catalyzed single-stranded (ss)RNA, whereas metals that are weaker Lewis acids (i.e., zinc, nickel) did not. In contrast, double-stranded (ds)RNA resisted hydrolysis by all metals. While lead and copper catalyzed ssRNA hydrolysis at ambient temperature and neutral pH values, other factors such as lowering the solution pH and including inorganic and organic ligands reduced the rates of these reactions. Considering these factors along with sub-micromolar metal concentrations typical of environmental systems, we determined that both ssRNA and dsRNA are unlikely to undergo significant metal-catalyzed hydrolysis in most environmental aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Chatterjee
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yue Rao
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daniel E Giammar
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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4
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Zhang K, Hodge J, Chatterjee A, Moon TS, Parker KM. Duplex Structure of Double-Stranded RNA Provides Stability against Hydrolysis Relative to Single-Stranded RNA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8045-8053. [PMID: 34033461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiester bonds in the backbones of double-stranded (ds)RNA and single-stranded (ss)RNA are known to undergo alkaline hydrolysis. Consequently, dsRNA agents used in emerging RNA interference (RNAi) products have been assumed to exhibit low chemical persistence in solutions. However, the impact of the duplex structure of dsRNA on alkaline hydrolysis has not yet been evaluated. In this study, we demonstrated that dsRNA undergoes orders-of-magnitude slower alkaline hydrolysis than ssRNA. Furthermore, we observed that dsRNA remains intact for multiple months at neutral pH, challenging the assumption that dsRNA is chemically unstable. In systems enabling both enzymatic degradation and alkaline hydrolysis of dsRNA, we found that increasing pH effectively attenuated enzymatic degradation without inducing alkaline hydrolysis that was observed for ssRNA. Overall, our findings demonstrated, for the first time, that key degradation pathways of dsRNA significantly differ from those of ssRNA. Consideration of the unique properties of dsRNA will enable greater control of dsRNA stability during the application of emerging RNAi technology and more accurate assessment of its fate in environmental and biological systems, as well as provide insights into broader application areas including dsRNA isolation, detection and inactivation of dsRNA viruses, and prebiotic molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Joseph Hodge
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Anamika Chatterjee
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Tae Seok Moon
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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5
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Smolkin B, Khononov A, Pieńko T, Shavit M, Belakhov V, Trylska J, Baasov T. Towards Catalytic Antibiotics: Redesign of Aminoglycosides To Catalytically Disable Bacterial Ribosomes. Chembiochem 2018; 20:247-259. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Smolkin
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Alina Khononov
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Tomasz Pieńko
- Centre of New Technologies; University of Warsaw; Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
- Department of Drug Chemistry; Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division; Medical University of Warsaw; Banacha 1a 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Michal Shavit
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Valery Belakhov
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Joanna Trylska
- Centre of New Technologies; University of Warsaw; Banacha 2c 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Timor Baasov
- The Edith and Joseph Fischer Enzyme Inhibitors Laboratory; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 3200003 Israel
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6
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Mikkola S, Lönnberg T, Lönnberg H. Phosphodiester models for cleavage of nucleic acids. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:803-837. [PMID: 29719577 PMCID: PMC5905247 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids that store and transfer biological information are polymeric diesters of phosphoric acid. Cleavage of the phosphodiester linkages by protein enzymes, nucleases, is one of the underlying biological processes. The remarkable catalytic efficiency of nucleases, together with the ability of ribonucleic acids to serve sometimes as nucleases, has made the cleavage of phosphodiesters a subject of intensive mechanistic studies. In addition to studies of nucleases by pH-rate dependency, X-ray crystallography, amino acid/nucleotide substitution and computational approaches, experimental and theoretical studies with small molecular model compounds still play a role. With small molecules, the importance of various elementary processes, such as proton transfer and metal ion binding, for stabilization of transition states may be elucidated and systematic variation of the basicity of the entering or departing nucleophile enables determination of the position of the transition state on the reaction coordinate. Such data is important on analyzing enzyme mechanisms based on synergistic participation of several catalytic entities. Many nucleases are metalloenzymes and small molecular models offer an excellent tool to construct models for their catalytic centers. The present review tends to be an up to date summary of what has been achieved by mechanistic studies with small molecular phosphodiesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Mikkola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuomas Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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7
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Gibadullina NN, Latypova DR, Nugumanov TR, Spirikhin LV, Dokichev VA. Synthesis of polyfunctionalized 1,1'-(α,ω-alkanediyl)bis(1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-017-2176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Chen JLY, Pezzato C, Scrimin P, Prins LJ. Chiral Nanozymes-Gold Nanoparticle-Based Transphosphorylation Catalysts Capable of Enantiomeric Discrimination. Chemistry 2016; 22:7028-32. [PMID: 26919202 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enantioselectivity in RNA cleavage by a synthetic metalloenzyme has been demonstrated for the first time. Thiols containing chiral Zn(II) -binding head groups have been self-assembled on the surface of gold nanoparticles. This results in the spontaneous formation of chiral bimetallic catalytic sites that display different activities (kcat ) towards the enantiomers of an RNA model substrate. Substrate selectivity is observed when the nanozyme is applied to the cleavage of the dinucleotides UpU, GpG, ApA, and CpC, and remarkable differences in reactivity are observed for the cleavage of the enantiomerically pure dinucleotide UpU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L-Y Chen
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Scrimin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Leonard J Prins
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy.
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9
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Tamkovich N, Koroleva L, Kovpak M, Goncharova E, Silnikov V, Vlassov V, Zenkova M. Design, RNA cleavage and antiviral activity of new artificial ribonucleases derived from mono-, di- and tripeptides connected by linkers of different hydrophobicity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1346-55. [PMID: 26899594 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of metal-free artificial ribonucleases (aRNases) was designed, synthesized and assessed in terms of ribonuclease activity and ability to inactivate influenza virus WSN/A33/H1N1 in vitro. The compounds were built of two short peptide fragments, which include Lys, Ser, Arg, Glu and imidazole residues in various combinations, connected by linkers of different hydrophobicity (1,12-diaminododecane or 4,9-dioxa-1,12-diaminododecane). These compounds efficiently cleaved different RNA substrates under physiological conditions at rates three to five times higher than that of artificial ribonucleases described earlier and displayed RNase A-like cleavage specificity. aRNases with the hydrophobic 1,12-diaminododecane linker displayed ribonuclease activity 3-40 times higher than aRNases with the 4,9-dioxa-1,12-diaminododecane linker. The assumed mechanism of RNA cleavage was typical for natural ribonucleases, that is, general acid-base catalysis via the formation of acid/base pairs by functional groups of amino acids present in the aRNases; the pH profile of cleavage confirmed this mechanism. The most active aRNases under study exhibited high antiviral activity and entirely inactivated influenza virus A/WSN/33/(H1N1) after a short incubation period of viral suspension under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Tamkovich
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Lyudmila Koroleva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail Kovpak
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena Goncharova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Vladimir Silnikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Marina Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Lavrentiev Ave, 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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10
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Dhawan G, Chandra R, Gupta KC, Kumar P. Facile and rapid deprotection conditions for the cleavage of synthetic oligonucleotides from 1,4-anhydroerythritol-based universal polymer support. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 34:149-62. [PMID: 25710353 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2014.975244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report [Kumar, P.; Dhawan, G.; Chandra, R.; Gupta, K.C. Polyamine-assisted rapid and clean cleavage of oligonucleotides from cis-diol bearing universal support. Nucl. Acids Res. 2002, 30, e130 (1-8)], we demonstrated polyamine-mediated deprotection of oligonucleotides from cis-diol group bearing universal polymer support (I). However, vulnerability of the conventional dC(bz) to modifications under these conditions compelled us to employ dC(ac) during synthesis of oligonucleotide using conventional synthons. Here, a new set of simple and rapid deprotection conditions has been developed for the complete cleavage of oligonucleotides from the 1,4-anhydroerythritol-based universal polymer support employing conventional dC(bz) synthon. Using manganese-imidazole complex in aqueous ammonium hydroxide (∼ 30%), fully deprotected oligonucleotide sequences were obtained in 40 min, which were analyzed on reverse phase-HPLC and compared with the standard oligomers in terms of their retention time. Finally, their biological compatibility was established by analyzing PCR amplified products of npsA gene of N. meningitidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Dhawan
- a Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology , Delhi , India
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11
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Abstract
Recent progress with techniques for monitoring RNA structure in cells such as ‘DMS-Seq’ and ‘Structure-Seq’ suggests that a new era of RNA structure-function exploration is on the horizon. This will also include systematic investigation of the factors required for the structural integrity of RNA. In this context, much evidence accumulated over 50 years suggests that polyamines play important roles as modulators of RNA structure. Here, we summarize and discuss recent literature relating to the roles of these small endogenous molecules in RNA function. We have included studies directed at understanding the binding interactions of polyamines with polynucleotides, tRNA, rRNA, mRNA and ribozymes using chemical, biochemical and spectroscopic tools. In brief, polyamines bind RNA in a sequence-selective fashion and induce changes in RNA structure in context-dependent manners. In some cases the functional consequences of these interactions have been observed in cells. Most notably, polyamine-mediated effects on RNA are frequently distinct from those of divalent cations (i.e. Mg2+) confirming their roles as independent molecular entities which help drive RNA-mediated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Lightfoot
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Hall
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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12
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Göbel MW, Roussev CD, Scheffer U. RNA Cleavage Catalyzed by Amphoteric Bis(acyl)guanidinium Derivatives. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201300308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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13
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Guzaev AP. Solid-phase supports for oligonucleotide synthesis. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NUCLEIC ACID CHEMISTRY 2013; Chapter 3:3.1.1-3.1.60. [PMID: 23775808 DOI: 10.1002/0471142700.nc0301s53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This unit attempts to provide a reasonably complete inventory of over 280 solid supports available to oligonucleotide chemists for preparation of natural and 3'-modified oligonucleotides. Emphasis is placed on non-nucleosidic solid supports. The relationship between the structural features of linkers and their behavior in oligonucleotide synthesis and deprotection is discussed wherever the relevant observations are available.
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14
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Gaglione M, Milano G, Chambery A, Moggio L, Romanelli A, Messere A. PNA-based artificial nucleases as antisense and anti-miRNA oligonucleotide agents. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2011; 7:2490-9. [PMID: 21623442 DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05131h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of its interesting chemical, physical and biological properties, Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) has attracted major attention in molecular biology, for diagnostics purposes and development of biosensors. PNAs have become candidates for gene therapeutic drugs in ANTISENSE (AO) strategy with favorable in vivo biochemical properties. Recently, antisense PNA oligonucleotides have been described in anti-miRNA approach (AMO). We propose PNA-based nucleases as AO and AMO agents. We report the design, synthesis and characterization of two kinds of artificial nucleases composed of a PEG-PNA-PEG domain conjugated to HGG·Cu (A) and DETA (B) as well known cleavage sites. Qualitative (MALDI-TOF) and quantitative (HTS) assays were planned to study nuclease activity of constructs A and B on RNA-3'-FAM target sequence. The results have highlighted the best performance of nuclease B and the relevance of the PEG spacer, in particular for conjugate A, in terms of efficiency of the cleavage, suggesting that conjugates A and B also act as potential antisense and anti-miRNA agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gaglione
- Environmental Sciences Department, SUN, 81100-Caserta, Italy
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15
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Lönnberg H. Cleavage of RNA phosphodiester bonds by small molecular entities: a mechanistic insight. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:1687-703. [PMID: 21258754 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00486c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA molecules participate in many fundamental cellular processes either as a carrier of genetic information or as a catalyst, and hence, RNA has received increasing interest both as a chemotherapeutic agent and as a target of chemotherapy. In addition the dual nature of RNA has led to the RNA-world concept, i.e. an assumption that the evolution at an early stage of life was based on RNA-like oligomers that were responsible for the storage and transfer of information and as catalysts maintained primitive metabolism. Accordingly, the kinetics and mechanisms of the cleavage of RNA phosphodiester bonds have received interest and it is hoped they will shed light on the mechanisms of enzyme action and on the development of artificial enzymes. The major mechanistic findings concerning the cleavage by small molecules and ions and their significance for the development of efficient and biologically applicable artificial catalysts for RNA hydrolysis are surveyed in the present perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harri Lönnberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland.
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16
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Inaba Y, Fujimoto T, Ono H, Obata M, Yano S, Mikata Y. A general route to pendant C-glycosyl 1,2- and 1,3-diamines. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:941-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Zhou J, Wang G, Zhang LH, Ye XS. Modifications of aminoglycoside antibiotics targeting RNA. Med Res Rev 2007; 27:279-316. [PMID: 16892199 DOI: 10.1002/med.20085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The increased awareness of the central role of RNA has led to realization that RNA, as structural and functional information accumulation, is also drug target to small molecular therapy. Aminoglycosides are a group of well-known antibiotics, which function through binding to specific sites in prokaryotic ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and affecting the fidelity of protein synthesis. Unfortunately, their clinical practice has been curtailed by toxicity and rapid increasing number of resistant strains. Therefore, it is highly desirable to design new modified aminoglycosides that will overcome the undesirable properties of natural occurring aminoglycosides. On the other hand, aminoglycosides as potential antiviral (HIV) agents were also reported. Herein, we survey the current efforts to develop new aminoglycoside derivatives with modification and reconstruction on each sugar ring and review the latest advances in structure-activity relationships (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pasquato
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri, 1 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Pengo
- a Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Trieste , Via L. Giorgieri, 1 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Scrimin
- b Department of Chemical Sciences , University of Padova , Via F. Marzolo, 1 35131, Padova, Italy
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19
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Wan SH, Liang F, Xiong XQ, Yang L, Wu XJ, Wang P, Zhou X, Wu CT. DNA hydrolysis promoted by 1,7-dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2804-6. [PMID: 16495052 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 01/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several acyclic and macrocyclic polyamines were evaluated for their ability to cleave DNA. 1,7-Dimethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DMC) could hydrolyze double-strand DNA at a concentration of 25microM. pH 7.2 was the optimal condition to cleave DNA in the presence of DMC. Supercoiled DNA hydrolytic cleavage by DMC was supported by the evidence from free radical quenching and T4 ligase ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Wan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, Wuhan 430072, PR China
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20
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Yang Q, Xu J, Sun Y, Li Z, Li Y, Qian X. Hydrolysis of plasmid DNA and RNA by amino alkyl naphthalimide as metal-free artificial nuclease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:803-6. [PMID: 16314096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 10/23/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A strategy of dimethylamino alkyldiimide conjugated with an intercalator of naphthalimide for hydrolysis of DNA was suggested and evaluated. 4 can hydrolyze 4 kb plasmid DNA into 2 kb fragments with GC and GG selectivity, which represents a novel example of sequence- or site-selective metal-free DNA artificial nuclease. Results also show it could hydrolyze RNA efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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21
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Hainrichson M, Pokrovskaya V, Shallom-Shezifi D, Fridman M, Belakhov V, Shachar D, Yaron S, Baasov T. Branched aminoglycosides: biochemical studies and antibacterial activity of neomycin B derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:5797-807. [PMID: 15993084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 05/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The C5''-OH group in neomycin B was glycosylated with a variety of mono- and di-saccharides to probe the effect of introduction of additional binding elements on antibacterial activity and interaction with the aminoglycosides modifying enzyme APH(3')-IIIa. The designed structures show antibacterial activity superior to that of neomycin B against pathogenic and resistant strains, while in parallel they demonstrate poor substrate activity with APH(3')-IIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Hainrichson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Catalysis Science and Technology, Technion--Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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22
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Manea F, Houillon FB, Pasquato L, Scrimin P. Nanozymes: gold-nanoparticle-based transphosphorylation catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 43:6165-9. [PMID: 15549744 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200460649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Manea
- University of Padova, Department of Chemical Sciences and ITM-CNR, Padova Section, Via Marzolo, 1-35131 Padova, Italy
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23
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Fry FH, Fischmann AJ, Belousoff MJ, Spiccia L, Brügger J. Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrolysis of a Model Phosphate Diester by [Cu(Me3tacn)(OH2)2]2+ (Me3tacn = 1,4,7-Trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). Inorg Chem 2005; 44:941-50. [PMID: 15859272 DOI: 10.1021/ic049469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of hydrolysis of bis(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate (BNPP) by [Cu(Me3tacn)(OH2)2]2+ has been studied by spectrophotometrical monitoring of the release of the p-nitrophenylate ion from BNPP. The reaction was followed for up to 8000 min at constant BNPP concentration (15 microM) and ionic strength (0.15 M) and variable concentration of complex (1.0-7.5 mM) and temperature (42.5-65.0 degrees C). Biphasic kinetic traces were observed, indicating that the complex promotes the cleavage of BNPP to NPP [(p-nitrophenyl)phosphate] and then cleavage of the latter to phosphate, the two processes differing in rate by 50-100-fold. Analysis of the more amenable cleavage of BNPP revealed that the rate of BNPP cleavage is among the highest measured for mononuclear copper(II) complexes and is slightly higher than that reported for the close analogue [Cu(iPr3tacn)(OH2)2]2+. Detailed analysis required the determination of the pKa for [Cu(Me3tacn)(OH2)2]2+ and the constant for the dimerization of the conjugate base to [(Me3tacn)Cu(OH)2Cu(Me3tacn)]2+ (Kdim). Thermodynamic parameters derived from spectrophotometric pH titration and the analysis of the kinetic data were in reasonable agreement. Second-order rate constants for cleavage of BNPP by [Cu(Me3tacn)(OH2)(OH)]+ and associated activation parameters were obtained from initial rate analysis (k = 0.065 M(-1) s(-1) at 50.0 degrees C, deltaH = 56+/-6 kJ mol(-1), deltaS = -95+/-18 J K(-1) mol(-1)) and biphasic kinetic analysis (k = 0.14 M(-1) s(-1) at 50.0 degrees C, deltaH = 55+/-6 kJ mol(-1), deltaS = -92+/-20 J K(-1) mol(-1)). The negative entropy of activation is consistent with a concerted mechanism with considerable associative character. The complex was found to catalyze the cleavage of BNPP with turnover rates of up to 1 per day. Although these turnover rates can be considered low from an application point of view, the ability of the complexes to catalyze phosphate ester cleavage is clearly demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona H Fry
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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24
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Manea F, Houillon FB, Pasquato L, Scrimin P. Nanozymes: Gold-Nanoparticle-Based Transphosphorylation Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200460649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Shi Y, Niikura F, Kuzuya A, Komiyama M. Noncovalent Combination of Oligoamine and Oligonucleotide as Totally Organic Site-selective RNA Cutter. CHEM LETT 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2004.1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Kumar P, Gupta K. Rapid Cleavage of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides fromcis-Diol-Bearing Universal Polymer Support. Helv Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200390019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Komiyama M, Kuzuya A, Mizoguchi R. Site-Selective Activation of RNA Leading to Sequence-Selective RNA Cutters. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.75.2547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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28
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Kumar P, Dhawan G, Chandra R, Gupta KC. Polyamine-assisted rapid and clean cleavage of oligonucleotides from cis-diol bearing universal support. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:e130. [PMID: 12466562 PMCID: PMC137985 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gnf130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2002] [Revised: 09/27/2002] [Accepted: 09/27/2002] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamine-assisted deprotection conditions have been developed for the rapid and clean cleavage of oligonucleotide chains from a cis-diol group bearing universal polymer support, making it compatible with modern oligonucleotide synthesis via all types of phosphoramidite synthons, including base labile protecting group bearing synthons as well. The synthesized oligonucleotides were found to be comparable with the corresponding standard oligomers with respect to their retention time on HPLC, mass on MALDI-TOF and biological activity in PCR amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Nucleic Acids Research Laboratory, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (formerly Centre for Biochemical Technology), Mall Road, Delhi University Campus, Delhi 110 007, India
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29
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Scarso A, Scheffer U, Göbel M, Broxterman QB, Kaptein B, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Scrimin P. A peptide template as an allosteric supramolecular catalyst for the cleavage of phosphate esters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5144-9. [PMID: 11943857 PMCID: PMC122736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.072642699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The heptapeptide H-Iva-Api-Iva-ATANP-Iva-Api-Iva-NHCH(3) (P1a), where Iva is (S)-isovaline, Api is 4-amino-4-carboxypiperidine, and ATANP is (S)-2-amino-3-[1-(1,4,7-triazacyclononane)]propanoic acid, has been synthesized. Its conformation in aqueous solution is essentially that of a 3(10)-helix. By connecting three copies of P1a to a functionalized Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (Tren) platform a new peptide template, [T(P1)(3)], was obtained. This molecule is able to bind up to four metal ions (Cu(II) or Zn(II)): one in the Tren subsite and three in the azacyclononane subunits. The binding of the metals to the Tren platform induces a change from an open to a closed conformation in which the three short, helical peptides are aligned in a parallel manner with the azacyclonane units pointing inward within the pseudocavity they define. T(P1)(3) shows a peculiar behavior in the transphosphorylation of phosphate esters; the tetrazinc complex is a catalyst of the cleavage of 2-hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP), whereas the free ligand is a catalyst of the cleavage of an oligomeric RNA sequence with selectivity for pyrimidine bases. In the case of HPNP, Zn(II) acts as a positive allosteric effector by enhancing the catalytic efficiency of the system. In the case of the polyanionic RNA substrate, Zn(II) switches off the activity, thus behaving as a negative allosteric regulator. It is suggested that the opposite behavior of the catalyst induced by Zn(II) is associated with the change of conformation of the Tren platform, and consequently of the relative spatial disposition of the three linked peptides, that occurs after binding of the metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Scarso
- University of Padova, Department of Organic Chemistry and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Centro Meccanismi Reazioni Organiche, 35131 Padova, Italy
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- M Komiyama
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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31
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Koumoto K, Kimura T, Sakurai K, Shinkai S. Polysaccharide-polynucleotide complexes (IV): antihydrolysis effect of the schizophyllan/poly(C) complex and the complex dissociation induced by amines. Bioorg Chem 2001; 29:178-85. [PMID: 11437393 DOI: 10.1006/bioo.2001.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymer complexes formed by schizophyllan and poly(C) showed a unique antihydrolysis effect when poly(C) was subjected to hydrolysis under basic conditions. The complexation reduced the hydrolysis rate to 80% of the control (i.e., poly(C) itself). However, when we added oligoamines with the intention of catalyzing the hydrolysis, the oligoamines induced dissociation of the complex instead of acceleration of the hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Koumoto
- Chemotransfiguration Project, PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Fukuoka, Japan
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michaelis
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität Hannover, Schneiderberg 1B, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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33
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Sumaoka J, Igawa T, Yagi T, Komiyama M. Cooperation of the Ce(IV)/EDTA Complex and Oligoamine for Prompt Scission of DNA. CHEM LETT 2001. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2001.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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34
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Wan R, Zhao G, Chen J, Zhao Y. Research progresses of artificial nucleic acid cleavage agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03183520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Verheijen JC, Deiman BALM, Yeheskiely E, van der Marel GA, van Boom JH. Efficient Hydrolysis of RNA by a PNA – Diethylenetriamine Adduct. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(20000117)112:2<377::aid-ange377>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Molenveld P, Engbersen J, Reinhoudt D. Spezifische Spaltung von RNA-Dinucleotiden durch eine synthetische dreikernige Metall(II)-Phosphodiesterase auf Calix[4]aren-Basis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19991102)111:21<3387::aid-ange3387>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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37
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Molenveld P, Engbersen JFJ, Reinhoudt DN. Dinuclear Bisimidazolyl-Cu(II) Calix[4]arenes as Metalloenzyme Models. Synthesis and Bifunctional Catalysis in Phosphate Diester Transesterification. J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9905266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Molenveld
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Research Institute University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Johan F. J. Engbersen
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Research Institute University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David N. Reinhoudt
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, MESA+ Research Institute University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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38
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39
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40
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Abstract
Synthesis of artificial enzymes for catalyzing phosphoester hydrolysis has been attracting interest for a long time. The remarkable discovery that lanthanide ions catalyze the hydrolysis of DNA and RNA spurred the trend. Currently, progress is being made, mainly in the preparation of homogeneous catalysts, the promotion of catalytic activity by using acid/base cooperation within catalysts, the detailed understanding of the reaction mechanisms involved, and the design of artificial enzymes expressing high specificity and catalytic turn-over.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Komiyama
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering University of Tokyo Hongo Tokyo 113-8656 Japan.
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41
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Oivanen M, Kuusela S, Lönnberg H. Kinetics and Mechanisms for the Cleavage and Isomerization of the Phosphodiester Bonds of RNA by Brønsted Acids and Bases. Chem Rev 1998; 98:961-990. [PMID: 11848921 DOI: 10.1021/cr960425x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Oivanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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42
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Zhou DM, Taira K. The Hydrolysis of RNA: From Theoretical Calculations to the Hammerhead Ribozyme-Mediated Cleavage of RNA. Chem Rev 1998; 98:991-1026. [PMID: 11848922 DOI: 10.1021/cr9604292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- De-Min Zhou
- Institute of Applied Biochemistry, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba Science City 305-8572, Japan, National Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, 1-1-4 Higashi, Tsukuba Science City 305-8562, Japan, and National Institute of Bioscience & Human Technology, 1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Science City 305-8566, Japan
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