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Wang P, Devalankar DA, Dai Q, Zhang P, Michalek SM. Synthesis and Evaluation of QS-21-Based Immunoadjuvants with a Terminal-Functionalized Side Chain Incorporated in the West Wing Trisaccharide. J Org Chem 2016; 81:9560-9566. [PMID: 27709937 PMCID: PMC6488304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three QS-21-based vaccine adjuvant candidates with a terminal-functionalized side chain incorporated in the west wing trisaccharide have been synthesized. The terminal polar functional group serves to increase the solubility of these analogues in water. Two of the synthetic analogues have been shown to have adjuvant activity comparable to that of GPI-0100. The stand-alone adjuvant activity of the new synthetic analogues again confirmed that it is a feasible way to develop new saponin-based vaccine adjuvants through derivatizing at the west wing branched trisaccharide domain. Inclusion of an additional polar functional group such as a carboxyl group (as in 3x) or a monosaccharide (as in 4x and 5x) is sufficient to increase the water solubility of the corresponding synthetic analogues to a level comparable to that of GPI-0100 and suitable for immunological studies and clinical application. The structure of the incorporated side chain has a significant impact on the adjuvant activity in terms of the magnitude and nature of the host's responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Dattatray A. Devalankar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Qipu Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Suzanne M Michalek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
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2
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Nie S, Chen X, Ma Y, Li W, Yu B. An unexpected rearrangement of pent-4-enofuranosides to cyclopentanones upon hydrogenolysis of the anomeric benzyl group. Carbohydr Res 2016; 432:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
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The cell surface (or cell wall) of bacteria is coated with carbohydrate
(or glycan) structures that play a number of important roles. These
include providing structural integrity, serving as a permeability
barrier to extracellular compounds (e.g., drugs) and modulating the
immune system of the host. Of interest to this Account is the cell
wall structure of mycobacteria. There are a host of different mycobacterial
species, some of which cause human disease. The most well-known is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis.
The mycobacterial cell wall is characterized by the presence of unusual
carbohydrate structures that fulfill the roles described above. However,
in many cases, a molecular-level understanding of how mycobacterial
cell wall glycans mediate these processes is lacking. Inspired
by a seminar he heard as a postdoctoral fellow, the author
began his independent research program with a focus on the chemical
synthesis of mycobacterial glycans. The goals were not only to develop
synthetic approaches to these unique structures but also to provide
molecules that could be used to probe their biological function. Initial
work addressed the preparation of fragments of two key polysaccharides,
arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan, which contain large numbers
of sugar residues in the furanose (five-membered) ring form. At the
time these investigations began, there were few methods reported for
the synthesis of oligosaccharides containing furanose rings. Thus,
early in the program, a major area of interest was methodology development,
particularly for the preparation of 1,2-cis-furanosides.
To solve this challenge, a range of conformationally restricted donors
have been developed, both in the author’s group and others,
which provide 1,2-cis-furanosidic linkages with high
stereoselectivity. These investigations were followed by application
of the developed
methods to the synthesis of a range of target molecules containing
arabinofuranose and galactofuranose residues. These molecules have
now found application in biochemical, immunological, and structural
biology investigations, which have shed light on their biosynthesis
and how these motifs are recognized by both the innate and adaptive
immune systems. More recently, attention has been directed toward
the synthesis
of another class of immunologically active mycobacterial cell wall
glycans, the extractable glycolipids. In this case, efforts have been
primarily on phenolic glycolipids, and the compounds synthesized have
been used to evaluate their ability to modulate cytokine release.
Over the past 20 years, the use of chemical synthesis to provide increasingly
complex glycan structures has provided significant benefit to the
burgeoning field of mycobacterial glycobiology. Through the efforts
of groups from around the globe, access to these compounds is now
possible via relatively straightforward methods. As the pool of mycobacterial
glycans continues to grow, so too will our understanding of their
role in disease, which will undoubtedly lead to new strategies to
prevent or treat mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre
and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Gunning−Lemieux
Chemistry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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4
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Garcia A, Sanzone JR, Woerpel KA. Participation of alkoxy groups in reactions of acetals: violation of the reactivity/selectivity principle in a Curtin-Hammett kinetic scenario. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12087-90. [PMID: 26290402 PMCID: PMC4702254 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophilic substitution reactions of acetals having benzyloxy groups four carbon atoms away can be highly diastereoselective. The selectivity in several cases increased as the reactivity of the nucleophile increased, in violation of the reactivity/selectivity principle. The increase in selectivity with reactivity suggests that multiple conformational isomers of reactive intermediates can give rise to the products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angie Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 (USA)
| | - Jillian R Sanzone
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 (USA)
| | - K A Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003 (USA).
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Garcia A, Sanzone JR, Woerpel KA. Participation of Alkoxy Groups in Reactions of Acetals: Violation of the Reactivity/Selectivity Principle in a Curtin-Hammett Kinetic Scenario. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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6
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Kandasamy J, Hurevich M, Seeberger PH. Automated solid phase synthesis of oligoarabinofuranosides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4453-5. [PMID: 23370381 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc00042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Automated solid phase synthesis enables rapid access to the linear and branched arabinofuranoside oligosaccharides. A simple purification step is sufficient to provide the conjugation ready oligosaccharides in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyakumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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7
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Concise synthesis of an arabinofuranose hexasaccharide present in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Barbier J, Gerth K, Jansen R, Kirschning A. Total synthesis of noricumazole B establishes d-arabinose as glycan unit. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:8298-307. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26256h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Kibalchenko M, Lee D, Shao L, Payne MC, Titman JJ, Yates JR. Distinguishing hydrogen bonding networks in α-d-galactose using NMR experiments and first principles calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2010.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Pathak AK, Pathak V, Suling WJ, Riordan JR, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Reynolds RC. Synthesis of deoxygenated alpha(1-->5)-linked arabinofuranose disaccharides as substrates and inhibitors of arabinosyltransferases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:872-81. [PMID: 19056279 PMCID: PMC2707774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Arabinosyltransferases (AraTs) play a critical role in mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis and are potential drug targets for the treatment of tuberculosis, especially multi-drug resistant forms of M. tuberculosis (MTB). Herein, we report the synthesis and acceptor/inhibitory activity of Araf alpha(1-->5) Araf disaccharides possessing deoxygenation at the reducing sugar of the disaccharide. Deoxygenation at either the C-2 or C-3 position of Araf was achieved via a free radical procedure using xanthate derivatives of the hydroxyl group. The alpha(1-->5)-linked disaccharides were produced by coupling n-octyl alpha-Araf 2-/3-deoxy, 2-fluoro glycosyl acceptors with an Araf thioglycosyl donor. The target disaccharides were tested in a cell free mycobacterial AraTs assay as well as an in vitro assay against MTB H(37)Ra and M. avium complex strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Vibha Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - William J. Suling
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - James R. Riordan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Sudagar S. Gurcha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Robert C. Reynolds
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
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12
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Hou D, Lowary TL. Stereoselective Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-furanosides from 2,3-Anhydro-furanosyl Thioglycosides. Org Lett 2007; 9:4487-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ol7019108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianjie Hou
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Ingenuity Centre for Carbohydrate Science and Department of Chemistry, Gunning-Lemieux Chemistry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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13
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Pathak AK, Pathak V, Seitz L, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Riordan JM, Reynolds RC. Disaccharide analogs as probes for glycosyltransferases in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5629-50. [PMID: 17544276 PMCID: PMC2699567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) play a crucial role in mycobacterial cell wall biosynthesis and are necessary for the survival of mycobacteria. Hence, these enzymes are potential new drug targets for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), especially multiple drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Herein, we report the efficient syntheses of Araf(alpha 1-->5)Araf, Galf(beta 1-->5)Galf, and Galf(beta 1-->6)Galf disaccharides possessing a 5-N,N-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamidoethyl (dansyl) unit that were prepared as fluorescent disaccharide acceptors for arabinosyl- and galactosyl-transferases, respectively. Such analogs may offer advantages relative to radiolabeled acceptors or donors for studying the enzymes and for assay development and compound screening. Additionally, analogs possessing a 5-azidonaphthalene-1-sulfonamidoethyl unit were prepared as photoaffinity probes for their potential utility in studying active site labeling of the GTs (arabinosyl and galactosyl) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Beyond their preparation, initial biological testing and kinetic analysis of these disaccharides as acceptors toward glycosyltransferases are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K. Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Vibha Pathak
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Lainne Seitz
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Sudagar S. Gurcha
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - James M. Riordan
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
| | - Robert C. Reynolds
- Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research Institute, P.O. Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
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14
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Crich D, Pedersen CM, Bowers AA, Wink DJ. On the use of 3,5-O-benzylidene and 3,5-O-(di-tert-butylsilylene)-2-O-benzylarabinothiofuranosides and their sulfoxides as glycosyl donors for the synthesis of beta-arabinofuranosides: importance of the activation method. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1553-65. [PMID: 17286432 PMCID: PMC2617737 DOI: 10.1021/jo061440x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 2-O-benzyl-3,5-O-benzylidene-alpha-d-thioarabinofuranoside was obtained by reaction of the corresponding diol with alpha,alpha-dibromotoluene under basic conditions. On activation with 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine, or diphenyl sulfoxide, and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in dichloromethane at -55 degrees C, reaction with glycosyl acceptors affords anomeric mixtures with little or no selectivity. The analogous 2-O-benzyl-3,5-O-(di-tert-butylsilylene)-alpha-d-thioarabinofuranoside also showed no significant selectivity under the 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine or diphenyl sulfoxide conditions. With N-iodosuccinimide and silver trifluoromethanesulfonate the silylene acetal showed moderate to high beta-selectivity, independent of the configuration of the starting thioglycoside. High beta-selectivity was also obtained with a 2-O-benzyl-3,5-O-(di-tert-butylsilylene)-alpha-arabinofuranosyl sulfoxide donor on activation with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. The high beta-selectivities obtained by the N-iodosuccinimide/silver trifluoromethanesulfonate and sulfoxide methods are consistent with a common intermediate, most likely to be the oxacarbenium ion. The poor selectivity observed on activation of the thioglycosides with the 1-benzenesulfinyl piperidine, or diphenyl sulfoxide, and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride methods appears to be the result of the formation of a complex mixture of glycosyl donors, as determined by low-temperature NMR work.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA.
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15
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16
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Khasnobis S, Zhang J, Angala SK, Amin AG, McNeil MR, Crick DC, Chatterjee D. Characterization of a Specific Arabinosyltransferase Activity Involved in Mycobacterial Arabinan Biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 13:787-95. [PMID: 16873027 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 05/08/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium smegmatis strains that contain inactivated EmbA or EmbB proteins are unable to synthesize terminal Arabeta1-->2Araalpha1-->5(Arabeta1-->2Araalpha1-->3)Araalpha1-->5Araalpha1-->(Ara(6)) motif in the cell wall polysaccharide arabinogalactan. Instead, the mutants contain a linear Arabeta1-->2Araalpha1-->5Araalpha1-->5Araalpha1-->(Ara(4)) motif, suggesting that these proteins are involved in the synthesis or transfer of the disaccharide Arabeta1-->2Araalpha1--> to an internal 5-linked Ara. Therefore, we synthesized a linear Arabeta1-->2Araalpha1-->5Araalpha1-->5Araalpha1-->5Araalpha1--> with an octyl aglycon as an arabinosyl acceptor in cell-free assays. A facile assay was developed using the chemically synthesized glycan, membrane, and particulate cell wall as the enzyme source, and 5-phosphoribose diphosphate pR[(14)C]pp as the arabinose donor. The results unequivocally show that two arabinofuranosyl residues were added at the tertiary -->5Araalpha1--> of the synthetic glycan. This activity was undetectable in strains of M. smegmatis where embB or embA had been genetically disrupted. Normal activity could be restored only in the presence of both EmbA and EmbB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Khasnobis
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523, USA
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17
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Gandolfi-Donadío L, Gallo-Rodriguez C, de Lederkremer RM. Facile synthesis of α-D-Araf-(1→5)-D-Galf, the linker unit of the arabinan to the galactan in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CAN J CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1139/v06-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The arabinogalactan is a crucial constituent of the cell wall of mycobacteria. Both monosaccharides (arabinose and galactose) are found in the furanose configuration, absent in mammals. An efficient synthesis of α-D-Araf-(1→5)-D-Galf, the linker unit of the arabinan to the galactan, is described. The strategy relies on the use of a conveniently substituted D-galactono-1,4-lactone as a precursor of the reducing furanose ring. The glycosylation step was performed by the tin(IV) chloride promoted method using 1,2,3,5-tetra-O-benzoyl-α,β-D-arabinofuranose. The arabinose donor was obtained in a crystalline state in one step by benzoylation of arabinose in hot pyridine. Selective glycosylation of the exocyclic OH-5 was obtained in 75% yield to give 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-arabinofuranosyl-(1→5)-2,6-di-O-pivaloyl-D-galactono-1,4-lactone. Reduction with disiamylborane gave the disaccharide synthon, useful for further glycosylations. Dec-9-enyl α-D-Araf-(1→5)-β-D-Galf, a convenient substrate for arabinofuranosyl transferases studies, was obtained by the trichloroacetimidate method of glycosylation.Key words: arabinofuranose, galactofuranose, Mycobacterium arabinogalactan, trichloroacetimidate, tin(IV) chloride.
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Babu BS, Balasubramanian KK. Stereoselective synthesis of a ketohexofuranose from an aldohexopyranose by a [6+1−1] strategy. Carbohydr Res 2005; 340:753-8. [PMID: 15721349 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2004] [Revised: 12/28/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ozonolysis of 2-acetoxymethyl-1,5-anhydro-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-2-deoxy-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol gave 1-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-4-O-formyl-D-arabino-hex-2-ulose (5). Subsequent hydrolysis and acetylation of 5 provided 1,2-di-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-D-fructofuranose 6 in excellent yield. This methodology allows specific deuteration at C-1 of a protected D-fructofuranose derivative. This approach therefore could serve as [6+1-1] formulation for hexose series inter-conversion, that is, aldohexopyranose to ketohexofuranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boga Sobhana Babu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600 036, India
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Buffet MAJ, Rich JR, McGavin RS, Reimer KB. Synthesis of a disaccharide fragment of rhamnogalacturonan II. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2507-13. [PMID: 15476711 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2004] [Revised: 08/13/2004] [Accepted: 08/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A disaccharide portion of the A-side chain of the rhamnogalacturonan II oligosaccharide has been prepared. Glycosylation of methyl (methyl 3,4-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-galactopyranosid)uronate with p-tolyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl-3-C-(benzyloxymethyl)-1-thio-alpha/beta-D-erythrofuranoside was carried out using N-iodosuccinimide as promoter and silver trifluoromethanesulfonate as catalyst. Removal of the protecting groups gave the beta-d-Apif-(1-->2)-alpha-D-GalpA-OMe disaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali A J Buffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, 3333 University Way, Prince George, British Columbia, Canada V2N 4Z9
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Ring contraction of glycopyranosyl enamines: an easy route to furanoid thioglycosides of 5-aminosugars. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Cociorva OM, Lowary TL. 2,3-Anhydrosugars in glycoside bond synthesis. Application to the preparation of C-2 functionalized α-d-arabinofuranosides. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gadikota RR, Callam CS, Wagner T, Del Fraino B, Lowary TL. 2,3-Anhydro sugars in glycoside bond synthesis. Highly stereoselective syntheses of oligosaccharides containing alpha- and beta-arabinofuranosyl linkages. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4155-65. [PMID: 12670238 DOI: 10.1021/ja029302m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ever-increasing discovery of biologically important events mediated by carbohydrates has generated great interest in the synthesis of oligosaccharides and the development of new methods for glycosidic bond formation. In this paper, we report that 2,3-anhydrofuranose thioglycosides (1, 5) and glycosyl sulfoxides (2, 6), in which the hydroxyl groups C-2 and C-3 are "protected" as an epoxide, glycosylate alcohols with an exceptionally high degree of stereocontrol. The predominant or exclusive product of reactions with this fundamentally new class of glycosylating agent is that in which the newly formed glycosidic bond is cis to the epoxide moiety. We further demonstrate that subsequent nucleophilic opening of the epoxide moiety proceeds under basic conditions to give products in high yield and with good to excellent regioselectivity. The major ring-opened products possess the arabino stereochemistry, and thus this methodology constitutes a new approach for the synthesis of arabinofuranosides. In the epoxide opening reactions of glycosides with the 2,3-anhydro-beta-D-lyxo stereochemistry (e.g., 73), the addition of (-)-sparteine (78) to the reaction mixture dramatically enhanced the regioselectivity in favor of the arabino product. This represents the first example of the use of 78 to influence the regioselectivity of an epoxide ring opening reaction with a non-carbon nucleophile. We have demonstrated the utility of this methodology through the efficient synthesis of an arabinofuranosyl hexasaccharide, 7, which is a key structural motif in two mycobacterial cell wall polysaccharides.
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Pathak AK, Pathak V, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Reynolds RC. Synthesis of an arabinofuranosyl disaccharide photoaffinity probe for arabinosyltransferase activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2749-52. [PMID: 12217368 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
(5-Azidonaphthalene-1-sulfonamidoethyl)-5-O-(alpha-arabinofuranosyl)-alpha-D-arabinofuranoside 1 was synthesized as a photoaffinity probe for the determination of arabinosyl transferase activity and for the identification of binding and functional sites in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Pathak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
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Pathak AK, Pathak V, Maddry JA, Suling WJ, Gurcha SS, Besra GS, Reynolds RC. Studies on alpha(1-->5) linked octyl arabinofuranosyl disaccharides for mycobacterial arabinosyl transferase activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3145-51. [PMID: 11711289 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The appearance multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) throughout the world has prompted a search for new, safer and more active agents against tuberculosis. Based on studies of the biosynthesis of mycobacterial cell wall polysaccharides, octyl 5-O-(alpha-D-arabinofuranosyl)-alpha-D-arabinofuranoside analogues were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors for M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium. A cell free assay system has been used for the evaluation of these disaccharides as substrates for mycobacterial arabinosyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Pathak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Southern Research Institute, PO Box 55305, Birmingham, AL 35255, USA
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26
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Synthesis of d-arabinofuranosides using propane-1,3-diyl phosphate as the anomeric leaving group. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01327-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Yin H, Lowary TL. Synthesis of arabinofuranosides via low-temperature activation of thioglycosides. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Gadikota RR, Callam CS, Lowary TL. Stereocontrolled synthesis of 2,3-anhydro-beta-d-lyxofuranosyl glycosides. Org Lett 2001; 3:607-10. [PMID: 11178837 DOI: 10.1021/ol007008y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The stereocontrolled synthesis of 2,3-anhydro-beta-D-lyxofuranosyl glycosides from thioglycoside 2 and glycosyl sulfoxide 3 is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Gadikota
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus 43210, USA
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30
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Pathak AK, Pathak V, Bansal N, Maddry JA, Reynolds RC. Synthesis of a fluorescent arabinofuranosyl disaccharide: a probe for arabinosyltransferase activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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31
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Probing furanose ring conformation by gas-phase computational methods: energy profile and structural parameters in methyl beta-D-arabinofuranoside as a function of ring conformation. J Org Chem 2000; 65:4954-63. [PMID: 10956478 DOI: 10.1021/jo000426w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The potential energy surface of methyl beta-D-arabinofuranoside (3) has been studied by ab initio molecular orbital (HF/6-31G) and density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G) calculations via minimization of the 10 possible envelope conformers. The partial potential energy surface identified that the global minimum and lowest energy northern conformer was E(2). In the HF calculations, (2)E was the most stable southern conformer, while the density functional theory methods identified (4)E as the local minimum in this hemisphere. Additional calculations at higher levels of theory showed that the B3LYP-derived energies of many of the envelope conformers of 3 are dependent upon the basis set used. It has also been demonstrated that B3LYP/6-31+G//B3LYP/6-31G single point energies are essentially the same as those obtained from full geometry optimizations at the B3LYP/6-31+G level. The northern and southern minima of the B3LYP/6-31+G surface are, respectively, the E(2) and (2)E conformers. The B3LYP/6-31G geometries were used to study the relationship between ring conformation and various structural parameters including bond angles, dihedral angles, bond lengths, and interatomic distances.
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32
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D'Souza FW, Lowary TL. The first total synthesis of a highly branched arabinofuranosyl hexasaccharide found at the nonreducing termini of mycobacterial arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan. Org Lett 2000; 2:1493-5. [PMID: 10814481 DOI: 10.1021/ol005907g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction--see text] The first total synthesis of the arabinofuranosyl hexasaccharide present at the nonreducing termini of mycobacterial arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannan is reported. The oligosaccharide was prepared as its methyl glycoside via a route that is both highly efficient and convergent. Addition of two beta-D-arabinofuranosyl residues simultaneously in high yield and with excellent stereocontrol was the key step of the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F W D'Souza
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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D'Souza FW, Ayers JD, McCarren PR, Lowary TL. Arabinofuranosyl Oligosaccharides from Mycobacteria: Synthesis and Effect of Glycosylation on Ring Conformation and Hydroxymethyl Group Rotamer Populations. J Am Chem Soc 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/ja993543l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis W. D'Souza
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Joseph D. Ayers
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Patrick R. McCarren
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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