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Cester Bonati F, Bazzoni M, Baccini C, Zanichelli V, Orlandini G, Arduini A, Cera G, Secchi A. Calix[6]arene-Based [3]Rotaxanes as Prototypes for the Template Synthesis of Molecular Capsules. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020595. [PMID: 36677647 PMCID: PMC9864859 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the ability of several bis-viologen axles to thread a series of heteroditopic tris(N-phenylureido)calix[6]arene wheels to give interwoven supramolecular complexes to the [3]pseudorotaxane type was studied. The unidirectionality of the threading process inside these nonsymmetric wheels allows the formation of highly preorganised [3]pseudorotaxane and [3]rotaxane species in which the macrocycles phenylureido moieties, functionalised with either ester, carboxylic, or hydroxymethyl groups, are facing each other. As verified by NMR and semiempirical computational studies, these latter compounds possess the correct spatial arrangement of their subcomponents, which could lead, in principle, upon proper bridging reaction, to the realisation of upper-to-upper molecular capsules that are based on calix[6]arene derivatives.
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Rispoli F, Spatola E, Del Giudice D, Cacciapaglia R, Casnati A, Baldini L, Di Stefano S. Temporal Control of the Host-Guest Properties of a Calix[6]arene Receptor by the Use of a Chemical Fuel. J Org Chem 2022; 87:3623-3629. [PMID: 35196018 PMCID: PMC8902750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The host–guest
interaction of a 1,3,5-trisaminocalix[6]arene
receptor with N-methylisoquinolinium trifluoromethanesulfonate
(Kass of 500 ± 30 M–1 in CD2Cl2) can be dissipatively driven by
means of 2-cyano-2-(4′-chloro)phenylpropanoic acid used as
a convenient chemical fuel. When the fuel is added to a dichloromethane
solution containing the above complex, the host is induced to immediately
release the guest in the bulk solution. Consumption of the fuel allows
the guest to be re-uptaken by the host. The operation can be satisfactorily
reiterated with four subsequent additions of fuel, producing four
successive release–reuptake cycles. The percentage of the guest
temporarily released in the bulk solution by the host and the time
required for the reuptake process can be finely regulated by varying
the quantities of added fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rispoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spatola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Daniele Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Roberta Cacciapaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, Roma I-00185, Italy
| | - Alessandro Casnati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Laura Baldini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, Roma I-00185, Italy
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Cera G, Arduini A, Secchi A, Credi A, Silvi S. Heteroditopic Calix[6]arene Based Intervowen and Interlocked Molecular Devices. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1161-1181. [PMID: 33656250 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the dawn of supramolecular chemistry, calixarenes have been employed as platforms onto which functional groups and binding sites can be loaded in a regio- and stereocontrolled manner for the recognition of charged and neutral species. Despite their wider annulus, potentially suitable to bind larger guests, the larger members of the calixarene series have been relatively less employed, mainly because of the synthetic difficulties to control their conformational flexibility and their regioselective functionalization. In this account, we will present the achievements gained during the last two decades on the use of the calix[6]arene as a platform to build-up structures in which the macrocycle acts as a wheel for the synthesis of oriented (pseudo)rotaxanes. We also account on how these calix[6]arene hosts affect the reactivity or spectroscopic properties of their bound guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Secchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, I-43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Viale del Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Foto reattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
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Liu Y, Zhao BT, Huang G, Zhang HY, Wang H. An Uncommon Calix[4]Azacrown-4 Dimer Assembled by Hydrogen-Bonded Interaction. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823401103168703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel calix[4]azacrown-4 (2) was prepared, and its single crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the carbonyl groups O atoms in 2 interact with amide H in another molecule of 2 by hydrogen bonds in the crystal, thus giving rise to a dimer possessing three “crown ether” rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bang-Tun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Heng-Yi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Abstract
Calixarenes are cyclic oligomers obtained by condensation of suitable p-functionalised phenols with formaldehyde, usually allowing for the synthesis of the well known small calixarenes (including up to eight phenolic subunits). We report here the discovery of much larger members of this family, exhibiting sizes up to 90 phenolic subunits: the giant calixarenes. These macrocycles are obtained according to simple, easily scalable processes, in yields up to 65%. We show that the formation of these giant macrocycles is favored by an oxygen-containing-group at the para-position of the starting phenol, high concentrations of heavy alkaline bases (rubidium or cesium hydroxides) and long reaction times. A mechanism is proposed to rationalize these observations. These giant macrocycles can also be obtained in the quasi-solid state, opening interesting perspectives in the field of calixarenes chemistry. Along with their intrinsic fundamental interest, these objects are also opening interesting applicative potentialities.
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Beaudoin D, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Chirality-Assisted Synthesis of a Very Large Octameric Hydrogen-Bonded Capsule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Beaudoin D, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Chirality-Assisted Synthesis of a Very Large Octameric Hydrogen-Bonded Capsule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15599-15603. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg; 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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9
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Naseer MM, Wang DX, Zhao L, Wang MX. Construction and Multiple Exterior Surface Functionalization of Giant Molecular Cages. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Moerkerke S, Le Gac S, Topić F, Rissanen K, Jabin I. Selective Extraction and Efficient Binding in a Protic Solvent of Contact Ion Triplets by Using a Thiourea-Based Bis-Calix[6]arene Receptor. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Basílio N, Garcia-Rio L, Martín-Pastor M. Calixarene-based surfactants: evidence of structural reorganization upon micellization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:2404-2414. [PMID: 22206305 DOI: 10.1021/la204004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The self-aggregation of five amphiphilic p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes bearing alkyl chains at the lower rim was investigated by NMR spectroscopy and electrical conductivity. The critical micelle concentration was determined, and the tendency of this special class of surfactants to self-aggregate in aqueous solution was analyzed as a function of the alkyl chain length and the number of aromatic units in the macrocyclic ring. The structure of the surfactants in the monomeric and micellized states was elucidated by means of (1)H NMR and, in the case of the calix[6]arene derivative, with 2D NMR experiments. While all amphiphilic calix[4]arenes studied here are blocked in the cone conformation, in the monomeric state the calix[6]arene adopts a pseudo-1,2,3-alternate conformation and the calix[8]arene is conformationally mobile. These calixarenes undergo an aggregation-induced conformational change, adopting the cone conformation in the micelles. The structure and size of the aggregates were studied by diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) experiments, and the results indicate that these surfactants self-assemble into ellipsoidal micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Basílio
- Departamento de Química Física y Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biológica y Materiales Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidad de Santiago, 15782 Santiago, Spain
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12
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Maggini L, Bonifazi D. Hierarchised luminescent organic architectures: design, synthesis, self-assembly, self-organisation and functions. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:211-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15031f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Naseer MM, Wang DX, Zhao L, Huang ZT, Wang MX. Synthesis and Functionalization of Heteroatom-Bridged Bicyclocalixaromatics, Large Molecular Triangular Prisms with Electron-Rich and -Deficient Aromatic Interiors. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1804-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo102483x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Moazzam Naseer
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhi-Tang Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Le Gac S, Picron JF, Reinaud O, Jabin I. Allosterically driven self-assemblies of interlocked calix[6]arene receptors. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2387-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob01020k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Huc V, Npetgat E, Guérineau V, Bourcier S, Dos Santos A, Guillot R, Baltaze JP, Martini C. p-(Benzyloxy)calix[8]arene Synthesis Revisited: p-(Benzyloxy)calix[4]-, p-(Benzyloxy)calix[5]-, p-(Benzyloxy)calix[7]-, and p-(Benzyloxy)bis(homooxa)calix[4]arenes. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Huc V, Guérineau V. C3v(Trimethyl)p-(Benzyloxy)calix[6]arene: A Versatile Platform for the Synthesis of FunctionalizedC3vCalix[6]arenes. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Luo J, Lei T, Wang L, Ma Y, Cao Y, Wang J, Pei J. Highly Fluorescent Rigid Supramolecular Polymeric Nanowires Constructed Through Multiple Hydrogen Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:2076-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja8090774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratories of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, and Key Laboratory of Specially Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Pescatori L, Arduini A, Pochini A, Secchi A, Massera C, Ugozzoli F. Self-assembly of heteroditopic calix[4]arene capsules through ion-pair recognition. CrystEngComm 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b816490h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Coquière D, Le Gac S, Darbost U, Sénèque O, Jabin I, Reinaud O. Biomimetic and self-assembled calix[6]arene-based receptors for neutral molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:2485-500. [DOI: 10.1039/b902456e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Le Gac S, Marrot J, Jabin I. Highly Selective Synthesis of a 1,3,5-Tris-Protected Calix[6]arene-Type Molecular Platform through Coordination and Host–Guest Chemistry. Chemistry 2008; 14:3316-22. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Baillargeon P, Dory YL. Rational Design and Gas-Phase Characterization of Molecular Capsules by Self-Assembly of a Symmetric Hexasubstituted Benzene with Seven-Membered Lactams. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5640-1. [DOI: 10.1021/ja800734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Baillargeon
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Supramoléculaire, Département de Chimie, Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue nord, Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yves L. Dory
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Supramoléculaire, Département de Chimie, Institut de Pharmacologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12e avenue nord, Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
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Luo J, Lei T, Xu X, Li FM, Ma Y, Wu K, Pei J. Three-Dimensional Shape-Persistent Fluorescent Nanocages: Facile Dynamic Synthesis, Photophysical Properties, and Surface Morphologies. Chemistry 2008; 14:3860-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Le Gac S, Jabin I. Synthesis and study of calix[6]cryptamides: A new class of heteroditopic receptors that display versatile host-guest properties toward neutral species and organic associated ion-pair salts. Chemistry 2008; 14:548-57. [PMID: 17948328 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new family of molecular receptors, namely the calix[6]cryptamides, was achieved through an original [1+1] macrocyclization step that consists of a peptide-coupling reaction between tripodal triscarboxylic acids and a calix[6]trisamine subunit. Several C3- or C3v-symmetrical calix[6]arene-based compounds capped by a trisamido cryptand unit on the narrow rim have been obtained, with the more flexible partners leading to the best yields. These calix[6]cryptamides exhibit two favorably positioned binding sites for the complexation of organic-associated ion pairs in close proximity: a well-defined calix[6]arene cavity suitable for the inclusion of ammonium ions and a cryptamide unit for the coordination of anions. We demonstrate one example, chiral calix[6]cryptamide 12, that constitutes a heteroditopic receptor capable of cooperatively binding both a primary ammonium ion and its chloride counterion, thanks to a combination of polarization and induced-fit effects. In addition, the hydrophobic calixarene cavity of 12 can strongly bind neutral guests through hydrogen bonding and is capable of discriminating between different enantiomers. All these versatile host-guest properties differ greatly from those observed in the parent calix[6]azacryptands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Le Gac
- URCOM, Université du Havre, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre cedex, France
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25
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Liu JM, Zheng QY, Chen CF, Huang ZT. Selectively formylated and bridged calix[6]arene derivatives at the upper rim. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Le Gac S, Luhmer M, Reinaud O, Jabin I. Self-assembly via ionic interactions of calix[6]arene-based receptors displaying remarkable host–guest properties toward neutral guests. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.06.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Arduini A, Credi A, Faimani G, Massera C, Pochini A, Secchi A, Semeraro M, Silvi S, Ugozzoli F. Self-Assembly of a Double Calix[6]arene Pseudorotaxane in Oriented Channels. Chemistry 2007; 14:98-106. [PMID: 17899561 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic study to disclose the more appropriate manner by which two calix[6]arene units could be connected for the construction of an extended tubular structure was undertaken. As a result, a head-to-tail double calix[6]arene having the structure of an oriented nanotube that is about 2.6 nm long and 1.6 nm wide was prepared and characterized. This molecule is able to act as a wheel-type host and forms a supramolecular complex with an axle-type molecule, derived from 4,4'-bipyridinium (viologen), through very efficient self-assembly in solution. The properties of such a pseudorotaxane-type complex, which is stabilized by a combination of noncovalent interactions, were investigated in solution by UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy and voltammetric methods. These observations provide a clue about the location of the bipyridinium unit along the nanotube. In the solid state, the complex undergoes a further stage of self-assembly, thereby initiating extended oriented tubular structures. Crystallographic studies revealed that the positioning of the viologen dication in this asymmetric wheel is addressed by a complicated pattern of cooperative noncovalent intermolecular interactions that involve only one half of the host, whereas the remaining (more polar) half of the host is exploited to create long-range structural order that leads to a "secondary" structure of extended supramolecular channels that, in turn, self-assemble in the lattice, thus giving rise to a "tertiary" structure of parallel sandwiches of nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Arduini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Parma via G.P. Usberti 17/a, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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28
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Johnston MR, Latter MJ. Capsules, Cages and Three-dimensional Hosts: Self-assembly of Complementary Monomers. Supramol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10610270500128400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Johnston
- a Flinders University, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences , Adelaide, 5042, Australia
| | - Melissa J. Latter
- a Flinders University, School of Chemistry, Physics and Earth Sciences , Adelaide, 5042, Australia
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Zubarev ER, Sone ED, Stupp SI. The Molecular Basis of Self-Assembly of Dendron–Rod–Coils into One-Dimensional Nanostructures. Chemistry 2006; 12:7313-27. [PMID: 16892475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We describe here a comprehensive study of solution and solid-state properties of self-assembling triblock molecules composed of a hydrophilic dendron covalently linked to an aromatic rigid rod segment, which is in turn connected to a hydrophobic flexible coil. These dendron-rod-coil (DRC) molecules form well-defined supramolecular structures that possess a ribbonlike morphology as revealed by transmission-electron and atomic-force microscopy. In a large variety of aprotic solvents, the DRC ribbons create stable networks that form gels at concentrations as low as 0.2% by weight DRC. The gels are thermally irreversible and do not melt at elevated temperatures, indicating high stability as a result of strong noncovalent interactions among DRC molecules. NMR experiments show that the strong interactions leading to aggregation involve mainly the dendron and rodlike blocks, whereas oligoisoprene coil segments remain solvated after gelation. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles of different DRC molecules demonstrate an excellent correlation between the degree-of-order in the solid-state and the stability of gels. Studies on two series of analogous molecules suggest that self-assembly is very sensitive to subtle structural changes and requires the presence of at least four hydroxyl groups in the dendron, two biphenyl units in the rod, and a coil segment with a size comparable to that of the rodlike block. A detailed analysis of crystal structures of model compounds revealed the formation of stable one-dimensional structures that involve two types of noncovalent interactions, aromatic pi-pi stacking and hydrogen bonding. Most importantly, the crystal structure of the rod-dendron compound shows that hydrogen bonding not only drives the formation of head-to-head cyclic structures, but also generates multiple linkages between them along the stacking direction. The cyclic structures are tetrameric in nature and stack into ribbonlike objects. We believe that DRC molecules utilize the same arrangement of hydrogen bonds and stacking of aromatic blocks observed in the crystals, explaining the exceptional stability of the nanostructures in extremely dilute solutions as well the thermal stability of the gels they form. This study provides mechanistic insights on self-assembly of triblock molecules, and unveils general strategies to create well-defined one-dimensional supramolecular objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene R Zubarev
- Department of Chemistry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Le Gac S, Marrot J, Reinaud O, Jabin I. Allosterically Coupled Double Induced Fit for 1+1+1+1 Self-Assembly of a Calix[6]trisamine, a Calix[6]trisacid, and Their Guests. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:3123-6. [PMID: 16586417 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200503906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Le Gac
- URCOM, Université du Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre cedex, France
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Le Gac S, Marrot J, Reinaud O, Jabin I. Allosterically Coupled Double Induced Fit for 1+1+1+1 Self-Assembly of a Calix[6]trisamine, a Calix[6]trisacid, and Their Guests. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200503906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Shokova EA, Motornaya AE, Shestakova AK, Kovalev VV. p-(3-Carboxy- and 3-carboxymethyl-1-adamantyl)calix[4]arenes: synthesis and arming with amino acid units. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Liu JM, Chen CF, Zheng QY, Huang ZT. A selective fluorescent probe for La3+ and Y3+ based on calix[6]arene. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.05.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhao BT, Liu Y, Zhang HY. Supramolecular architecture of self-adhesive calix[4]arene thiourea derivative by hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. J Mol Struct 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2003.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zadmard R, Junkers M, Schrader T, Grawe T, Kraft A. Capsule-like assemblies in polar solvents. J Org Chem 2003; 68:6511-21. [PMID: 12919011 DOI: 10.1021/jo034592q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Calix[4]arene derivatives with four anionic groups at their upper rim form discrete 1:1 complexes with complementary calix[4]arene derivatives bearing four cationic groups at their upper rim. Each cation is bound by two anions, and vice versa, in a mutual chelate arrangement, reinforced by a network of ionic hydrogen bonds. These multiple electrostatic interactions lead to the formation of highly stable capsule-like assemblies even in polar protic solvents such as methanol and water. In the capsule interior a cavity is formed that is in principle large enough for the encapsulation of small aliphatic and aromatic guests (170-230 A(3)). Monte Carlo simulations in water reproducibly lead to the same regular opimized structures. These differ mainly by their inner volume and flexibility, as demonstrated by molecular dynamics calculations. Most half-spheres can be synthesized by way of the tetrakis(chloromethyl) or the tetrabromocalix[4]arene intermediate. Oppositely charged calix[6]arenes also form strong complexes, but no indication was found for a lock in the cone conformation. The formation of the ball-shaped complexes from calix[4]arene building blocks was studied with Job plots, NMR titrations, NOESY, and variable-temperature experiments, as well as ESI-MS measurements. Investigations aimed at the inclusion of various guest molecules were carried out with alcohols, sulfoxides, benzene derivatives, and ammonium, as well as pyrazinium guests. Although binding isotherms were generated with cationic guests, these must be considered to be loosely associated around the seam rather than included inside the capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zadmard
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Abstract
Hydrogen bonds are like human beings in the sense that they exhibit typical grouplike behavior. As an individual they are feeble, easy to break, and sometimes hard to detect. However, when acting together they become much stronger and lean on each other. This phenomenon, which in scientific terms is called cooperativity, is based on the fact that "1+1 is more than 2". By using this principle, chemists have developed a wide variety of chemically stable structures that are based on the reversible formation of multiple hydrogen bonds. More than 20 years of fundamental studies on these phenomena have gradually developed into a new discipline within the field of organic synthesis, and is nowadays called "noncovalent synthesis". This review describes noncovalent synthesis based on the reversible formation of multiple hydrogen bonds. Starting with a thorough description of what the "hydrogen bond" really is, it guides the reader through a variety of bimolecular and higher order assemblies and exemplifies the general principles that determine their stability. Special focus is given to reversible capsules based on hydrogen-bonding interactions that exhibit interesting encapsulation phenomena. Furthermore, the role of hydrogen-bond formation in self-replicating processes is actively discussed, and finally the review briefly summarizes the development of novel materials (nanotubes, liquid crystals, polymers, etc.) and principles (dynamic libraries) that recently have emanated from this intriguing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J. Prins
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology MESA(+) Research Institute University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede (The Netherlands)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arduini
- Dip.to di Chimica Organica e Industriale dell'Università Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100, Parma, (Italy)
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Higler I, Grave L, Breuning E, Verboom W, Jong F, Fyles T, Reinhoudt D. Stable Heterotopic Noncovalent Resorcin[4]arene Assemblies. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(200005)2000:9<1727::aid-ejoc1727>3.0.co;2-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Gonzalez JJ, Ferdani R, Albertini E, Blasco JM, Arduini A, Pochini A, Prados P. Dimeric capsules by the self-assembly of triureidocalix. Chemistry 2000; 6:73-80. [PMID: 10747390 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3765(20000103)6:1<73::aid-chem73>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A number of calix[6]arenes bearing ureas at the upper rim positions of alternate rings 1, 3 and 5 were prepared and studied in detail by NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. N-Unsubstituted ureas were shown to dimerize through a cyclic array of hydrogen bonds to give cylindrical cavities capable of encapsulating small molecules such as dichloromethane, benzene and fluorobenzene. Slow equilibria between dimer and monomer were observed in [D6]DMSO-CDCl3 mixtures. By contrast, N-substituted ureas are monomeric. All urea monomers with bulky O-substituents display a solvent-dependent, slow equilibrium between C3v and Cs cone conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- JJ Gonzalez
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
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González JJ, Prados P, de Mendoza J. Ein selbstorganisiertes Calix[4]arendimer, verbunden über H-verknüpfte 2-Ureidopyrimidin-4(1H)-on-Gruppen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19990215)111:4<546::aid-ange546>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sijbesma RP, Meijer EW. Self-assembly of well-defined structures by hydrogen bonding. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-0294(99)00011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chapman RG, Sherman JC. Reversible Molecular Capsules Composed of Two Cavitands Linked via an Assortment of Charged-Hydrogen Bonds and Covalent Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981596h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Chapman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - John C. Sherman
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z1
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