1
|
Yin XS, Qi WY, Shi BF. Synthesis of tryptophan-containing 2,5-diketopiperazines via sequential C-H activation: total syntheses of tryprostatin A, maremycins A and B. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13137-13143. [PMID: 34745544 PMCID: PMC8513992 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02343h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Indole 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are an important type of metabolic cyclic dipeptides containing a tryptophan (Trp) unit possessing a range of interesting biological activities. The intriguing structural features and divergent activities have stimulated tremendous efforts towards their efficient synthesis. Herein, we report the development of a unified strategy for the synthesis of three Trp-containing DKPs, namely tryprostatin A, and maremycins A and B, via a sequential C–H activation strategy. The key Trp skeletons were synthesized from the inexpensive, readily available alanine via a Pd(ii)-catalyzed β-methyl C(sp3)–H monoarylation. A subsequent C2-selective prenylation of the resulting 6-OMe-Trp by Pd/norbornene-promoted C–H activation led to the total synthesis of tryprostatin A in 12 linear steps from alanine with 25% overall yield. Meanwhile, total syntheses of maremycins A and B were successfully accomplished using a sequential Pd-catalyzed methylene C(sp3)–H methylation as the key step in 15 linear steps from alanine. Indole 2,5-diketopiperazines (DKPs) are an important type of metabolic cyclic dipeptides containing a tryptophan (Trp) unit possessing a range of interesting biological activities.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Wei-Yi Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bing-Feng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heravi MM, Amiri Z, Kafshdarzadeh K, Zadsirjan V. Synthesis of indole derivatives as prevalent moieties present in selected alkaloids. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33540-33612. [PMID: 35497516 PMCID: PMC9042329 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoles are a significant heterocyclic system in natural products and drugs. They are important types of molecules and natural products and play a main role in cell biology. The application of indole derivatives as biologically active compounds for the treatment of cancer cells, microbes, and different types of disorders in the human body has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Indoles, both natural and synthetic, show various biologically vital properties. Owing to the importance of this significant ring system, the investigation of novel methods of synthesis have attracted the attention of the chemical community. In this review, we aim to highlight the construction of indoles as a moiety in selected alkaloids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Zahra Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Kosar Kafshdarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qiao Z, Mardon K, Stimson DHR, Migotto MA, Reutens DC, Bhalla R. Synthesis and evaluation of 6-[18F]fluoro-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indole as potential PET tracer for targeting tryptophane 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO). Nucl Med Biol 2020; 84-85:1-10. [PMID: 31927462 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The increase in expression of tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenases (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) have been reported as potential tumor biomarkers. TDO and IDO are enzymes that catalyze the first and rate-limiting step of the kynurenine pathway. Positron emitting tomography (PET) tracers investigating the kynurenine pathway may allow for the detection of different disease pathologies in vivo including cancer. However, current PET tracers being developed for TDO and IDO have suffered from either multi-step low yielding syntheses or de-fluorination of the tracer in vivo. RESULTS TDO inhibitors based on 6-fluoroindole with C3 substituents are a class of small molecules that have been shown to bind to TDO effectively, restore tryptophan concentration and decrease the production of immunosuppressive metabolites. The compound 6-fluoro-3-(pyridine-3-yl)-1H-indole has been reported to have high in vitro affinity for TDO. Herein we report the fully automated radiosynthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-3-(pyridine-3-yl)-1H-indole [18F]4 using a copper-mediated nucleophilic 18F-fluorination resulting in a non-corrected yield of 5 to 6% of the tracer with a radiochemical purity of >99% after 4 h. Small animal dynamic PET/CT imaging of [18F]4 intravenously injected into normal C57BL/6 mice revealed rapid accumulation in heart and brain, reaching maximum occupancy in heart (10.9% ID/g) and brain (8.1% ID/g) at 1.75 min and 2.25 min, respectively. Furthermore, these in vivo studies revealed no de-fluorination of the tracer, as evidence by the absence of [18F]fluoride accumulation in bone. CONCLUSION In vitro studies demonstrate that 4 has good affinity for hTDO and the radiolabeled analogue [18F]4 can be synthesized with suitable radiochemical yields. [18F]4 demonstrates good uptake in the brain and the radiolabeled compound shows no de-fluorination in vivo in C57BL/6 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Qiao
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Karine Mardon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; National Imaging Facility, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Damion H R Stimson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Migotto
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David C Reutens
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Rajiv Bhalla
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Y, de Frutos O, Mateos C, Rincon JA, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow Photochemical Benzylic Bromination of a Key Intermediate in the Synthesis of a 2‐Oxazolidinone. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A. Avda. de la Industria 30 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A. Avda. de la Industria 30 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. Rincon
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S. A. Avda. de la Industria 30 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid Spain
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Heravi M, Rohani S, Zadsirjan V, Zahedi N. Fischer indole synthesis applied to the total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we are trying to underscore the application of FIS in one of the crucial step of indole construction in the total synthesis of biologically active natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Sahar Rohani
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Nazli Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shimokawa J, Fukuyama T. Synthetic Studies on Heteropolycyclic Natural Products: Strategies via Novel Reactions and Reactivities. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2017. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.75.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan PW, Seayad J, Dixon DJ. Expeditious and Divergent Total Syntheses of Aspidosperma Alkaloids Exploiting Iridium(I)-Catalyzed Generation of Reactive Enamine Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:13436-13440. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wen Tan
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
- Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences; 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01 Singapore 138665 Singapore
| | - Jayasree Seayad
- Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences; 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01 Singapore 138665 Singapore
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tan PW, Seayad J, Dixon DJ. Expeditious and Divergent Total Syntheses of Aspidosperma Alkaloids Exploiting Iridium(I)-Catalyzed Generation of Reactive Enamine Intermediates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wen Tan
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
- Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences; 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01 Singapore 138665 Singapore
| | - Jayasree Seayad
- Organic Chemistry; Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences; 8 Biomedical Grove, Neuros, #07-01 Singapore 138665 Singapore
| | - Darren J. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry; Chemistry Research Laboratory; University of Oxford; 12 Mansfield Road Oxford UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Clagg K, Hou H, Weinstein AB, Russell D, Stahl SS, Koenig SG. Synthesis of Indole-2-carboxylate Derivatives via Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Amination of Aryl C-H Bonds. Org Lett 2016; 18:3586-9. [PMID: 27404018 PMCID: PMC5296645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A direct oxidative C-H amination affording 1-acetyl indolecarboxylates starting from 2-acetamido-3-arylacrylates has been achieved. Indole-2-carboxylates can be targeted with a straightforward deacetylation of the initial reaction products. The C-H amination reaction is carried out using a catalytic Pd(II) source with oxygen as the terminal oxidant. The scope and application of this chemistry is demonstrated with good to high yields for numerous electron-rich and electron-poor substrates. Further reaction of selected products via Suzuki arylation and deacetylation provides access to highly functionalized indole structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Clagg
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Haiyun Hou
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Adam B. Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - David Russell
- Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Stefan G. Koenig
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Junk L, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of indoles and tryptophan derivatives via photoinduced nitrene C–H insertion. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:2916-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized indoles and tryptophans can be obtained from stannylated alkenes and o-iodoanilines via Stille coupling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Junk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng Y, Holte D, Zoller J, Umemiya S, Simke LR, Baran PS. Total Synthesis of Verruculogen and Fumitremorgin A Enabled by Ligand-Controlled C-H Borylation. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10160-3. [PMID: 26256033 PMCID: PMC4777340 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Verruculogen and fumitremorgin A are bioactive alkaloids that contain a unique eight-membered endoperoxide. Although related natural products such as fumitremorgins B and C have been previously synthesized, we report the first synthesis of the more complex, endoperoxide-containing members of this family. A concise route to verruculogen and fumitremorgin A relied not only on a hydroperoxide/indole hemiaminal cyclization, but also on the ability to access the seemingly simple starting material, 6-methoxytryptophan. An iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation/Chan-Lam procedure guided by an N-TIPS group enabled the conversion of a tryptophan derivative into a 6-methoxytryptophan derivative, proving to be a general way to functionalize the C6 position of an N,C3-disubstituted indole for the synthesis of indole-containing natural products and pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jochen Zoller
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Shigenobu Umemiya
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Leah R. Simke
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kawade RK, Huang PH, Karad SN, Liu RS. Gold-catalyzed annulations of allenes with N-hydroxyanilines to form indole derivatives with benzaldehyde as a promoter. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:737-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42131g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Kee CW, Chan KM, Wong MW, Tan CH. Selective Bromination of sp3CH Bonds by Organophotoredox Catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201300169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
14
|
Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang L. Combining Zn Ion Catalysis with Homogeneous Gold Catalysis: An Efficient Annulation Approach to N-Protected Indoles. Chem Sci 2013; 4:10.1039/C2SC21333H. [PMID: 24244841 PMCID: PMC3826563 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21333h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fischer indole synthesis is perhaps the most powerful method for indole preparation, but it often suffers from low regioselectivities with unsymmetric aliphatic ketone substrates and strong acidic conditions and is not suitable for α,β-unsaturated ketones. In this article, we disclose an efficient synthesis of N-protected indoles from N-arylhydroxamic acids/N-aryl-N-hydroxycarbamates and a variety of alkynes via a cooperative gold and zinc catalysis. The zinc catalysis is similar to the related zinc ion catalysis in metalloenzymes such as human carbonic anhydrase II and substantially enhances the O-nucleophilicity of N-acylated hydroxamines by forming the corresponding Zn chelates. The Zn chelates can attack gold-activated alkynes to form O-alkenyl-N-arylhydroxamates, which can undergo facile 3,3-sigmatropic rearrangements and subsequent cyclodehydrations to yield N-protected indole products. This new chemistry offers several important improvements over the Fischer indole synthesis: a) the reaction conditions are mildly acidic and can tolerate sensitive groups such as Boc; b) broader substrate scopes including substrates with pendant carbonyl groups (reactive in the Fischer chemistry) and alkyl chlorides (e.g., 3f); c) better regioselectivities for the formation of 2-substituted indoles under much milder conditions; d) 2-alkenylindoles can be prepared readily in good to excellent yields, but the Fischer chemistry could not; e) with internal alkynes both steric and electronic controls are available for achieving good regioselectivities, while the Fischer chemistry is in general problematic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Lianzhu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Liming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Synthesis of Indoles through Highly Efficient Cascade Reactions of Sulfur Ylides and N-(ortho-Chloromethyl)aryl Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
16
|
Yang QQ, Xiao C, Lu LQ, An J, Tan F, Li BJ, Xiao WJ. Synthesis of Indoles through Highly Efficient Cascade Reactions of Sulfur Ylides and N-(ortho-Chloromethyl)aryl Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9137-40. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
Yamakawa T, Ideue E, Iwaki Y, Sato A, Tokuyama H, Shimokawa J, Fukuyama T. Total synthesis of tryprostatins A and B. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
18
|
Wang Y, Ye L, Zhang L. Au-catalyzed synthesis of 2-alkylindoles from N-arylhydroxylamines and terminal alkynes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:7815-7. [PMID: 21637891 PMCID: PMC3402563 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12212f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first gold-catalyzed addition of N-arylhydroxylamines to aliphatic terminal alkynes is developed to access O-alkenyl-N-arylhydroxylamines, which undergo facile in situ sequential 3,3-rearrangements and cyclodehydrations to afford 2-alkylindoles with regiospecificity and under exceptionally mild reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Diketopiperazines (DKPs), which are cyclic dipeptides, have been detected in a variety of natural resources. Recently, the interest in these compounds increased significantly because of their remarkable bioactivity. This review deals with the chemical structures, biosynthetic pathways, and biological activities of DKPs from marine microorganisms, sponges, sea stars, tunicates (ascidians), and red algae. The literature has been covered up to December 2008, and a total 124 DKPs from 104 publications have been discussed and reviewed. Some of these compounds have been found to possess various bioactivities including cytotoxicity, and antibacterial, antifungal, antifouling, plant-growth regulatory, and other activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Riming Huang
- Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, P R China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kim Y, Han S. Synthesis of L‐6‐Chloropyrroloindoline of Chloptosin Cyclohexapeptide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200026636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Ah Kim
- a Department of Chemistry and Division of Molecular Life Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul, 120‐750, Korea
| | - So‐Yeop Han
- a Department of Chemistry and Division of Molecular Life Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul, 120‐750, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yamakawa T, Ideue E, Shimokawa J, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of Tryprostatins A and B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
22
|
Yamakawa T, Ideue E, Shimokawa J, Fukuyama T. Total Synthesis of Tryprostatins A and B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:9262-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
23
|
Krief A, Kremer A. Synthesis of Alkali Metal Carboxylates and Carboxylic Acids Using “Wet” and “Anhydrous” Alkali Metal Hydroxides. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4772-819. [DOI: 10.1021/cr9003506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Krief
- Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Departement de Chimie, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur B-5000, Belgium
| | - Adrian Kremer
- Facultes Universitaires Notre-Dame de la Paix, Departement de Chimie, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur B-5000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Bräse S, Encinas A, Keck J, Nising CF. Chemistry and Biology of Mycotoxins and Related Fungal Metabolites. Chem Rev 2009; 109:3903-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cr050001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bräse
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Arantxa Encinas
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Julia Keck
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carl F. Nising
- Institut für Organische Chemie,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Edwankar CR, Edwankar RV, Rallapalli S, Cook JM. General Approach to the Total Synthesis of Macroline-Related Sarpagine and Ajmaline Alkaloids 1. Nat Prod Commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0800301114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Described in this review is a general and efficient strategy for the synthesis of macroline-related sarpagine and ajmaline alkaloids. The tetracyclic ketone in the parent system, as well as the alkoxy substituted series served as templates for the synthesis of these complex molecules. The palladium-mediated enolate cross coupling process, regiospecific hydroboration, and Tollens reaction are some of the key transformations that have been employed for further functionalization of these templates. Synthetic routes that have been improved, in order to obtain gram quantities of these alkaloids form a part of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitra R. Edwankar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Rahul V. Edwankar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Sundari Rallapalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Affiliation(s)
- Guy R Humphrey
- Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bittner S, Scherzer R, Harlev E. The five bromotryptophans. Amino Acids 2006; 33:19-42. [PMID: 17031473 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The five regioisomeric bromotryptophans (BrTrps) play an important role in the life of sponges and lower marine invertebrates. These bromo-amino acids, which are formed by post-translational modifications, are not found in nature in their free state, but rather are involved in more complex structures. Any of the BrTrps can be part of a peptide, a cyclic peptide, an indole alkaloid, an ergot alkaloid, a macrocycle and others. The present review covers the synthesis, physical and spectroscopic properties of the five BrTrps. It also describes the many exiting pharmacological and biological activities played by the BrTrps and by various secondary metabolites containing brominated tryptophan moieties. Of special interest are cyclic peptides containing the 2-BrTrp unit, which were isolated from marine sponges e.g. konbamide, orbiculamide A, the various keramamides, jaspamide eusynstyelamide and more. Important families of non-cyclic peptides containing the 6-BrTrp, include the styelins, the conotoxins, the cathelicidins and several constrained macrocyclic peptides. Many marine secondary BrTrp-containing, non-peptidic metabolites also display a remarkable spectrum of bioactivities, which can be harnessed for therapeutic and other purposes. Examples are: barettin, bromotryptanthrin, tetraacetyl clionamide, cyclocinamide A, clavicipitic acid, various brominated beta-carbolines. In this review we have presented the various synthetic routes leading to the preparation of the five BrTrps and many of its derivatives. Also, we have introduced the reader to many synthetic routes leading to BrTrp-containing non-peptidic natural products. Although the functional role of the various compounds in the human body is only poorly understood, its effects were extensively studied. Almost all of these compounds exhibit important therapeutic properties e.g. antifungal, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, insecticidal ichthyotoxic and anticancer activity. In the present review attempts have been made to provide synopsis, synthesis and symbiosis of chemical and biological actions, which may provide future guidance and facilitate further research in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cardoso ASP, Marques MMB, Srinivasan N, Prabhakar S, Lobo AM, Rzepa HS. Studies in sigmatropic rearrangements of N-prenylindole derivatives ? a formal enantiomerically pure synthesis of tryprostatin B. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:3966-72. [PMID: 17047877 DOI: 10.1039/b606457d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rearrangement of N(a)-prenyl-N(b)-acetyltryptamine, induced by BF3.Et2O at low temperature, leads to a 2-prenyl derivative, and thence to the tricyclic tryptamine 7 and the indoline 8. Similarly, N(a)-prenyl-N(b)-phthaloyl-l-tryptophan methyl ester furnished the corresponding 2-prenyl derivative 16, a known advanced precursor of tryprostatin B. Density functional (B3LYP) calculations for the putative rearrangement transition state for N-prenylskatole show that prior coordination of BF3 to the indolic nitrogen changes the character of the subsequent sigmatropic pericyclic shifts from being entirely covalent to acquiring a significant degree of ionic character. The shifting prenyl group favours the endo over the exo mode of the transition state by 4.1 kcal mol(-1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sofia P Cardoso
- Chemistry Department, REQUIMTE/CQFB, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, 2829-516, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
The synthesis of 2-substituted isomers of the meridianins, a familiy of bioactive indole alkaloids isolated from the tunicate Aplidium meridianum, was undertaken. The synthetic route comprises six steps, with a microwave promoted Fischer cyclization as the key reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hernández Franco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Sebahar PR, Osada H, Usui T, Williams RM. Asymmetric, stereocontrolled total synthesis of (+) and (−)-spirotryprostatin B via a diastereoselective azomethine ylide [1,3]-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
32
|
Labo AM, Prabhakar S. Recent developments in the synthesis of biologically active indole alkaloids. J Heterocycl Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570390301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Pyun DK, Lee CH, Ha HJ, Park CS, Chang JW, Lee WK. Synthesis of substituted-(l)-tryptophanols from an enantiomerically pure aziridine-2-methanol. Org Lett 2001; 3:4197-9. [PMID: 11784176 DOI: 10.1021/ol016861+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enantiomerically pure (l)-tryptophanol (5) was synthesized from 4(R)-iodomethyl-2-oxazolidinone (2) and indolylmagnesium bromide in three steps (52% overall yield). Using this procedure, we also prepared various tryptophanols with substituent(s) on the indole ring. Furthermore, optically active 4(R)-iodomethyl-2-oxazolidinone was readily prepared from an enantiomerically pure aziridine-2(S)-methanol in high yield. [reaction: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D K Pyun
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ma C, Liu X, Li X, Flippen-Anderson J, Yu S, Cook JM. Efficient asymmetric synthesis of biologically important tryptophan analogues via a palladium-mediated heteroannulation reaction. J Org Chem 2001; 66:4525-42. [PMID: 11421771 DOI: 10.1021/jo001679s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel and concise synthesis of optically active tryptophan derivatives was developed via a palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation reaction of substituted o-iodoanilines with an internal alkyne. The required internal alkyne 14a or 25 was prepared in greater than 96% de via alkylation of the Schöllkopf chiral auxiliary 19 employing diphenyl phosphate as the leaving group. The Schöllkopf chiral auxiliary was chosen here for the preparation of L-tryptophans would be available from D-valine while the D-isomers required for natural product total synthesis would originate from the inexpensive L-valine (300-g scale). Applications of the palladium-catalyzed heteroannulation reaction were extended to the first asymmetric synthesis of L-isotryptophan 38 and L-benz[f]tryptophan 39. More importantly, the optically pure 6-methoxy-D-tryptophan 62 was prepared by this protocol on a large scale (>300 g). This should permit entry into many ring-A oxygenated indole alkaloids when coupled with the asymmetric Pictet-Spengler reaction. In addition, an improved total synthesis of tryprostatin A (9a) was accomplished in 43% overall yield employing this palladium-mediated process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Nájera C, Abellán T, Sansano J. Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Methyl α-Amino Acids through Diastereoselective Alkylation under Mild Reaction Conditions of an Iminic Alanine Template with a 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-2-pyrazinone Structure. European J Org Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0690(200008)2000:15<2809::aid-ejoc2809>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
37
|
Alper P, Meyers C, Lerchner A, Siegel D, Carreira E. Eine neuartige Methode zur Synthese von Spiro[pyrrolidin-3,3′-oxindolen]: katalysierte Ringerweiterung von Cyclopropanen mit Aldiminen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3757(19991102)111:21<3379::aid-ange3379>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
38
|
Effect of the leaving group on the alkylation diastereoselectivity of the schöllkopf chiral auxiliary. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(99)00394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
39
|
Ma C, Liu X, Yu S, Zhao S, Cook JM. Concise synthesis of optically active ring-A substituted tryptophans. Tetrahedron Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)02497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
40
|
|
41
|
Magnus P, Mitchell IS. Synthesis of 3-methylindoles from N-aryl-N-(3-triisopropylsilylpropargyl)sulfonamides. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00847-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|