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Bengtsson C, Gravenfors Y. Rapid Construction of a Chloromethyl-Substituted Duocarmycin-like Prodrug. Molecules 2023; 28:4818. [PMID: 37375372 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The construction of duocarmycin-like compounds is often associated with lengthy synthetic routes. Presented herein is the development of a short and convenient synthesis of a type of duocarmycin prodrug. The 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2-e]indole-containing core is here constructed from commercially available Boc-5-bromoindole in four steps and 23% overall yield, utilizing a Buchwald-Hartwig amination followed by a sodium hydride-induced regioselective bromination. In addition, protocols for selective mono- and di-halogenations of positions 3 and 4 were also developed, which could be useful for further exploration of this scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Bengtsson
- Drug Discovery & Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23a, 17165 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ylva Gravenfors
- Drug Discovery & Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Tomtebodavägen 23a, 17165 Solna, Sweden
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2
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Spatially-resolved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of bystander effects of a nitrochloromethylbenzindoline hypoxia-activated prodrug. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:673-687. [PMID: 34245333 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAPs) have the potential for eliminating chemo- and radiation-resistant hypoxic tumour cells, but their activity is often compromised by limited penetration into hypoxic zones. Nitrochloromethylbenzindoline (nitroCBI) HAPs are reduced in hypoxic cells to highly cytotoxic DNA minor groove alkylating aminoCBI metabolites. In this study, we investigate whether a lead nitroCBI, SN30548, generates a significant bystander effect through the diffusion of its aminoCBI metabolite and whether this compensates for any diffusion limitations of the prodrug in tumour tissue. METHODS Metabolism and uptake of the nitroCBI in oxic and anoxic cells, and diffusion through multicellular layer cultures, was characterised by LC-MS/MS. To quantify bystander effects, clonogenic cell killing of HCT116 cells was assessed in multicellular spheroid co-cultures comprising cells transfected with cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) or E. coli nitroreductase NfsA. Spatially-resolved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models, parameterised by the above measurements, were developed for spheroids and tumours using agent-based and Green's function modelling, respectively. RESULTS NitroCBI was reduced to aminoCBI by POR under anoxia and by NfsA under oxia, and was the only significant cytotoxic metabolite in both cases. In spheroid co-cultures comprising 30% NfsA-expressing cells, non-metabolising cells were as sensitive as the NfsA cells, demonstrating a marked bystander effect. Agent-based PK/PD models provided good prediction of cytotoxicity in spheroids, while use of the same parameters in a Green's function model for a tumour microregion demonstrated that local diffusion of aminoCBI overcomes the penetration limitation of the prodrug. CONCLUSIONS The nitroCBI HAP SN30548 generates a highly efficient bystander effect through local diffusion of its active metabolite in tumour tissue.
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Amino DSA analogues as payloads for antibody-drug conjugates with multiple sites for conjugation. Initial studies and solid phase synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Xu W, Chen Y, Wang A, Liu Y. Benzofurazan N-Oxides as Mild Reagents for the Generation of α-Imino Gold Carbenes: Synthesis of Functionalized 7-Nitroindoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:7613-7618. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yulong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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Tercel M, Lee HH, Mehta SY, Youte Tendoung JJ, Bai SY, Liyanage HDS, Pruijn FB. Influence of a Basic Side Chain on the Properties of Hypoxia-Selective Nitro Analogues of the Duocarmycins: Demonstration of Substantial Anticancer Activity in Combination with Irradiation or Chemotherapy. J Med Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A new series of nitro analogues of the duocarmycins was prepared and evaluated for hypoxia-selective anticancer activity. The compounds incorporate 13 different amine-containing side chains designed to bind in the minor groove of DNA while spanning a wide range of base strength from pKa 9.64 to 5.24. The most favorable in vitro properties were associated with strongly basic side chains, but the greatest in vivo antitumor activity was found for compounds containing a weakly basic morpholine. This applies to single-agent activity and for activity in combination with irradiation or chemotherapy (gemcitabine or docetaxel). In combination with a single dose of γ irradiation 50 at 42 μmol/kg eliminated detectable clonogens in some SiHa cervical carcinoma xenografts, and in combination with gemcitabine using a well-tolerated multidose schedule, the same compound caused regression of all treated A2780 ovarian tumor xenografts. In the latter experiment, three of seven animals receiving the combination treatment were completely tumor free at day 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ho H Lee
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Y Mehta
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Jacques Youte Tendoung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sally Y Bai
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - H D Sarath Liyanage
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Tercel M, Pruijn FB, O'Connor PD, Liyanage HDS, Atwell GJ, Alix SM. Mechanism of action of AminoCBIs: highly reactive but highly cytotoxic analogues of the duocarmycins. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1998-2006. [PMID: 25087870 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Duocarmycins are highly cytotoxic natural products that have potential for development into anticancer agents. Herein we describe proposed but previously unidentified NH analogues of the DNA-alkylating subunit and characterise these by solvolysis studies, NMR and computational modelling. These compounds are shown to be the exclusive intermediates in the solvolysis of their seco precursors and to possess very similar structural features to the widely studied O-based analogues, apart from an unusually high basicity. The measured pKa of 10.5 implies that the NH compounds are fully protonated under physiological conditions. Remarkably, their extremely high reactivity (calculated hydrolysis rate 10(8) times higher for protonated NH compared to the neutral O analogue) is still compatible with potent cytotoxicity, provided the active species is formed in the presence of cells. These surprising findings are of relevance to the design of duocarmycin-based tumour-selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand).
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Tercel M, McManaway SP, Liyanage HDS, Pruijn FB. Preparation and properties of clickable amino analogues of the duocarmycins: factors that affect the efficiency of their fluorescent labelling of DNA. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:2193-206. [PMID: 25044224 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of three DNA-alkylating amino analogues of the duocarmycins that carry an alkyne functional group suitable for copper-catalysed click chemistry. The alkyne-containing substituents are connected via a side chain position which projects away from the minor groove, and have only a small effect on DNA alkylation and cytotoxicity. The efficiency of click reactions with fluorophore azides was studied using alkylated ctDNA by analysing the adenine adducts produced after thermal depurination. Click reactions "on DNA" were sensitive to steric effects (tether length to the alkyne) and, surprisingly, to the nature of the fluorophore azide. With the best combination of click partners and reagents, adducts could be detected in the nuclei of treated cells by microscopy or flow cytometry, provided that an appropriate detergent (Triton X-100 and not Tween 20) was used for permeabilisation. The method is sensitive enough to detect adducts at physiologically relevant concentrations, and could have application in the development of nitro analogues of the duocarmycins as hypoxia-activated anticancer prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142 (New Zealand), Fax: (+64) 9373-7502.
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Hunter FW, Jaiswal JK, Hurley DG, Liyanage HDS, McManaway SP, Gu Y, Richter S, Wang J, Tercel M, Print CG, Wilson WR, Pruijn FB. The flavoprotein FOXRED2 reductively activates nitro-chloromethylbenzindolines and other hypoxia-targeting prodrugs. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:224-35. [PMID: 24632291 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nitro-chloromethylbenzindoline prodrug SN29428 has been rationally designed to target tumour hypoxia. SN29428 is metabolised to a DNA minor groove alkylator via oxygen-sensitive reductive activation initiated by unknown one-electron reductases. The present study sought to identify reductases capable of activating SN29428 in tumours. Expression of candidate reductases in cell lines was modulated using forced expression and, for P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase (POR), by zinc finger nuclease-mediated gene knockout. Affymetrix microarray mRNA expression of flavoreductases was correlated with SN29428 activation in a panel of 23 cancer cell lines. Reductive activation and cytotoxicity of prodrugs were measured using mass spectrometry and antiproliferative assays, respectively. SN29428 activation under hypoxia was strongly attenuated by the pan-flavoprotein inhibitor diphenyliodonium, but less so by knockout of POR suggesting other flavoreductases contribute. Forced expression of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR), as well as POR, increased activation of SN29428 in hypoxic HCT 116 cells. SN29428 activation strongly correlated with expression of POR and also FAD-dependent oxidoreductase domain containing 2 (FOXRED2), in cancer cell lines. This association persisted after removing the effect of POR enzyme activity using first-order partial correlation. Forced expression of FOXRED2 increased SN29428 activation and cytotoxicity in hypoxic HEK293 cells and also increased activation of hypoxia-targeted prodrugs PR-104A, tirapazamine and SN30000, and increased cytotoxicity of the clinical-stage prodrug TH-302. Thus this study has identified three flavoreductases capable of enzymatically activating SN29428, one of which (FOXRED2) has not previously been implicated in xenobiotic metabolism. These results will inform future development of biomarkers predictive of SN29428 sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis W Hunter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jagdish K Jaiswal
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniel G Hurley
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - H D Sarath Liyanage
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sarah P McManaway
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yongchuan Gu
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Susan Richter
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jingli Wang
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cristin G Print
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Bioinformatics Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Zhao RY, Erickson HK, Leece BA, Reid EE, Goldmacher VS, Lambert JM, Chari RVJ. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Antibody Conjugates of Phosphate Prodrugs of Cytotoxic DNA Alkylators for the Targeted Treatment of Cancer. J Med Chem 2012; 55:766-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201284m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Yongxin Zhao
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Hans K. Erickson
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Barbara A. Leece
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Emily E. Reid
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | | | - John M. Lambert
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
| | - Ravi V. J. Chari
- ImmunoGen,
Inc., 830 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts
02451, United States
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Heteroaryl Radicals Review. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(10)10004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Tercel M, Atwell GJ, Yang S, Stevenson RJ, Botting KJ, Boyd M, Smith E, Anderson RF, Denny WA, Wilson WR, Pruijn FB. Hypoxia-Activated Prodrugs: Substituent Effects on the Properties of Nitro seco-1,2,9,9a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (nitroCBI) Prodrugs of DNA Minor Groove Alkylating Agents. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7258-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901202b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Moana Tercel
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Graham J. Atwell
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Shangjin Yang
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ralph J. Stevenson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - K. Jane Botting
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Maruta Boyd
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Eileen Smith
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert F. Anderson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William R. Wilson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Frederik B. Pruijn
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Wilson WR, Stribbling SM, Pruijn FB, Syddall SP, Patterson AV, Liyanage HS, Smith E, Botting KJ, Tercel M. Nitro-chloromethylbenzindolines: hypoxia-activated prodrugs of potent adenine N3 DNA minor groove alkylators. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:2903-13. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Du Y, Chang J, Reiner J, Zhao K. Formation of N-Alkoxyindole Framework: Intramolecular Heterocyclization of 3-Alkoxyimino-2-arylalkylnitriles Mediated by Ferric Chloride. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2007-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jo7024477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Du
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, and Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, and Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - John Reiner
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, and Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- The School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China, and Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Du Y, Liu R, Linn G, Zhao K. Synthesis of N-Substituted Indole Derivatives via PIFA-Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization. Org Lett 2006; 8:5919-22. [PMID: 17165894 DOI: 10.1021/ol062288o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] A variety of N-arylated and N-alkylated indole derivatives were synthesized by way of a phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA)-mediated intramolecular cyclization. This novel method allows for the construction of an indole skeleton by joining the N-atom on the side chain to the benzene ring at the last synthetic step. Other novel pyrrole-fused aromatic compounds can also be achieved by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Du
- College of Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Tianjin University, 300072, PRC
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Sato A, McNulty L, Cox K, Kim S, Scott A, Daniell K, Summerville K, Price C, Hudson S, Kiakos K, Hartley JA, Asao T, Lee M. A Novel Class of in Vivo Active Anticancer Agents: Achiral seco-Amino- and seco-Hydroxycyclopropylbenz[e]indolone (seco-CBI) Analogues of the Duocarmycins and CC-1065. J Med Chem 2005; 48:3903-18. [PMID: 15916443 DOI: 10.1021/jm050179u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One achiral seco-hydroxycyclopropylbenz[e]indolone (seco-CBI) (12) and seven achiral seco-amino-CBI (11a-g) analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their DNA-binding and anticancer properties. These compounds contain a core 2-chloroethylnaphthalene structure and they do not have a stereocenter. From thermal cleavage gel analyses, compounds 11a-g and 12 demonstrated similar covalent sequence specificity to adozelesin 3 and the racemic seco-CBI-TMI 4 for binding to the 5'-AAAAA(865)-3' site. Continuous exposure of human (K562) and murine (B16, L1210 and P815) cancer cell lines to the compounds demonstrated their significant cytotoxicity, with IC50 values in the sub-micromolar range. Generally, a good leaving group on the ethyl moiety and a free amino or hydroxyl group on the naphthyl moiety are essential for activity. According to NCI's cytotoxicity screen, compounds 11a and 12 were active against human cancer cell lines derived from lung, colon, melanoma, renal system, and breast. At the respective doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg (administered via an ip route), compounds 11a and 12 inhibited the growth of murine B16-F0 melanoma in C57BL/6 mice, with minimal toxicity, and 11a gave a significant anticancer effect. The in vivo anticancer activity of compound 11a was confirmed in a human tumor xenograft study (advanced stage SC-OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer growing in scid mice). Finally, compound 11a was not toxic to murine bone marrow cell growth in culture at a dose that was toxic for the previously reported compound 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Poinsett Highway, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, USA
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Cacciari B, Romagnoli R, Baraldi PG, Ros TD, Spalluto G. CC-1065 and the duocarmycins: recent developments. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.10.12.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yang S, Denny WA. A new short synthesis of 3-substituted 5-amino-1-(chloromethyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indoles (amino-CBIs). J Org Chem 2002; 67:8958-61. [PMID: 12467414 DOI: 10.1021/jo0263115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new short synthesis of 3-substituted 5-amino-1-(chloromethyl)-1,2-dihydro-3H-benzo[e]indoles from Martius Yellow is disclosed. The key steps of the synthesis were three efficient regioselective reactions (iodination, 5-exo-trig aryl radical-alkene cyclization and carboxylation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjin Yang
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, New Zealand
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