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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Sichuan University West China Hospital Department of laboratory medicine CHINA
| | - Jing Ren
- Sichuan University West China Hospital Department of Radiology CHINA
| | - Kaizhi Li
- Sichuan University West China Hospital Department of laboratory medicine Biophamaceutical Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Ch 610041 Chengdu CHINA
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Chugunova E, Gazizov A, Islamov D, Burilov A, Tulesinova A, Kharlamov S, Syakaev V, Babaev V, Akylbekov N, Appazov N, Usachev K, Zhapparbergenov R. The Reactivity of Azidonitrobenzofuroxans towards 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds: Unexpected Formation of Amino Derivative via the Regitz Diazo Transfer and Tautomerism Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179646. [PMID: 34502553 PMCID: PMC8431794 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report on the reaction of nitro-substituted azidobenzofuroxans with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in basic media. The known reactions of benzofuroxans and azidofuroxans with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in the presence of bases are the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition and the Beirut reaction. In contrast with this, azidonitrobenzofuroxan reacts with 1,3-carbonyl compounds through Regitz diazo transfer, which is the first example of this type of reaction for furoxan derivatives. This difference is seemingly due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the superelectrophilic azidonitrobenzofuroxan, which serves as the azido transfer agent rather than 1,3-dipole in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chugunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (D.I.); (A.B.); (S.K.); (V.S.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (A.G.); (N.A.); Tel.: +7-843-272-7324 (E.C. & A.G.); +7-724-223-1041 (N.A.)
| | - Almir Gazizov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (D.I.); (A.B.); (S.K.); (V.S.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (A.G.); (N.A.); Tel.: +7-843-272-7324 (E.C. & A.G.); +7-724-223-1041 (N.A.)
| | - Daut Islamov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (D.I.); (A.B.); (S.K.); (V.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Alexander Burilov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (D.I.); (A.B.); (S.K.); (V.S.); (V.B.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alena Tulesinova
- Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, The Kazan National Research Technological University, 420015 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Sergey Kharlamov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (D.I.); (A.B.); (S.K.); (V.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Victor Syakaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (D.I.); (A.B.); (S.K.); (V.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Vasily Babaev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (D.I.); (A.B.); (S.K.); (V.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Nurgali Akylbekov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aitekebie Str. 29A, Kyzylorda 120014, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (R.Z.)
| | - Nurbol Appazov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aitekebie Str. 29A, Kyzylorda 120014, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (R.Z.)
- I. Zhakhaev Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Rice Growing, AbayAvenue 25B, Kyzylorda 120008, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (E.C.); (A.G.); (N.A.); Tel.: +7-843-272-7324 (E.C. & A.G.); +7-724-223-1041 (N.A.)
| | - Konstantin Usachev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Rakhmetulla Zhapparbergenov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aitekebie Str. 29A, Kyzylorda 120014, Kazakhstan; (N.A.); (R.Z.)
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Zlotin SG, Dalinger IL, Makhova NN, Tartakovsky VA. Nitro compounds as the core structures of promising energetic materials and versatile reagents for organic synthesis. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses some promising areas of chemistry of nitro compounds extensively developed in recent years in Russia (particularly at the N.D.Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences) and worldwide. The most important results in the synthesis of novel energetic N-, C- and O-nitro compounds are summarized. New environmentally friendly approaches to the preparation of known compounds of this series, used as components of energetic compositions, are considered. Methods for selective transformations of various nitro compounds to valuable products of organic synthesis, primarily biologically active products and their precursors, are systematically analyzed.
The bibliography includes 446 references.
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Jovené C, Marrot J, Jasmin JP, Chugunova E, Goumont R. A Synthetic Pathway to Substituted Benzofuroxans through the Intermediacy of Sulfonates: The Case Example of Fluoro-Nitrobenzofuroxans. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jovené
- Department of Chemistry; ILV; UMR 8180; University of Versailles; 45 avenue des Etats Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Jérome Marrot
- Department of Chemistry; ILV; UMR 8180; University of Versailles; 45 avenue des Etats Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Jean-Philippe Jasmin
- Department of Chemistry; ILV; UMR 8180; University of Versailles; 45 avenue des Etats Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
| | - Elena Chugunova
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry; Kazan Scientific Center; Russian Academy of Sciences; 8 Arbuzov st. 420088 Kazan Russia
| | - Régis Goumont
- Department of Chemistry; ILV; UMR 8180; University of Versailles; 45 avenue des Etats Unis 78035 Versailles Cedex France
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Semenyuk YP, Morozov PG, Burov ON, Kletskii ME, Lisovin AV, Kurbatov SV, Terrier F. Sequential SNAr and Diels–Alder reactivity of superelectrophilic 10π heteroaromatic substrates. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cycloaddition of [3]dendralene derivatives to dinitrobenzofuroxan and nitrobenzodifuroxan. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-015-1794-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bastrakov MA, Starosotnikov AM, Kachala VV, Fedyanin IV, Shevelev SA. Facile Dearomatization of Nitroquinolines through [3+2] and [4+2] Cycloaddition Reactions. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201402207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Pericyclic [4+2] and [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitroarenes in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rhyman L, Ramasami P, Joule JA, Sáez JA, Domingo LR. Understanding the formation of [3+2] and [2+4] cycloadducts in the Lewis acid catalysed reaction between methyl glyoxylate oxime and cyclopentadiene: a theoretical study. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22332e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Direct Functionalization of C–H Fragments in Nitroarenes as a Synthetic Pathway to Condensed N-Heterocycles. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2013_112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Mechanistic Assessment of SNAr Displacement of Halides from 1-Halo-2,4-dinitrobenzenes by Selected Primary and Secondary Amines: Brønsted and Mayr Analyses. J Org Chem 2012; 77:9738-46. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301862b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Terrier F, Dust JM, Buncel E. Dual super-electrophilic and Diels–Alder reactivity of neutral 10π heteroaromatic substrates. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kurbatov S, Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Terrier F. Super-electrophilic 10π Heteroaromatics. New Mechanistic and Synthetic Applications. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2012.697701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Berionni G, Branca M, Pégot B, Marrot J, Kizilian E, Goumont R. The N-Alkylation of Substituted 4-Tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines: Easy Access to a New Series of Electrophiles. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Steglenko DV, Kletsky ME, Kurbatov SV, Tatarov AV, Minkin VI, Goumont R, Terrier F. The Stepwise Diels-Alder Reaction of 4-Nitrobenzodifuroxan with Danishefsky’s Diene. Chemistry 2011; 17:7592-604. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Berionni G, Gonçalves AM, Mathieu C, Devic T, Etchéberry A, Goumont R. Electrochemical and spectrophotometrical investigation of the electron-accepting strength of organic superelectrophiles: X-ray structure of their charge transfer complexes with tetrathiafulvalene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:2857-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01282c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lakhdar S, Terrier F, Vichard D, Berionni G, El Guesmi N, Goumont R, Boubaker T. The Diels-Alder reaction of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan with 1-trimethylsilyloxybuta-1,3-diene: a case example of a stepwise cycloaddition. Chemistry 2010; 16:5681-90. [PMID: 20376824 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) with 1-trimethylsilyloxybuta-1,3-diene (8) is shown to afford a mixture of [2+4] diastereomeric cycloadducts (10, 11) through stepwise addition-cyclization pathways. Zwitterionic intermediate sigma-adduct 9, which is involved in the processes, has been successfully characterized by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and UV/visible spectrophotometry in acetonitrile. A kinetic study has been carried out in this solvent that revealed that the rate of formation of 9 nicely fits the three-parameter equation log k=s(E+N) developed by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophile-electrophile combinations. This significantly adds to the NMR spectroscopic evidence that the overall cycloadditions take place through a stepwise mechanism. The reaction has also been studied in dichloromethane and toluene. In these less polar solvents, the stability of 9 is not sufficient to allow direct characterization by spectroscopic methods, but a kinetic investigation supports the view that stepwise processes are still operating. An informative comparison of our reaction with previous interactions firmly identified as prototype stepwise cycloadditions is made on the basis of the global electrophilicity index, omega, defined by Parr within the density functional theory, and highlighted by Domingo et al. as a powerful tool for understanding Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
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Hou CY, Chen XF, Liu JY, Lai WP, Wang BZ. DFT Study of Benzofuroxan Synthesis Mechanism from 2-Nitroaniline via Sodium Hypochlorite. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/23/04/387-392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Starosotnikov AM, Leontieva MA, Bastrakov MA, Puchnin AV, Kachala VV, Shevelev SA. Superelectrophilic nature of 4,6-dinitrobenzo[c]isoxazole (4,6-dinitroanthranil) in [4+2]-cycloaddition reactions and σH-complex formation. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2010.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Buncel E, Terrier F. Assessing the superelectrophilic dimension through σ-complexation, SNAr and Diels–Alder reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:2285-308. [DOI: 10.1039/b923983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Steglenko DV, Kletsky ME, Kurbatov SV, Tatarov AV, Minkin VI, Goumont R, Terrier F. A theoretical and experimental study of the polar Diels-Alder cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene with nitrobenzodifuroxan. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ayadi S, Abderrabba M. Theoretical study of normal and inverse electron demand cycloaddition reactions between cyclohexadiene and 2-aryl-4,6-dinitrobenzotriazole 1-oxides. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024408070054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Domingo LR, José Aurell M, Kneeteman MN, Mancini PM. Mechanistic details of the domino reaction of nitronaphthalenes with the electron-rich dienes. A DFT study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Berionni G, Boubaker T, Kurbatov S, Terrier F. Superelectrophilicity of the Nitroolefinic Fragment of 4-Nitrobenzodifuroxan in Michael-Type Reactions with Indoles: A Kinetic Study in Acetonitrile. Chemistry 2007; 13:8317-24. [PMID: 17642071 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the coupling of 4-nitrobenzodifuroxan (NBDF) with a series of indoles 8 a-e to give the expected Michael-type adducts 9 a-e have been investigated in acetonitrile solution. No significant influence of the nature of the isotopic substitution at C-3 of the indole ring has been found, indicating that the NBDF addition step is the rate limiting step of the SEAr substitution of the indole moiety. This implies that the measured second-order rate constants (k) for the reactions are identical to the second order rate constants (k1NBDF) associated to the C--C coupling step. By using the known N and s parameters characterizing the nucleophilicity of indoles, the k1NBDF rate constants are found to fit nicely to the three parameters equation logk1=s(N+E) introduced by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophilic-electrophilic combinations. Based on this, the electrophilicity parameter E of NBDF could be determined as E=-6.15. This corresponds to a positioning of the reactivity of the nitroactivated double bond of NBDF in the domain of superelectrophilicity previously defined for nitrobenzofuroxans, in accord with the finding that the rates of coupling of 8 a-e with NBDF are only one order of magnitude lower than those for the coupling of these indoles with 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF). The theoretical scale of electrophilicity introduced by Domingo et al. on the basis of the global electrophilicity index omega defined by Parr is also a very useful tool to discuss the relative reactivities of NBDF, DNBF, and a number of differently activated C==C double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Unité de Recherche de Physico-Chimie Moléculaire, Faculté des Sciences de Monastir, Avenue de l'Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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Ayadi S, Abderrabba M. Étude DFT des réactions de cycloaddition de type Diels–Alder sur le 4-aza-6-nitrobenzofuroxane. CAN J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/v07-026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is a theoretical study of Diels–Alder reactions between the 4-aza-6-nitrobenzofuroxan 1 with a series of dienophiles 3a–3c. From a thermodynamic and orbital point of view, we discuss the reactivity and the stereoselectivty of these reactions. Activation barriers in the Diels-Alder reactions of compound 1 with a series of dienophiles 3a–3c have been calculated and discussed.Key words: inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA), DFT method, 4-aza-6-nitrobenzofuroxane.
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Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Terrier F, Boubaker T, Dust JM, Buncel E. Mayr electrophilicity predicts the dual Diels–Alder and σ-adduct formation behaviour of heteroaromatic super-electrophiles. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:1744-51. [PMID: 17520143 DOI: 10.1039/b702060k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the dual reactivity, i.e. anionic Meisenheimer sigma adduct formation and Diels-Alder adduct formation, of a series of heteroaromatic super-electrophiles, including 4,6-dinitro-benzofuroxan, -N-arylbenzotriazoles (4), -benzothiadiazole and -benzoselenadiazole. Measured pK(a)(H(2)O) values for sigma adduct formation provide a quantitative measure of super-electrophilic reactivity with a satisfactory correlation between the Mayr E electrophilicity parameter and pK(a)(H(2)O): E = -0.662 pK(a)(H(2)O) (or pK(R+) -3.20 (r(2) = 0.987). The most highly electrophilic, pre-eminent super-electrophile is 4,6-dinitrotetrazolopyridine (E = -4.67, pK(a)(H(2)O) = 0.4), which supercedes the reference Meisenheimer super-electrophile, 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (E = -5.06, pK(a) = 3.75), having itself an E value superior by 8 orders of magnitude compared to 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene as the benchmark normal Meisenheimer electrophile (E = -13.19, pK(a)(H(2)O) = 13.43). (For relevant kinetic parameters as well as E and pK(a) values, see .) In a parallel study we have investigated Diels-Alder (normal and inverse electron demand) reactivity of this series of heteroaromatic electrophiles and have shown that Mayr E values are valid predictors of whether DA adducts will form and how rapidly. The observed order of pericyclic reactivity corresponds to E = -8.5 as the demarcation E value, in close agreement with sigma complexation; thus pointing to a common origin for the two processes, i.e. an inverse relationship between the degree of aromaticity of the carbocyclic ring and ease of sigma complexation, or DA reactivity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035-Versailles Cedex, France
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Ayadi S, Essalah K, Abderrabba M. Theoretical study of Diels-Alder reactions between cyclopentadiene and 2-aryl-4,6-dinitrobenzotriazole 1-oxides. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024406130176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lakhdar S, Goumont R, Boubaker T, Mokhtari M, Terrier F. Nitrobenzoxadiazoles and related heterocycles: a relationship between aromaticity, superelectrophilicity and pericyclic reactivity. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1910-9. [PMID: 16688337 DOI: 10.1039/b602002j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A study of the dual electrophilic and pericyclic reactivity of 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan (DNBZ, 2), 4,6-dinitro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DNBS, 3), 4,6-dinitro-2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole (DNBSe, 4) is reported. Kinetic and thermodynamic measurements of the ease of covalent hydration of 2-4 to give the corresponding hydroxy sigma-adducts C-2-C-4 have been carried out over a large pH range in aqueous solution. Analysis of the data has allowed a determination of the rate constants k1(H2O) pertaining to the susceptibility of 2-4 to water attack as well as the pKa values for the sigma-complexation processes. With pKa values ranging from 3.92 for DNBZ to 6.34 for DNBSe to 7.86 for DNBS, the electrophilic character of the three heteroaromatics is much closer to that of the superelectrophilic reference, i.e. 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF, 1; pKa = 3.75), than that of the standard Meisenheimer electrophile 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB, pKa = 13.43). Most importantly, water is found to be an efficient nucleophile which contributes strongly to the formation of the adducts C-2 and C-4. This confirms a previous observation that a pKa value of ca. 8 is a primary requirement for having H2O competing effectively as a nucleophile with OH- in the formation of hydroxy sigma-adducts. On the other hand, 2-4 are found to exhibit dienophilic and/or heterodienic behaviour on treatment with isoprene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, cyclopentadiene or cyclohexadiene, affording Diels-Alder mono- or di-adducts which have all been structurally characterized. A major finding is that the order of Diels-Alder reactivity follows clearly the order of electrophilicity, pointing to a direct relationship between superelectrophilic and pericyclic reactivity. This relationship is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Lakhdar
- Laboratoire SIRCOB, Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
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Goumont R, Terrier F, Vichard D, Lakhdar S, Dust JM, Buncel E. A criterion to demarcate the dual Diels–Alder and σ-complex behaviour of aromatic and heteroaromatic superelectrophiles. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.09.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Arroyo P, Picher M, Domingo L, Terrier F. A DFT study of the polar Diels–Alder reaction between 4-aza-6-nitrobenzofuroxan and cyclopentadiene. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Arroyo P, Teresa Picher M, Domingo LR. The domino reaction between 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan and cyclopentadiene. Insights on the nature of the molecular mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2003.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Kurbatov S, Goumont R, Marrot J, Terrier F. The nitroolefinic behavior of 4-nitrobenzodifuroxan. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The Diels–Alder reactivity of nitrobenzofuroxans: mono- and di-adducts of isoprene and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene. New convenient precursors to naphtho- and phenanthreno-furoxanic and -furazanic structures. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vichard D, Alvey LJ, Terrier F. 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as a Diels–Alder reagent. A facile access to highly functionalized naphthofurazans. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)01613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Dual behavior of 4-aza-6-nitrobenzofuroxan. A powerful electrophile in hydration and sigma-complex formation and a potential dienophile or heterodiene in diels-alder type reactions. J Org Chem 2000; 65:7391-8. [PMID: 11076595 DOI: 10.1021/jo0005114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In investigating the reactivities of aza analogues of super-electrophile 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF, 1), we have found that the nitro-substituted pyridofuroxan 2 gives a remarkably stable hydrate 3 in aqueous solution (as evidenced by the requirement of ca. 50% H(2)SO(4) (H(0) approximately -3) for complete recovery of 2). The equilibrium constant K(H)()2(O) for hydration of 2 is estimated to be >/= 100, being comparable only with the K(H)()2(O) values reported for hydration of highly activated neutral polyazaaromatics such as 2- and 6-hydroxypteridines or 7-azapteridine. Interestingly, the NH group of 3 undergoes ionization at rather low pH (p = 5.79), affording an anionic hydroxy sigma-adduct 4 which is thermodynamically 10(8) times more stable than the related sigma-adduct of pteridine. The experimental evidence is that 4 is slightly more stable than the hydroxy sigma-adduct of DNBF, indicating not only that 2 ranks among the most electrophilic heteroaromatics known to date but also than an aza group may in fact be as efficient as a nitro group in promoting sigma-complex formation. 2 is also found to be a versatile Diels-Alder reagent, as a result of the low aromatic character of its six-membered ring. Upon treatment of 2 with cyclopentadiene and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, various reactivity patterns have been observed. These led to different cycloadducts arising from normal as well as inverse electron-demand condensations involving the pyridine ring as the dienophile or the heterodiene contributor. Altogether, the results reveal major differences between the reactivity of 2 and that of DNBF, with in particular a remarkable tendency of the pyridofuroxan adducts to undergo covalent hydration, resulting in the formation of stable carbinolamines. Also noteworthy is the characterization of a diadduct which results from a Diels-Alder trapping of the o-dinitroso intermediate involved in the exchange of the 1-oxide and 3-oxide tautomers of 2.
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