1
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Emenike B, Shahin S, Raj M. Bioinspired Synthesis of Allysine for Late-Stage Functionalization of Peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403215. [PMID: 38529755 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by the enzyme lysyl oxidase, which selectively converts the side chain of lysine into allysine, an aldehyde-containing post-translational modification, we report herein the first chemical method for the synthesis of allysine by selective oxidation of dimethyl lysine. This approach is highly chemoselective for dimethyl lysine on proteins. We highlight the utility of this biomimetic approach for generating aldehydes in a variety of pharmaceutically active linear and cyclic peptides at a late stage for their diversification with various affinity and fluorescent tags. Notably, we utilized this approach for generating small-molecule aldehydes from the corresponding tertiary amines. We further demonstrated the potential of this approach in generating cellular models for studying allysine-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Emenike
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
| | - Sophia Shahin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
| | - Monika Raj
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States
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2
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Di Micco S, Rahimova R, Sala M, Scala MC, Vivenzio G, Musella S, Andrei G, Remans K, Mammri L, Snoeck R, Bifulco G, Di Matteo F, Vestuto V, Campiglia P, Márquez JA, Fasano A. Rational design of the zonulin inhibitor AT1001 derivatives as potential anti SARS-CoV-2. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114857. [PMID: 36332548 PMCID: PMC9579148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although vaccines are greatly mitigating the worldwide pandemic diffusion of SARS-Cov-2, therapeutics should provide many distinct advantages as complementary approach to control the viral spreading. Here, we report the development of new tripeptide derivatives of AT1001 against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. By molecular modeling, a small compound library was rationally designed and filtered for enzymatic inhibition through FRET assay, leading to the identification of compound 4. X-ray crystallography studies provide insights into its binding mode and confirm the formation of a covalent bond with Mpro C145. In vitro antiviral tests indicate the improvement of biological activity of 4 respect to AT1001. In silico and X-ray crystallography analysis led to 58, showing a promising activity against three SARS-CoV-2 variants and a valuable safety in Vero cells and human embryonic lung fibroblasts. The drug tolerance was also confirmed by in vivo studies, along with pharmacokinetics evaluation. In summary, 58 could pave the way to develop a clinical candidate for intranasal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Di Micco
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via Salvatore de Renzi 50, 84125, Salerno, Italy,Corresponding author
| | - Rahila Rahimova
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France
| | - Marina Sala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria C. Scala
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vivenzio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Simona Musella
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via Salvatore de Renzi 50, 84125, Salerno, Italy,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Remans
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, Meyerhofstraße 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Léa Mammri
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Matteo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vestuto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pietro Campiglia
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via Salvatore de Renzi 50, 84125, Salerno, Italy,Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università Degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - José A. Márquez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 90181, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38042, France,ALPX S.A.S. 71, Avenue des Martyrs, France
| | - Alessio Fasano
- European Biomedical Research Institute of Salerno (EBRIS), Via Salvatore de Renzi 50, 84125, Salerno, Italy,Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital–Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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3
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Konno H, Akaji K. Preparation of SARS-CoV 3CL Protease and Synthesis of its Inhibitors. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University
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4
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Patel KD, De Zoysa GH, Kanamala M, Patel K, Pilkington LI, Barker D, Reynisson J, Wu Z, Sarojini V. Novel Cell-Penetrating Peptide Conjugated Proteasome Inhibitors: Anticancer and Antifungal Investigations. J Med Chem 2019; 63:334-348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal D. Patel
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Gayan Heruka De Zoysa
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Manju Kanamala
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Krunal Patel
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Lisa I. Pilkington
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Hornbeam Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Vijayalekshmi Sarojini
- School of Chemical Sciences and the Centre for Green Chemical Science, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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5
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Hayashi Y, Hirose T, Iwatsuki M, O Mura S, Sunazuka T. Synthesis of the Antimalarial Peptide Aldehyde, a Precursor of Kozupeptin A, Utilizing a Designed Hydrophobic Anchor Molecule. Org Lett 2019; 21:8229-8233. [PMID: 31524407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This Letter describes an efficient method of synthesizing highly bioactive peptide aldehydes without any concern about epimerization by liquid-phase peptide synthesis through the use of newly designed hydrophobic anchor molecules. Peptide elongation reactions effectively proceeded in less polar solvents, and direct crystallization by the addition of polar solvents enabled easy purification. This method also represents a new concept for the efficient synthesis of peptide derivatives. The development of new antimalarial drug candidates will be accelerated using this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Hayashi
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Hirose
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan.,Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Masato Iwatsuki
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan.,Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Satoshi O Mura
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan.,Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sunazuka
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan.,Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences , Kitasato University , 5-9-1 Shirokane , Minato-ku , Tokyo 108-8641 , Japan
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6
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Enzymatic clickable functionalization of peptides via computationally engineered peptide amidase. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Synthetic study of peptide aldehyde via acetal/thioacetal transformation: application for Lys/Ser-containing peptides. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Konno H, Sema Y, Ishii M, Hattori Y, Nosaka K, Akaji K. Practical synthesis of peptide C-terminal aldehyde on a solid support. Tetrahedron Lett 2013; 54:4848-4850. [PMID: 32287443 PMCID: PMC7111760 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated practical synthetic routes for the preparation of peptide aldehyde on a solid support. Peptide aldehyde was synthesized via efficient transformation of acetal/thioacetal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Konno
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sema
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Manabu Ishii
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yasunao Hattori
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Kazuto Nosaka
- Department of Chemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kenichi Akaji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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9
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Shelton PT, Jensen KJ. Backbone amide linker strategy: protocols for the synthesis of C-terminal peptide aldehydes. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1047:131-9. [PMID: 23943483 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-544-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
In the backbone amide linker (BAL) strategy, the peptide is anchored not at the C-terminus but through a backbone amide, which leaves the C-terminal available for various modifications. This is thus a very general strategy for the introduction of C-terminal modifications. The BAL strategy was originally developed using a trisalkoxybenzyl linker, but since then range linkers (handles) with different properties have also been developed. The BAL anchoring is established by anchoring an aromatic aldehyde, typically a trisalkoxybenzaldehyde, to the solid support, followed by attachment of the first amino acid residue by reductive amination. This can be used as a general approach for the introduction of other C-terminal modifications as well as functionalities, such as fluorophors. The second step is an acylation of a secondary amine, followed by standard Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis to assemble the final peptide. One useful application of this strategy is in the synthesis of C-terminal peptide aldehydes. The C-terminal aldehyde is masked as an acetal during synthesis and then conveniently demasked in the final cleavage step to generate the free aldehyde. Another application is in the synthesis of peptide thioesters with a C-terminal glycine.
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10
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Ede NJ, Hill J, Joy JK, Ede AM, Koppens ML. Solid-phase synthesis and screening of a library of C-terminal arginine peptide aldehydes against Murray Valley encephalitis virus protease. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:661-8. [PMID: 22991186 PMCID: PMC7167811 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murray Valley encephalitis virus is a member of the flavivirus group, a large family of single‐stranded RNA viruses, which cause serious disease in all regions of the world. Unfortunately, no suitable antivirals are available, and there are commercial vaccines for only three flaviviruses. The solid‐phase synthesis of a library of 400 C‐terminal arginine peptide aldehydes and their screening against Murray Valley encephalitis virus protease are demonstrated. The library was utilised to elucidate several tripeptide sequences that can be used as inhibitors in further SAR studies. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Ede
- Consegna Group Ltd, 7/21 Northumberland St, Collingwood 3066, Victoria, Australia.
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11
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Access to C-protected β-amino-aldehydes via transacetalization of 6-alcoxy tetrahydrooxazinones and use for pseudo-peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Kang W, Wang W, Zhi X, Zhang B, Wei P, Xu H. A simple oxazolidine linker for solid-phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1187-8. [PMID: 22196121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A very simple and cheap linker has been used for solid-phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes. Protected amino acid aldehydes are immobilized on 2-Cl(trt) resin as oxazolidine formation via diethanolamine. After classical Fmoc SPPS, treatment of the resin with AcOH/DCM/H(2)O (8:1:1) affords peptide aldehydes in high yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Kang
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210008, China
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13
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Mroczkiewicz M, Winkler K, Nowis D, Placha G, Golab J, Ostaszewski R. Studies of the Synthesis of All Stereoisomers of MG-132 Proteasome Inhibitors in the Tumor Targeting Approach. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1509-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901619n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Mroczkiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winkler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Placha
- Department of Internal Diseases, Hypertension, and Vascular Disease, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Ostaszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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An efficient synthetic approach towards trans-β2,3-amino acids and demonstration of their utility in the design of therapeutically important β2,3-peptides and α,β2,3-peptide aldehydes. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrik Boas
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Bulowsvej 27, DK-1790 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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17
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Gazal S, Masterson LR, Barany G. Facile solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal peptide aldehydes and hydroxamates from a common Backbone Amide-Linked (BAL) intermediate*†. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 66:324-32. [PMID: 16316448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
C-Terminal peptide aldehydes and hydroxamates comprise two separate classes of effective inhibitors of a number of serine, aspartate, cysteine, and metalloproteases. Presented here is a method for preparation of both classes of peptide derivatives from the same resin-bound Weinreb amide precursor. Thus, 5-[(2 or 4)-formyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy]butyramido-polyethylene glycol-polystyrene (BAL-PEG-PS) was treated with methoxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride to provide a resin-bound methoxylamine, which was efficiently acylated by different Fmoc-amino acids upon bromo-tris-pyrrolidone-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBrOP) activation. Solid-phase chain elongation gave backbone amide-linked (BAL) peptide Weinreb amides, which were cleaved either by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the presence of scavengers to provide the corresponding peptide hydroxamates, or by lithium aluminum hydride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to provide the corresponding C-terminal peptide aldehydes. With several model sequences, peptide hydroxamates were obtained in crude yields of 68-83% and initial purities of at least 85%, whereas peptide aldehydes were obtained in crude yields of 16-53% and initial purities in the range of 30-40%. Under the LiAlH4 cleavage conditions used, those model peptides containing t-Bu-protected aspartate residues underwent partial side chain reduction to the corresponding homoserine-containing peptides. Similar results were obtained when working with high-load aminomethyl-polystyrene, suggesting that this chemistry will be generally applicable to a range of supporting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gazal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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18
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Martin ME, Rice KG. A novel class of intrinsic proteasome inhibitory gene transfer peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 19:370-6. [PMID: 18095640 DOI: 10.1021/bc700362b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes are multisubunit enzymes responsible for the degradation of many cytosolic proteins. The inhibition of the proteasome has been the subject of intense interest in the development of drug therapies. We have previously demonstrated that simultaneous administration of a tripeptide aldehyde proteasome inhibitor (MG115 or MG132) with a peptide (Cys-Trp-Lys18) DNA condensate boosted gene expression by 30-fold in cell culture. In the present study, we have developed a convergent synthesis to allow the incorporation of a proteasome inhibitor tripeptide into the C-terminal end of a gene delivery peptide. The resulting peptides formed DNA condensates that mediated a 100-fold enhancement in gene expression over a control peptide lacking all or part of the tripeptide inhibitor. Gene transfer peptides possessing intrinsic proteasome inhibitors were also found to be nontoxic to cells in culture. These results suggest that intrinsic proteasome inhibition may also be used to boost the efficiency of peptide-mediated nonviral gene delivery systems in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Martin
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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19
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Jung N, Wiehn M, Bräse S. Multifunctional Linkers for Combinatorial Solid Phase Synthesis. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2007_118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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20
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Ganneau C, Moulin A, Demange L, Martinez J, Fehrentz JA. The epimerization of peptide aldehydes—a systematic study. J Pept Sci 2006; 12:497-501. [PMID: 16625681 DOI: 10.1002/psc.751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Peptide aldehydes are interesting targets as enzyme inhibitors, and can be used for pseudopeptide chemistry or ligation. However, they are known to be subjected to epimerization during synthesis or purification. By (1)H NMR, a model dipeptide aldehyde can be used to check the possible epimerization occurring during synthesis. Various purification methods were investigated, but none was free from epimerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Ganneau
- Laboratoire des Aminoacides, Peptides et Protéines, LAPP, UMR 5810 CNRS Universités Montpellier I et II, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault,BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cédex 5, France
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21
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Abstract
The functionalization of peptides and proteins by aldehyde groups has become the subject of intensive research since the discovery of the inhibition properties of peptide aldehydes towards various enzymes. Furthermore, peptide aldehydes are of great interest for peptide backbone modification or ligation reactions. This review focuses upon their synthesis, which has been developed following two main strategies. The first strategy consists of prior synthesis of the peptide, followed by the introduction of the aldehyde function. The second possible strategy uses alpha-amino aldehydes as starting materials. After protection of the aldehyde, peptide elongation occurs. At the end of the synthesis, the aldehyde function can be unmasked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Moulin
- Laboratoire des Amino-Acides, Peptides et Protéines, UMR 5810, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 1441, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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22
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Kappel JC, Barany G. Backbone amide linker (BAL) strategy for Nalpha-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:525-35. [PMID: 16001455 DOI: 10.1002/psc.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient strategy has been developed for the general synthesis of complex peptide aldehydes. N(alpha)-Benzyloxycarbonylamino acids were converted to protected aldehyde building blocks for solid-phase synthesis in four steps and moderate overall yields. The aldehydes were protected as 1,3-dioxolanes except for one case where a dimethyl acetal was used. These protected amino aldehyde monomers were then incorporated onto 5-[(2 or 4)-formyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy]butyryl-resin (BAL-PEG-PS) by reductive amination, following which the penultimate residue was introduced by HATU-mediated acylation. The resultant resin-bound dipeptide unit, anchored by a backbone amide linkage (BAL), was extended further by routine Fmoc chemistry procedures. Several model peptide aldehydes were prepared in good yields and purities. Some epimerization of the C-terminal residue occurred (10% to 25%), due to the intrinsic stereolability conferred by the aldehyde functional group, rather than any drawbacks to the synthesis procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Kappel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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23
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Sorg G, Thern B, Mader O, Rademann J, Jung G. Progress in the preparation of peptide aldehydes via polymer supported IBX oxidation and scavenging by threonyl resin. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:142-52. [PMID: 15635642 DOI: 10.1002/psc.606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptide aldehydes are of interest due to their inhibitory properties toward numerous classes of proteolytic enzymes such as caspases or the proteasome. A novel access to peptide aldehydes is described using a combination of solid phase peptide synthesis with polymer-assisted solution phase synthesis based on the oxidation of peptide alcohols with a mild and selective polymer-bound IBX derivative. The oxidation is followed by selective purification via scavenging the peptide aldehyde in a capture-release procedure using threonine attached to an aminomethyl resin. Peptide aldehydes are obtained in excellent purity and satisfying yield. The optical integrity of the C-terminal residue is conserved in a high degree. The procedures are compatible with the use of common side-chain protecting groups. The potential for using the method in parallel approaches is very advantageous. A small collection of new and known peptide aldehydes has been tested for inhibitory activity against caspases 1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Sorg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Gizecki P, Ait Youcef R, Poulard C, Dhal R, Dujardin G. Diastereoselective preparation of novel tetrahydrooxazinones via heterocycloaddition of N-Boc, O-Me-acetals. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of biomolecules, of which peptides are the principal example, is well established. However, synthetic peptides containing modifications at the carboxy termini are often desired because of their potential therapeutic properties. As a result, there is a necessity for effective solid-phase strategies for the preparation of peptides with C-terminal end groups other than the usual carboxylic acid and carboxamide functionalities. The present article primarily reviews literature reports on methods for solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal modified peptides. In addition, general information about biological activities and/or synthetic applications of each individual class of peptide is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Alsina
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Virta P, Katajisto J, Niittymäki T, Lönnberg H. Solid-supported synthesis of oligomeric bioconjugates. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Hamma T, Miller PS. 4-(2-aminooxyethoxy)-2-(ethylureido)quinoline-oligonucleotide conjugates: synthesis, binding interactions, and derivatization with peptides. Bioconjug Chem 2003; 14:320-30. [PMID: 12643742 DOI: 10.1021/bc025638+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligo-2'-O-methylribonucleotides conjugated with 4-(2-aminooxyethoxy)-2-(ethylureido)quinoline (AOQ) and 4-ethoxy-2-(ethylureido)quinoline (EOQ) were prepared by reaction of the AOQ or EOQ phosphoramidite with the protected oligonucleotide on a controlled pore glass support. Deprotection with ethylenediamine enabled successful isolation and purification of the highly reactive AOQ-conjugated oligomer. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis mobility shift experiments showed that the dissociation constants of complexes formed between an AOQ- or EOQ-conjugated 8-mer and complementary RNA or 2'-O-methyl-RNA targets (9- and 10-mers) were in the low nM concentration range at 37 degrees C, whereas no binding was observed for the corresponding nonconjugated oligomer, even at a concentration of 500 nM. Fluorescence studies suggested that this enhanced affinity is most likely due to the ability of the quinoline ring of the AOQ or EOQ group to stack on the last base pair formed between the oligomer and target, thus stabilizing the duplex. The binding affinity of a 2'-O-methyl RNA 15-mer, which contained an alternating methylphosphonate/phosphodiester backbone, for a 59-nucleotide stem-loop HIV TAR RNA target, increased 2.3 times as a consequence of conjugation with EOQ. The aminooxy group of AOQ-conjugated oligomers is a highly reactive nucleophile, which reacts readily with aldehydes and ketones to form stable oxime derivatives. This feature was used to couple an AOQ-oligomer with leupeptin, a tripeptide that contains a C-terminus aldehyde group. A simple method was developed to introduce a ketone functionality into peptides that contain a cysteine residue by reacting the peptide with bromoacetone. The resulting keto-peptide was then coupled to the AOQ-oligomer. This procedure was used to prepare oligonucleotide conjugates of a tetrapeptide, RGDC, and a derivative of HIV tat peptide having a C-terminus cysteine. The combination of the unique reactivity of the aminooxy group and enhanced binding affinity conferred by its quinoline ring suggests that AOQ may serve as a useful platform for the preparation of novel oligonucleotide conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Hamma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Chhabra SR, Mahajan A, Chan WC. Homochiral 4-azalysine building blocks: syntheses and applications in solid-phase chemistry. J Org Chem 2002; 67:4017-29. [PMID: 12054934 DOI: 10.1021/jo010456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous amino acids not only play central roles as mimics of natural amino acids but also offer opportunities as unique building blocks for combinatorial chemistry. This paper describes the chiral syntheses and solid-phase applications of a versatile atypical amino acid, 4-azalysine (2,6-diamino-4-azahexanoic acid) 1. The syntheses of differentially protected 4-azalysine derivatives 28a-e have been developed by two efficient and inexpensive routes that start either from Garner's aldehyde 16 or the chiron (S)-N(alpha)-Cbz-2,3-diaminopropionic acid 23. Both approaches employ the convergent modular concept and exploit reductive amination of aldehydes with amines as the key step for the fusion of the two segments. In the first route, the overall process inverts the chirality of the starting material, L-serine, and thus provides an excellent route to the unnatural D-isomers. The alternative route starting from L-asparagine provides a shorter and high-yielding route to orthogonally protected 4-azalysine derivatives. The corresponding N(2)-Fmoc-4-azalysines 31a-e, readily derived from the key intermediate 27, are compatible with the Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and solid-phase organic chemistry (SPOC) protocols. Furthermore, the utility and versatility of another key structure, tris-Boc-4-azalysine 2 in the engineering of novel high-loading dendrimeric polystyrene resins 33 and 36, have been demonstrated. Following derivatization with the Rink amide linker 34, the stability and robustness of these resin-bound dendrimers 35 and 37 in the synthesis of small molecules using a range of reaction conditions (e.g., Mitsunobu and Suzuki reactions) have been effectively illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siri Ram Chhabra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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30
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Gros C, Boulègue C, Galeotti N, Niel G, Jouin P. Stereochemical control in the preparation of α-amino N-methylthiazolidine masked aldehydes used for peptide aldehydes synthesis. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Spetzler JC, Hoeg-Jensen T. A new amino acid derivative with a masked side-chain aldehyde and its use in peptide synthesis and chemoselective ligation. J Pept Sci 2001; 7:537-51. [PMID: 11695649 DOI: 10.1002/psc.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new amino acid derivative with a diol side-chain, L-2-amino-4,5-dihydroxy-pentanoic acid (Adi), has been prepared from L-allylglycine by suitable protection, for use in peptide synthesis, as Fmoc-L-Adi(Trt)2. This building block enables the introduction of a side-chain aldehyde at any position in a given peptide sequence without use of specialized side-chain protection schemes. The aldehyde is revealed by mild oxidation with sodium periodate, circumventing the problematic release of reactive peptidic aldehydes in TFA solution. Peptides with aldehyde side-chains are useful for chemo-selective ligation, reacting selectively with oxyamines to yield oxime links, while all other peptide functions can be left unprotected. The utility of the new building block has been demonstrated by the synthesis of peptide dimers and a cyclo-peptide.
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32
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33
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Abstract
Nowadays it is rare to find an issue of a major chemistry journal without at least one article on solid-phase synthesis. This is hardly surprising: the technique promises an end to arduous work-up procedures and the ability to facilitate the creation of vast libraries of compounds using combinatorial techniques. No longer is the technique only of interest to those involved in peptide synthesis: an enormous variety of product classes have now been prepared on and isolated from the solid phase. It is the "linker" which is the focus of this article. The linker's ultimate function is to release a product from the support into solution: it does this, without exception, with a chemical change to the product at the former linkage site. Some linkers, apparently, are "traceless". But what, in fact, is "tracelessness"? Twenty years ago, in a climate where cleavage of a linker resulted in formation of a polar carboxylic acid as the vestige of the support, the concept was attractive. Today the chemist is faced with a myriad of novel linkers which have the ability to release products bearing most major functionalities at the former linkage site and we will argue here that the term "traceless", although currently in widespread use, is meaningless. Instead, we propose a new categorization of linkers based on the functionality they release upon cleavage, and suggest a nomenclature to underpin this categorization. We anticipate that the article will also serve to highlight areas of linker technology in need of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C. Comely
- Department of Chemistry King's College, London, Strand London, WC2R 2LS (UK)
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34
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Melnyk O, Fehrentz JA, Martinez J, Gras-Masse H. Functionalization of peptides and proteins by aldehyde or keto groups. Biopolymers 2001; 55:165-86. [PMID: 11074412 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0282(2000)55:2<165::aid-bip50>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of peptides and proteins by aldehyde or keto groups has become the subject of intensive research since the discovery of the inhibition properties of peptide aldehydes and the advent of protein engineering. The first part of this review focuses upon the tremendous efforts devoted to the solid-phase synthesis of peptide aldehydes as protease inhibitors. The second part describes the utility of the aldehyde or keto functionalities for the site-specific modification of peptides or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Melnyk
- UMR 8525 Institut de Biologie et Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille 2, 1 rue du Pr Calmette, 59021 Lille, France.
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35
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36
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Lelièvre D, Buré C, Laot F, Delmas A. Synthesis of peptide di-aldehyde precursor for stepwise chemoselective ligations via oxime bonds. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Groth T, Meldal M. N-Terminal peptide aldehydes as electrophiles in combinatorial solid phase synthesis of novel peptide isosteres. JOURNAL OF COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY 2001; 3:45-63. [PMID: 11148063 DOI: 10.1021/cc000058+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
N-Terminal peptide aldehydes were synthesized on a solid support and utilized as electrophiles in nucleophilic reactions in order to furnish novel and diverse peptide isosteres. The aldehyde moiety of the peptide was synthesized by coupling a protected aldehyde building block to the peptide and deprotecting it quantitatively in less than 3 min. It was found that protection of the two succeeding amide nitrogens was necessary in order to avoid reaction between the aldehyde and backbone amides. The N-terminal peptide aldehydes were successfully reacted in the following way: (a) reductive amination with a large variety of amines, leading to N-alkyl-gamma-aminobutyric peptide isosteres positioned centrally in the peptide; (b) reductive amination with amino esters, leading to N-terminal 2,5-diketopiperazine peptides; (c) Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination, leading to unsaturated peptide isosteres positioned centrally in the peptide; and (d) Pictet-Spengler condensations, leading to tetrahydro-beta-carbolines either positioned centrally in a peptide or fused with a diketopiperazine ring in the N-terminus of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Groth
- Center for Solid Phase Organic Combinatorial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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38
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39
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Guillaumie F, Kappel JC, Kelly NM, Barany G, Jensen KJ. Solid-phase synthesis of C-terminal peptide aldehydes from amino acetals anchored to a backbone amide linker (BAL) handle. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)00950-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Guillier F, Orain D, Bradley M. Linkers and cleavage strategies in solid-phase organic synthesis and combinatorial chemistry. Chem Rev 2000; 100:2091-158. [PMID: 11749285 DOI: 10.1021/cr980040+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Guillier
- Department of Chemistry, Southampton University, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K., and Alanex Division of Agouron Pharmaceuticals, A Werner Lambert Company, 3550 General Atomic Courts, San Diego, California 92121
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Ede NJ, Eagle SN, Wickham G, Bray AM, Warne B, Shoemaker K, Rosenberg S. Solid phase synthesis of peptide aldehyde protease inhibitors. Probing the proteolytic sites of hepatitis C virus polyprotein. J Pept Sci 2000; 6:11-8. [PMID: 10674715 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1387(200001)6:1<11::aid-psc229>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The solid phase synthesis of a set of peptide aldehydes derived from the NS5A/NS5B junction of hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral polyprotein is demonstrated using an oxazolidine linker and the Multipin method. Deletion of the P6 and P5 residues results in a dramatic loss of inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Ede
- Chiron Technologies Pty. Ltd., Clayton, Victoria , Australia.
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42
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Gros C, Galéotti N, Pascal R, Jouin P. Solid phase synthesis of a ΨCH2NH pseudopeptide by ligation of a peptidyl aldehyde with a resin-bound amino peptide. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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44
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Patterson JA, Ramage R. Solid phase synthesis of peptide C-terminal semicarbazones and aldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Siev DV, Gaudette JA, Semple J. Novel protocol for the solid-phase synthesis of peptidyl and peptidomimetic P1-argininal derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00870-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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46
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47
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Booth S, Hermkens PH, Ottenheijm HC, Rees DC. Solid-phase organic reactions III: A review of the literature Nov 96–Dec 97. Tetrahedron 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)00968-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Lelièvre D, Chabane H, Delmas A. Simple and efficient solid-phase synthesis of unprotected peptide aldehyde for peptide segment ligation. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)02267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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