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Piersanti G, Bartoccini F. Synthesis and Reactivity of Uhle’s Ketone and Its Derivatives. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1340-3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUhle’s ketone and its derivatives are highly versatile intermediates for the synthesis of a variety of 3,4-fused tricyclic indole frameworks, i.e. indole alkaloids of the ergot family, that are found in various bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the development of a convenient preparative method for this structural motif as well as its opportune/useful derivatization have been the subject of longstanding interest in the fields of synthetic organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. Herein, we summarize recent and less recent methods for the preparation of Uhle’s ketone and its derivatives as well as its main reactivity towards the synthesis of bioactive substances. Regarding the preparation, it can be roughly classified into two categories: (a) using 4-unfunctionalized and 4-functionalized indole derivatives as starting materials to construct a fused six-member ring, and (b) constructing the indole ring through intramolecular cycloaddition. Principally, the reactivity of the cyclic Uhle’s ketone shown here is derived from the classical electrophilicity of the carbonyl carbon or the acidity of the α-hydrogen and, though less intensively investigated, chemical reactions that induce ring expansion to form novel ring skeletons.1 Introduction2 Synthesis2.1 Disconnection A: Cyclization Reaction of the Opportune 3,4-Disubstituted Indole2.2 Disconnection B: Intramolecular Friedel–Crafts Cyclization2.3 Disconnection B: Intramolecular Cyclization via Metal–Halogen Exchange2.4 Disconnection C: Intramolecular Diels–Alder Furan Cycloaddition2.5 Disconnection D: Intramolecular Dearomatizing [3 + 2] Annulation3 Reactivity3.1 Use of Uhle’s Ketone for Lysergic Acid3.2 Use of Uhle’s Ketone for Rearranged Clavines3.3 Use of Uhle’s Ketone for Medicinal Chemistry4 Conclusion and Outlook
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Bartoccini F, Regni A, Retini M, Piersanti G. Concise catalytic asymmetric synthesis of (R)-4-amino Uhle's ketone. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2932-2940. [PMID: 33885552 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00353d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A practical and asymmetric synthesis of (R)-4-amino-5-oxo-1,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenz[cd]indole, an enantiopure framework shared by most ergot alkaloids, was accomplished. Our method involves a Rh(i)-catalyzed 6-exo-trig intramolecular cyclization of an appropriate 4-pinacolboronic ester d-tryptophan aldehyde followed by the oxidation of the resulting secondary benzylic alcohol with a Cu(i)-ABNO catalyst and final deprotection under acidic conditions. This new procedure offers significant advantages over previous synthetic approaches, including brevity, mild reaction conditions, preservation of chiral integrity, and high overall yield and avoids the use of stoichiometric amounts of strongly basic and pyrophoric organometallic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, PU, Italy.
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3
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Baghery S, Zarei M, Zolfigol MA, Mallakpour S, Behranvand V. Application of trityl moieties in chemical processes: part I. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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General synthesis of unnatural 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-bromo-d-tryptophans by means of a regioselective indole alkylation. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.151923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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5
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Soley J, Taylor SD. Mild, Rapid, and Chemoselective Procedure for the Introduction of the 9-Phenyl-9-fluorenyl Protecting Group into Amines, Acids, Alcohols, Sulfonamides, Amides, and Thiols. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2068-2081. [PMID: 31873022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 9-phenyl-9-fluorenyl (PhF) group has been used as an Nα protecting group of amino acids and their derivatives mainly as a result of its ability to prevent racemization. However, installing this group using the standard protocol, which employs 9-bromo-9-phenylfluorene/K3PO4/Pb(NO3)2, often takes days and yields can be variable. Here, we demonstrate that the PhF group can be introduced into the amino group of Weinreb's amides and methyl esters of amino acids, as well as into alcohols and carboxylic acids, rapidly and in excellent yields, using 9-chloro-9-phenylfluorene (PhFCl)/N-methylmorpholine (NMM)/AgNO3. Nα-PhF-protected amino acids can be prepared from unprotected α-amino acids, rapidly and often in near quantitative yields, by treatment with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BSA) and then PhFCl/NMM/AgNO3. Primary alcohols can be protected with the PhF group in the presence of secondary alcohols in moderate yield. Using PhFCl/AgNO3, a primary alcohol can be protected in good yield in the presence of a primary ammonium salt or a carboxylic acid. Primary sulfonamides and amides can be protected in moderate to good yields using phenylfluorenyl alcohol (PhFOH)/BF3·OEt2/K3PO4, while thiols can be protected in good to excellent yield using PhFOH/BF3·OEt2 even in the presence of a carboxylic acid or primary ammonium group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Soley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Scott D Taylor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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Chen JQ, Mi Y, Shi ZF, Cao XP. Construction of the tetracyclic core of (±)-cycloclavine and 4-amino Uhle's ketone. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3801-3808. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03067c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Construction of the tetracyclic core of (±)-cycloclavine and 4-amino Uhle's ketone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Zi-Fa Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou
- P. R. China
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7
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Synthesis and stereochemical determination of an antiparasitic pseudo-aminal type monoterpene indole alkaloid. J Nat Med 2016; 70:302-17. [PMID: 27324906 PMCID: PMC4935745 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
5-Nor stemmadenine alkaloids, isolated from the genus Tabernaemontana, display a range of bioactivity. 16-Hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine, the active component of an extract from the Tabernaemontana sp. (dichotoma, elegans, and divaricate), exhibited potent antimalarial activity, representing the first such report of the antimalarial property of 5-nor stemmadenine alkaloids. We, therefore, decided to attempt the total synthesis of the compound to explore its antimalarial activity and investigate structure and bioactivity relationships. As a result, we completed the first total synthesis of 16-hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine, by combining a phosphine-mediated cascade reaction, diastereoselective nucleophilic addition of 2-acylindole or methylketone via a Felkin-Anh transition state, and chirality transferring intramolecular Michael addition. We also clarified the absolute stereochemistries of the compound. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of the synthetic compound, as well as that of some intermediates, all of which showed weak activity against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (K1 strain) malaria parasites.
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Kaluza NM, Schollmeyer D, Nubbemeyer U. Total Synthesis of (-)-C/D-cis-Dehydro-3-O-methyl-estradiols. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Zhang Z, Hu Q, Wang Y, Chen J, Zhang W. Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Cyclic α-Dehydroamino Ketones. Org Lett 2015; 17:5380-3. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800
Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Qiupeng Hu
- School of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800
Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800
Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- School of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800
Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and ‡School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800
Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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Fukushima T, Sugiura A, Furuta I, Iwasa S, Iizuka H, Ichiba H, Onozato M, Hikawa H, Yokoyama Y. Enantiomeric Separation of Monosubstituted Tryptophan Derivatives and Metabolites by HPLC with a Cinchona Alkaloid-Based Zwitterionic Chiral Stationary Phase and Its Application to the Evaluation of the Optical Purity of Synthesized 6-Chloro-l-Tryptophan. Int J Tryptophan Res 2015; 8:1-5. [PMID: 25624766 PMCID: PMC4287053 DOI: 10.4137/ijtr.s20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Chlorotryptophan possesses unique bioactivity and can be used as a precursor for several bioactive compounds in medicinal chemistry. It was enantioselectively synthesized by condensing 6-chloroindole with racemic N-acetylserine, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with l-aminoacylase (EC 3.5.1.14). The optical purity was examined by conducting high-performance liquid chromatography with a Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phase (CSP) [CHIRALPAK® ZWIX(+)], which bears a chiral trans-2-aminocyclohexanesulfonic acid moiety tagged at C-9 of the Cinchona alka-loid. The zwitterionic CSP enabled efficient enantiomeric separations of monosubstituted tryptophan derivatives 1-methyltryptophan, 5-methyltryptophan, 6-methyltryptophan, 5-methoxytryptophan, and 6-chlorotryptophan with a methanol/H2O (98/2) mobile phase containing formic acid (FA) and diethylamine (DEA) additives. The mobile phase contains 25–75 mM FA and 20–50 mM DEA, enabling good separation of the enantiomers of each tryptophan derivative (α > 1.25). Thus, the optical purity of the synthesized 6-chloro-l-tryptophan was easily determined (greater than 99.0%) using HPLC with the zwitterionic CSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Fukushima
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Anna Sugiura
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ippei Furuta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumiko Iwasa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Iizuka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideaki Ichiba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mayu Onozato
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Hikawa
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuusaku Yokoyama
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama, Funabashi-shi, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
A concise total synthesis of rugulovasine A is achieved by using Uhle's ketone derivative as the key intermediate, which was synthesized by intramolecular cyclization via metal-halogen exchange. Two different routes to construct a spirocyclic butyrolactone subunit involving a Ru-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation and a special Ru-catalyzed double bond rearrangement were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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Hirose T, Noguchi Y, Furuya Y, Ishiyama A, Iwatsuki M, Otoguro K, Ōmura S, Sunazuka T. Structure Determination and Total Synthesis of (+)-16-Hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine. Chemistry 2013; 19:10741-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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The first total synthesis and reassignment of the relative stereochemistry of 16-hydroxy-16,22-dihydroapparicine. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.01.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Kim Y, Han S. Synthesis of L‐6‐Chloropyrroloindoline of Chloptosin Cyclohexapeptide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2011. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-200026636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young‐Ah Kim
- a Department of Chemistry and Division of Molecular Life Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul, 120‐750, Korea
| | - So‐Yeop Han
- a Department of Chemistry and Division of Molecular Life Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul, 120‐750, Korea
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Karppanen EJ, Koskinen AMP. The 9-phenyl-9-fluorenyl group for nitrogen protection in enantiospecific synthesis. Molecules 2010; 15:6512-47. [PMID: 20877241 PMCID: PMC6257761 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15096512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in asymmetric synthesis is to prevent racemization of enantiopure starting materials. However, at least some of the enantiopurity is lost in most of the existing reactions used in synthetic organic chemistry. This translates into unnecessary material losses. Naturally enantiopure proteinogenic amino acids that can be transformed into many useful intermediates in drug syntheses, for example, are especially vulnerable to this. The phenylfluoren-9-yl (Pf) group, a relatively rarely used protecting group, has proven to be able to prevent racemization in α-amino compounds. This review article showcases the use of Pf-protected amino acid derivatives in enantiospecific synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari M. P. Koskinen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aalto University, School of Science and Technology, PO Box 16100, Kemistintie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland;
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Stoffman EJL, Clive DLJ. The coumarin→indole transformation—a method for preparing 4-halo-5-hydroxyindoles from coumarins. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4862-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b914580j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sui Y, Liu L, Wang D, Chen YJ. An Efficient Synthetic Method to Nonnatural α- and β-Tryptophan Analogues via Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Nitroacrylates. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sui Y, Liu L, Zhao JL, Wang D, Chen YJ. An efficient one-pot reaction of indoles, nitroacetate, and paraformaldehyde for the synthesis of tryptophan derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shchekotikhin AE, Dezhenkova LG, Susova OY, Glazunova VA, Luzikov YN, Sinkevich YB, Buyanov VN, Shtil AA, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Naphthoindole-based analogues of tryptophan and tryptamine: synthesis and cytotoxic properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:2651-9. [PMID: 17276690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of anthracycline based anticancer drugs is limited by pleiotropic drug resistance of tumor cells. Aiming at the design of anthracyclinone congeners capable of circumventing drug resistance, we synthesized naphthoindole containing derivatives of tryptophan and tryptamine. In doing so we adapted the traditional, gramine based approach for tryptophan and tryptamine synthesis. The most potent new compound, 3-(2-aminoethyl)-4,11-dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]indole-5,10-dione (16), was equally cytotoxic (IC(50) within low micromolar concentrations) for human K562 leukemia and HCT116 colon carcinoma cell lines and their isogenic sublines with genetically defined determinants of altered drug response, that is, the expression of the multidrug transporter P-glycoprotein and loss of pro-apoptotic p53. Each of these mechanisms conferred resistance to the reference drug adriamycin. In contrast, naphthotryptamine 16, although less potent than adriamycin, was equally toxic for wild type cell lines and drug resistant counterparts. Moreover, at 3-5 microM 16 inhibited topoisomerase I in vitro. Thus, our novel naphthoindole based derivative of tryptamine gained new activities important for anticancer therapy, namely, suppression of topoisomerase I and the ability to overcome resistance mediated by P-glycoprotein expression and p53 dysfunction.
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Bittner S, Scherzer R, Harlev E. The five bromotryptophans. Amino Acids 2006; 33:19-42. [PMID: 17031473 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The five regioisomeric bromotryptophans (BrTrps) play an important role in the life of sponges and lower marine invertebrates. These bromo-amino acids, which are formed by post-translational modifications, are not found in nature in their free state, but rather are involved in more complex structures. Any of the BrTrps can be part of a peptide, a cyclic peptide, an indole alkaloid, an ergot alkaloid, a macrocycle and others. The present review covers the synthesis, physical and spectroscopic properties of the five BrTrps. It also describes the many exiting pharmacological and biological activities played by the BrTrps and by various secondary metabolites containing brominated tryptophan moieties. Of special interest are cyclic peptides containing the 2-BrTrp unit, which were isolated from marine sponges e.g. konbamide, orbiculamide A, the various keramamides, jaspamide eusynstyelamide and more. Important families of non-cyclic peptides containing the 6-BrTrp, include the styelins, the conotoxins, the cathelicidins and several constrained macrocyclic peptides. Many marine secondary BrTrp-containing, non-peptidic metabolites also display a remarkable spectrum of bioactivities, which can be harnessed for therapeutic and other purposes. Examples are: barettin, bromotryptanthrin, tetraacetyl clionamide, cyclocinamide A, clavicipitic acid, various brominated beta-carbolines. In this review we have presented the various synthetic routes leading to the preparation of the five BrTrps and many of its derivatives. Also, we have introduced the reader to many synthetic routes leading to BrTrp-containing non-peptidic natural products. Although the functional role of the various compounds in the human body is only poorly understood, its effects were extensively studied. Almost all of these compounds exhibit important therapeutic properties e.g. antifungal, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, insecticidal ichthyotoxic and anticancer activity. In the present review attempts have been made to provide synopsis, synthesis and symbiosis of chemical and biological actions, which may provide future guidance and facilitate further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Teng X, Degterev A, Jagtap P, Xing X, Choi S, Denu R, Yuan J, Cuny GD. Structure-activity relationship study of novel necroptosis inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5039-44. [PMID: 16153840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a regulated caspase-independent cell death mechanism that results in morphological features resembling necrosis. It can be induced in a FADD-deficient variant of human Jurkat T cells treated with TNF-alpha. 5-(1H-Indol-3-ylmethyl)-2-thiohydantoins and 5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)hydantoins were found to be potent necroptosis inhibitors (called necrostatins). A SAR study revealed that several positions of the indole were intolerant of substitution, while small substituents at the 7-position resulted in increased inhibitory activity. The hydantoin ring was also quite sensitive to structural modifications. A representative member of this compound class demonstrated moderate pharmacokinetic characteristics and readily entered the central nervous system upon intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Teng
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery in Neurodegeneration, Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration and Repair, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted indoles via iterative directed lithiation of 1-(triisopropylsilyl)gramines. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Preparation of 3,4-enynoindoles via directed lithiation and application to the synthesis of 3,4-carbocycloindoles. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A convenient preparation of 4-iodoindoles from indoles: application to the chemical synthesis of hapalindole alkaloids. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)02194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Szántay C, Moldvai I, Temesvári-Major E, Gács-Baitz E, Egyed O, Gömöry Á, Nyulászi L. Chemistry of Indoles Carrying a Basic Function. Part IV. Synthesis of D-Nor- ergoline and Ergoline Ring by Stobbe Reaction. HETEROCYCLES 1999. [DOI: 10.3987/com-99-8584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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