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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Open-chain Tetrapyrrole Pigments–Bilirubins, Biliverdins, Phycobilins, and Synthetic Analogues. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2023.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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2
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Kumar S, Maurya YK, Lis T, Stępień M. Synthesis of a donor-acceptor heterodimer via trifunctional completive self-sorting. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3204. [PMID: 35680883 PMCID: PMC9184498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective self-assembly of heterodimers consisting of two non-identical subunits plays important roles in Nature but is rarely encountered in synthetic supramolecular systems. Here we show that photocleavage of a donor–acceptor porphyrin complex produces an heterodimeric structure with surprising selectivity. The system forms via a multi-step sequence that starts with an oxidative ring opening, which produces an equimolar mixture of two isomeric degradation products (zinc(II) bilatrien-abc-ones, BTOs). These two isomers are susceptible to water addition, yielding the corresponding zinc(II) 15-hydroxybiladien-ab-ones (HBDOs). However, in the photocleavage experiment only one HBDO isomer is formed, and it quantitatively combines with the remaining BTO isomer. The resulting heterodimer is stabilized by a Zn–O coordination bond and extended dispersion interactions between the overlapping π-surfaces of the monomers. The observed selectivity can be seen as a case of completive self-sorting, simultaneously controlled by three types of complementary interactions. The preparation of heterodimeric structures via self-assembly processes is challenging. Here, the authors report the photooxidation of a donor–acceptor metalloporphyrin, which enables a self-sorting process that yields an heterodimer quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yogesh Kumar Maurya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Panchavarnam S, Pushpanandan P, Ravikanth M. Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Helical Bis-Cu(II) Complex of Linear Hexapyrrolic Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1562-1570. [PMID: 35007062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of metal helical complexes has attracted wide interest not only because of their resemblance with DNA structure but also due to their unique photophysical and chiroptical properties. Linear hexapyrrolic ligand 1 has been designed and synthesized using 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY as a key precursor. The reactivity of the appended pyrrole group of 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY was taken as an advantage to synthesize bis(3-pyrrolyl BODIPY) by treating 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY with 10 equiv of acetone in CHCl3 under acid-catalyzed conditions and afforded bis(3-pyrrolyl BODIPY) 2 in 20% yield. Bis(3-pyrrolyl BODIPY) 2, in which two 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY units were connected via sp3 meso carbon, was very stable, and its identity was confirmed by HR-MS, NMR, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The X-ray structure revealed that the 3-pyrrolyl BODIPY moieties in bis(3-pyrrolyl BODIPY) 2 remained almost planar and arranged at an angle of 98.4° with each other, leading to a V-shaped conformation. In the next step, bis(3-pyrrolyl BODIPY) 2 was treated with AlCl3 in acetonitrile/methanol at reflux to afford hexapyrrolic ligand 1. Hexapyrrolic ligand 1 was treated with CuCl2 in acetonitrile at room temp for 1 h followed by crystallization to afford helical bis-Cu(II) complex 1-Cu. Bis-Cu(II) complex 1-Cu was characterized and studied by HR-MS, X-ray crystallography, ESR, absorption, and DFT/TD-DFT techniques. The X-ray structure revealed that the bis-Cu(II) complex was a double-stranded bimetallic helicate and each Cu(II) ion was coordinated to four nitrogen atoms of two dipyrrin units from two hexapyrrolic ligands in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The crystal packing diagram showed that the bis-Cu(II) complex formed as a racemic mixture containing both M and P isomers which was unable to isolate. The ESR spectrum of bis-Cu(II) complex 1-Cu indicated the presence of two noninteracting Cu(II) ions in slightly different coordination environments. DFT and TD-DFT studies were in agreement with the experimental observations of bis(3-pyrrolyl BODIPY) 2 complex and bis-Cu(II) complex 1-Cu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Panchavarnam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Poornenth Pushpanandan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Mangalampalli Ravikanth
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Nguyen THT, Eerdun C, Okayama T, Hisanaga S, Tominaga T, Mochida T, Setsune JI. Stereochemistry and chiroptical properties of bimetallic single helicates of hexapyrrole-α, ω-dicarbaldimines with high diastereoselectivity. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s108842462150111x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bimetallic complexes of hexapyrrole-[Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]-dicarbaldimines consisting of a pair of four-coordinate metal sites adopt a helical closed [Formula: see text]-symmetric form or sigmoidal open forms depending on whether the 2,2[Formula: see text]-bipyrrole subunit at the center of the hexapyrrole chain takes cis- or trans-conformation. X-ray crystallography of a bisNi complex having N-[([Formula: see text]-1-cyclohexylethyl]carbaldimine units at both ends of the hexapyrrole chain revealed a non-symmetric heterohelical open form where the metal coordination sites of opposite helical sense sit on opposite sides of the central 2,2[Formula: see text]-bipyrrole subunit. BisPd complexes preferred a closed [Formula: see text] form and a steric bulk at the 3,3[Formula: see text]-position of the 2,2[Formula: see text]-bipyrrole subunit improved the helical sense bias. A bisPd complex with N-[([Formula: see text]-1-cyclohexylethyl]carbaldimine units adopts a helical closed [Formula: see text] form exclusively with full bias for a [Formula: see text]-helical sense. These bimetallic single stranded helicates were reversibly oxidized to [Formula: see text]-cation radicals at 0.1[Formula: see text]0.3 V vs. a ferrocene/ferrocenium couple and spectroelectrochemistry revealed remarkable absorption and CD spectral changes in the Vis-NIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Hien Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chaolu Eerdun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University Jinshan Econimic & Technology Development District, Hohhot 010100, China
| | - Takuya Okayama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hisanaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Tominaga
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Mochida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Setsune
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Sarabi S, Jamaat PR, Djahaniani H. Theoretical kinetics and thermodynamics study: Peripheral substituent effects on the hydrolysis of verdoheme. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620500418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The heme oxygenase (HO) enzyme is a free heme protein that binds to heme in the body. Heme acts as both a cofactor and a substrate in this enzyme. The catabolism of heme into biliverdin, monoxide carbon, and free-iron, catalyzed by heme oxygenase via three consecutive oxygenation steps, in which the heme group functions as the prosthetic group as well as the substrate. Investigations of the reactions of the peripheral substituent on the heme ring with 5-oxaporphyrin iron complexes (verdohemes) have been assumed to provide models and largely unknown for the primary step in the hydrolysis of verdohemes. In this work, a theoretical kinetics and thermodynamics study of the degradation reactions of verdohemes was performed, and calculations show that the [Formula: see text] in the hydrolysis of verdohemes with non-peripheral substituents is more negative than hydrolysis of verdohemes with peripheral substituents. In other words, the hydrolysis of verdohemes with non-peripheral substituents is more energy-efficient than verdohemes with a peripheral substituents. Equilibrium constant calculations show that hydrolysis of verdohemes with non-peripheral substituents is much faster than that of verdohemes with peripheral substituents, which is due to a more convenient nucleophilic attack on the cationic ring than the anionic ring. To acquire a good molecular understanding, peripheral substituent effects on the hydrolysis of verdoheme’s inhibitory role was studied using the DFT method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriyar Sarabi
- Department of Chemistry, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hoorieh Djahaniani
- Department of Chemistry, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Evaluation of the stereoselectivity for titanium(IV)-based coordination entities induced by the enantiopure diphenylethene-1,2-diamine ligand. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2019.119119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Sakata Y, Chiba S, Miyashita M, Nabeshima T, Akine S. Ligand Exchange Strategy for Tuning of Helicity Inversion Speeds of Dynamic Helical Tri(saloph) Metallocryptands. Chemistry 2019; 25:2962-2966. [PMID: 30600562 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new strategy, ligand exchange strategy, for tuning the response speeds of helicity inversion of a metal-containing helical structure. This is based on the exchange of the two axial amine ligands of the octahedral Co3+ centers in the metallocryptands [LCo3 X6 ] (X=axial amine ligand). The response speeds of the helicity induction were controlled by using different combinations of achiral and chiral amines as the starting and entering ligands, respectively. The response speeds of the helicity inversion from P to M were also tuned by using different combinations of chiral amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Sakata
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masato Miyashita
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8571, Japan
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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8
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Abstract
Much attention has recently focused on helical structures that can change their helicity in response to external stimuli. The requirements for the invertible helical structures are a dynamic feature and well-defined structures. In this context, helical metal complexes with a labile coordination sphere have a great advantage. There are several types of dynamic helicity controls, including the responsive helicity inversion. In this review article, dynamic helical structures based on oligo(salamo) metal complexes are described as one of the possible designs. The introduction of chiral carboxylate ions into Zn3La tetranuclear structures as an additive is effective to control the P/M ratio of the helix. The dynamic helicity inversion can be achieved by chemical modification, such as protonation/deprotonation or desilylation with fluoride ion. When (S)-2-hydroxypropyl groups are introduced into the oligo(salamo) ligand, the helicity of the resultant complexes is sensitively influenced by the metal ions. The replacement of the metal ions based on the affinity trend resulted in a sequential multistep helicity inversion. Chiral salen derivatives are also effective to bias the helicity; by incorporating the gauche/anti transformation of a 1,2-disubstituted ethylene unit, a fully predictable helicity inversion system was achieved, in which the helicity can be controlled by the molecular lengths of the diammonium guests.
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Abstract
“Non-fluorescent” chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were named “rusty pigments” originally, as they easily oxidized to yellow chlorophyll catabolites (YCCs) and other colored natural “phyllobilins.” In the present work, binding of Zn(II)-ions by YCC and its methyl ester YCC-Me, and structural investigations of the resulting Zn(II)-complexes are reported. Binding of Zn-ions to the weakly luminescent YCC or YCC-Me in DMSO produces orange-yellow complexes that exhibit strong green emission. The Zn-complex of YCC-Me was isolated and characterized by UV-vis-, fluorescence-, mass- and NMR-spectra. The data revealed a 2:1 complex, Zn(YCC-Me)[Formula: see text], in which YCC-Me serves as bidentate ligand. The Zn(II)-center in Zn(YCC-Me)[Formula: see text] is, thereby, deduced to be coordinated in a pseudo tetrahedral fashion. Formation of Zn(YCC-Me)[Formula: see text] (and of Zn(YCC)[Formula: see text] is compatible with an isomerization of the lactam form of ring D to the corresponding lactim tautomer in these neutral Zn(II)-complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Eerdun C, Hisanaga S, Setsune JI. One-handed single helicates of dinickel(II) benzenehexapyrrole-α,ω-diimine with an amine chiral source. Chemistry 2015; 21:239-46. [PMID: 25370535 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201404782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Benzenehexapyrrole-α,ω-dialdehyde, composed of a pair of formyltripyrrole units with a 1,3-phenylene linker, was metallated to give dinuclear single-stranded helicates. X-ray studies of the bis-nickel(II) complex showed a helical C2 form with a pair of helical-metal coordination planes of a 3N+O donor set. The terminal aldehyde was readily converted into the imine by optically active amines, whereby helix-sense bias was induced. Bis-nickel(II) and bis-palladium(II) complexes of the benzenehexapyrrole-α,ω-diimines were studied to show that an enantiomer pair of the helical C2 form are interchanged by slow flipping of each coordination plane and fast rotation around the C(benzene)C(pyrrole) bond. The helical screw in the bis-nickel(II) complexes was biased to one side in more than 95 % diastereoselectivity, which was achieved by using a variety of optically active amines, such as (R)-1-cyclohexylethylamine, (S)-1- phenylethylamine, L-Phe(OEt) (Phe=phenylalanine), and (R)-valinol. The nickel complexes showed much better diastereoselectivity than the corresponding palladium complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolu Eerdun
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 78-803-5770
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11
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Sairenji S, Akine S, Nabeshima T. Dynamic Helicity Control of a Single-helical Oligooxime Complex and Acid–Base-triggered Repeated Helicity Inversion Mediated by Amino Acids. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.140263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Sairenji
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Shigehisa Akine
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Tatsuya Nabeshima
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Tsukuba Research Center for Interdisciplinary Materials Science, University of Tsukuba
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Kakeya K, Aozasa M, Mizutani T, Hitomi Y, Kodera M. Nucleophilic ring opening of meso-substituted 5-oxaporphyrin by oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2014; 79:2591-600. [PMID: 24597593 DOI: 10.1021/jo5000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic ring opening of 23H-[21,23-didehydro-10,15,20-tris(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-5-oxaporphyrinato](trifluoroacetato)zinc(II) with various nucleophiles such as alkoxide, amine, thiolate, and enolate gave 19-substituted bilinone zinc complexes, and they were isolated as free base bilinones. An X-ray crystallographic study demonstrated that the product of 5-oxaporphyrin with sodium methoxide was 21H,23H-(4Z,9Z,15Z)-1,21-dihydro-19-methoxy-5,10,15-tris(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)bilin-1-one with a helicoidal conformation. The structure of the product of 5-oxaporphyrin with an enolate of ethyl acetoacetate was 21H,22H,24H-(4Z,9Z,15Z,19E)-19-(1-ethoxycarbonyl-2-oxopropylidene)-5,10,15-tris(4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)-1,19,21,24-tetrahydrobilin-1-one, with three inner NH groups. The product with SH(-) was also the same tautomer, 21H,22H,24H-19-thioxo-bilin-1-one, with three NH groups, while the products with RO(-), RNH2, and RS(-) nucleophiles were 21H,23H-bilin-1-ones with two inner NH groups. The first-order rate constants of the ring opening reaction of 5-oxaporphyrin with 1 M BnOH and BnSH in toluene at 303 K were 3.0 × 10(-4) and 6.1 × 10(-4) s(-1), respectively. The ratio of the rate of alcohol to thiol was much higher than that with methyl iodide, suggesting that 5-oxaporphyrin reacted as a hard electrophile in comparison to methyl iodide. UV-visible spectra of 19-substituted bilinones in CHCl3 at 298 K showed that the absorption maximum of the lower energy band was red-shifted in increasing order of O-substituted (645 nm), S-substituted (668 nm), N-substituted (699 nm), and C-substituted bilinones (706 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Kakeya
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience Research, Doshisha University , Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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Sairenji S, Akine S, Nabeshima T. Dynamic helicity control of single-helical oligooxime metal complexes by coordination of chiral carboxylate ions. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Kakeya K, Nakagawa A, Mizutani T, Hitomi Y, Kodera M. Synthesis, Reactivity, and Spectroscopic Properties of meso-Triaryl-5-oxaporphyrins. J Org Chem 2012; 77:6510-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo3010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Kakeya
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience Research, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Aya Nakagawa
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience Research, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mizutani
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience Research, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hitomi
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience Research, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Masahito Kodera
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, and Center for Nanoscience Research, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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Nakamura R, Kakeya K, Furuta N, Muta E, Nishisaka H, Mizutani T. Synthesis of para- or ortho-Substituted Triarylbilindiones and Tetraarylbiladienones by Coupled Oxidation of Tetraarylporphyrins. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6108-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2007994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Kakeya
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Nao Furuta
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Etsuko Muta
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nishisaka
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
| | - Tadashi Mizutani
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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Yamanishi K, Miyazawa M, Yairi T, Sakai S, Nishina N, Kobori Y, Kondo M, Uchida F. Conversion of cobalt(II) porphyrin into a helical cobalt(III) complex of acyclic pentapyrrole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6583-6. [PMID: 21648042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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19
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Yamanishi K, Miyazawa M, Yairi T, Sakai S, Nishina N, Kobori Y, Kondo M, Uchida F. Conversion of Cobalt(II) Porphyrin into a Helical Cobalt(III) Complex of Acyclic Pentapyrrole. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Setsune JI, Kawama M, Nishinaka T. Helical binuclear CoII complexes of pyriporphyrin analogue for sensing homochiral carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Yagi S, Matsunaga T, Hamakubo K, Nakazumi H. Novel freebase and zinc bilinone dimers with optically active peripheral groups. Synthesis and application to chiral nematic induction in a nematic mesophase. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-009-0078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Vibrational and electronic circular dichroism study of bile pigments: Complexes of bilirubin and biliverdin with metals. Anal Biochem 2009; 392:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Shimizu T, Asano N, Mizutani T, Chang HC, Kitagawa S. Allosteric binding of amino alcohols and diamines by dimeric zinc biladienone. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Setsune JI, Tsukajima A, Okazaki N, Lintuluoto J, Lintuluoto M. Enantioselective Induction of Helical Chirality in Cyclooctapyrroles by Metal-Complex Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:771-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Setsune JI, Tsukajima A, Okazaki N, Lintuluoto J, Lintuluoto M. Enantioselective Induction of Helical Chirality in Cyclooctapyrroles by Metal-Complex Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Yagi S, Hamakubo K, Ikawa S, Nakazumi H, Mizutani T. Homohelicity-enriched zinc bilinone dimers with chiral aliphatic spacers. Synthesis and application to chiral induction of a nematic liquid crystal. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Asano N, Uemura S, Kinugawa T, Akasaka H, Mizutani T. Synthesis of biladienone and bilatrienone by coupled oxidation of tetraarylporphyrins. J Org Chem 2007; 72:5320-6. [PMID: 17559279 DOI: 10.1021/jo070692a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Tetraarylbiladien-ab-ones bearing various substituents (R) in the para position of the phenyl groups were preprared by coupled oxidation of tetraarylporphyrin iron complexes. The yields of 5,10,15-triaryl-19-aroyl-15-hydroxybiladien-ab-ones were 74% (R=H), 85% (R=OMe), 44% (R=COOMe), and 28% (R=CN). Kinetic studies of the iron porphyrin oxidation revealed that the reaction is accelerated by an electron-withdrawing substituent with the Hammett reaction constant rho=0.295. 5,10,15-Triaryl-19-aroyl-15-hydroxybiladien-ab-ones undergo the acid-catalyzed elimination reaction either by acetic acid or by mesoporous silica to afford 5,10,15-triaryl-19-aroylbilatrien-abc-one. The elimination reaction in acetic acid is accelerated by an electron-donating substituent with the Hammett reaction constant rho=-1.48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Asano
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Tatara-Miyakotani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0321, Japan
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28
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Wood TE, Thompson A. Advances in the chemistry of dipyrrins and their complexes. Chem Rev 2007; 107:1831-61. [PMID: 17430001 DOI: 10.1021/cr050052c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 501] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tabitha E Wood
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
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29
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Bröring M, Link S, Brandt CD, Tejero EC. Helical Transition-Metal Complexes of Constrained 2,2′-Bidipyrrins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200600986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Boiadjiev SE, Lightner DA. DIPYRRINONES-CONSTITUENTS OF THE PIGMENTS OF LIFE. A REVIEW. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00304940609355999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Hamakubo K, Yagi S, Nakazumi H, Mizutani T, Kitagawa S. Homohelicity induction of propylene-linked zinc bilinone dimers by complexation with chiral amine and α-amino esters. Preorganization of structurally coupled homohelical subunits. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Hamakubo K, Yagi S, Nakazumi H, Mizutani T, Kitagawa S. Synchronous helicity control in zinc bilinone trimer. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Yamauchi T, Mizutani T, Wada K, Horii S, Furukawa H, Masaoka S, Chang HC, Kitagawa S. A facile and versatile preparation of bilindiones and biladienones from tetraarylporphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:1309-11. [PMID: 15742061 DOI: 10.1039/b414299c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bilindiones and biladienones carrying aryl groups at the meso positions were prepared using coupled oxidation reactions of iron tetraarylporphyrins in 20-63% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takae Yamauchi
- Departmetn of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
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34
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Takagi H, Mizutani T, Horiguchi T, Kitagawa S, Ogoshi H. Efficient axial chirality induction in biphenyldiol triggered by proton-transferred hydrogen bonding with chiral amine. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:2091-4. [PMID: 15917894 DOI: 10.1039/b419363f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Axial chirality was induced in biphenyldiol upon binding chiral amines with the efficiency of chiral induction much improved at low temperature. At low temperatures, two molecules of amine were bound to biphenyldiol. The value of the dissymmetric g-factor increased as proton-transferred hydrogen bonds formed between biphenyldiol and amine. These results indicate that proton-transferred hydrogen bonding plays an important role in constructing a highly ordered chiral assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Takagi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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35
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Convergent Synthesis of Macrocycles Composed of 5-Amino-2H-1,2,4-thiadiazolin-3-one or 5-Amino-2H-1,2,4-thiadiazoline-3-thione and 1,3-Benzenedimethanethiol. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2004. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2004.25.10.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Borovkov VV, Lintuluoto JM, Sugeta H, Fujiki M, Arakawa R, Inoue Y. Supramolecular chirogenesis in zinc porphyrins: equilibria, binding properties, and thermodynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:2993-3006. [PMID: 11902891 DOI: 10.1021/ja0172520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Complexation mechanism, binding properties and thermodynamic parameters of supramolecular chirality induction in the achiral host molecule, syn (face-to-face conformation) ethane-bridged bis(zinc porphyrin), upon interaction with chiral monoamine and monoalcohol guests have been studied by means of the UV-vis, CD, (1)H NMR, and ESI MS techniques. It was found that the chirogenesis process includes three major equilibria steps: the first guest ligation to a zinc porphyrin subunit of the host (K(1)), syn to anti conformational switching (K(S)), and further ligation by a second guest molecule to the remaining ligand-free zinc porphyrin subunit (K(2)), thus forming the final bis-ligated species possessing supramolecular chirality. The validity of this equilibria model is confirmed by the excellent match between the calculated and experimentally observed spectral parameters of the bis-ligated species. The second ligation proceeds in a cooperative manner as K(2) > K(1) for all supramolecular systems studied, regardless of the structure of the chiral ligand used. The binding properties are highly dependent on the nature of the functional group (amines are stronger binders than alcohols) and on the structure of the chiral guests (primary and aliphatic amines have overall binding constant values greater than those of secondary and aromatic amines, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor V Borovkov
- Inoue Photochirogenesis Project, ERATO, JST, 4-6-3 Kamishinden, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 560-0085, Japan.
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science & Engineering, The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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38
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Yagi S, Morinaga T, Nomura T, Takagishi T, Mizutani T, Kitagawa S, Ogoshi H. Solvent Effect on Helicity Induction of Zinc Bilinone Bearing a Chiral Auxiliary at the Helix Terminal. J Org Chem 2001; 66:3848-53. [PMID: 11375006 DOI: 10.1021/jo001770w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solvent effects on helicity induction in zinc bilinone (ZnBL) derivatives bearing chiral auxiliaries at their 19-positions were investigated by using circular dichroic spectroscopy and (1)H NMR experiments. In ZnBLs 1 and 2, which possess (R)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyloxy and (R)-1-phenylethyloxy groups at their 19-positions, respectively, the efficiency of helicity induction was significantly affected by employed solvents (78-95% de in 1 and 33-89% de in 2). The free energy changes of the P-M interconversion of 1 and 2 were linearly in proportion to reduction in polarizability of solvents: lower polarizability of solvents led to better efficiency of helicity induction in 1 and 2. With the support of the (1)H NMR study in addition to the molecular modeling previously reported, it was indicated that the solvophobic van der Waals interaction between the alkyl group in the chiral auxiliary and the A-ring of the bilinone skeleton in the preferred conformer plays a crucial role in determining the efficiency of helicity induction in 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yagi
- Department of Applied Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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39
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Borovkov VV, Lintuluoto JM, Inoue Y. Supramolecular chirogenesis in zinc porphyrins: mechanism, role of guest structure, and application for the absolute configuration determination. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:2979-89. [PMID: 11457008 DOI: 10.1021/ja0032982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The achiral syn folded (face-to-face conformation) host molecule of the ethane-bridged bis(zinc porphyrin) transforms into the corresponding chiral extended anti bis-ligated species in the presence of enantiopure amine guests. The mechanism of the supramolecular chirogenesis is based upon the screw formation in bis(zinc porphyrin), arising from steric interactions between the largest substituent at the ligand's asymmetric carbon and peripheral alkyl groups of the neighboring porphyrin ring pointing toward the covalent bridge. The screw direction is determined by the guest's (amines) absolute configuration resulting in a positive chirality induced by (S)-enantiomers due to formation of the right-handed screw, and a negative chirality produced by the left-handed screw of (R)-enantiomers. The screw magnitude is strongly dependent upon the structure of the chiral guests. The amines with bulkier substituents result in stronger CD signals and larger (1)H NMR resonance splittings of enantiotopic protons. This system possesses a high degree of chiroptical activity, which allows the differentiation of one of the smallest homologous elements of organic chemistry, that is, the methyl and ethyl groups attached to the asymmetric carbon, and additionally, which senses a remote chiral center at a position beta to the amine binding group.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Borovkov
- Inoue Photochirogenesis Project, ERATO, JST, 4-6-3 Kamishinden, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 560-0085, Japan
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40
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Borovkov VV, Lintuluoto JM, Inoue Y. Elucidation of the Mechanism of Supramolecular Chirality Inversion in Bis(zinc porphyrin) by Dynamic Approach Using CD and 1H NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp001722f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor V. Borovkov
- Inoue Photochirogenesis Project, ERATO, JST, 4-6-3 Kamishinden, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 560-0085, Japan
| | - Juha M. Lintuluoto
- Inoue Photochirogenesis Project, ERATO, JST, 4-6-3 Kamishinden, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 560-0085, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Inoue
- Inoue Photochirogenesis Project, ERATO, JST, 4-6-3 Kamishinden, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 560-0085, Japan
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41
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Yagi S, Sadachi H, Kashiwagi Y, Takagishi T, Mizutani T, Kitagawa S, Ogoshi H. Chiral Recognition of α-Amino Esters on the Chiral Helical Surface of Zinc Bilinone. CHEM LETT 2000. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2000.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Mizutani T, Sakai N, Yagi S, Takagishi T, Kitagawa S, Ogoshi H. Allosteric Chirality Amplification in Zinc Bilinone Dimer. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993121b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Mizutani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan Department of Applied Materials Science College of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan Fukui National College of Technology Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Noriaki Sakai
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan Department of Applied Materials Science College of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan Fukui National College of Technology Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan Department of Applied Materials Science College of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan Fukui National College of Technology Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Toru Takagishi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan Department of Applied Materials Science College of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan Fukui National College of Technology Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan Department of Applied Materials Science College of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan Fukui National College of Technology Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Hisanobu Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan Department of Applied Materials Science College of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan Fukui National College of Technology Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
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43
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Abstract
Studies of molecular recognition using designed and synthesised molecules provide valuable information on the principle and possible applications of artificial functional molecules. Porphyrin-based receptors have been used to elucidate haem-protein interactions and the basic mechanism of multi-point recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ogoshi
- Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, 916-0064, Japan.
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44
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Johnson JA, Olmstead MM, Balch AL. Reactivity of the Verdoheme Analogues. Opening of the Planar Macrocycle by Amide and Thiolate Nucleophiles To Form Helical Complexes. Inorg Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ic9904283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | | | - Alan L. Balch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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45
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Mizutani T, Yagi S, Morinaga T, Nomura T, Takagishi T, Kitagawa S, Ogoshi H. Helical Chirality Induction by Point Chirality at Helix Terminal. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9830849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Mizutani
- Contribution from the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan, Department of Applied Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan, and Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yagi
- Contribution from the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan, Department of Applied Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan, and Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Tomoko Morinaga
- Contribution from the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan, Department of Applied Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan, and Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Nomura
- Contribution from the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan, Department of Applied Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan, and Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Toru Takagishi
- Contribution from the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan, Department of Applied Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan, and Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Contribution from the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan, Department of Applied Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan, and Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
| | - Hisanobu Ogoshi
- Contribution from the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan, Department of Applied Materials Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531 Japan, and Fukui National College of Technology, Geshi, Sabae, Fukui 916-0064 Japan
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