1
|
Shenvi RA. Natural Product Synthesis in the 21st Century: Beyond the Mountain Top. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:519-528. [PMID: 38559299 PMCID: PMC10979479 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Research into natural products emerged from humanity's curiosity about the nature of matter and its role in the materia medica of diverse civilizations. Plants and fungi, in particular, supplied materials that altered behavior, perception, and well-being profoundly. Many active principles remain well-known today: strychnine, morphine, psilocybin, ephedrine. The potential to circumvent the constraints of natural supply and explore the properties of these materials led to the field of natural product synthesis. This research delivered new molecules with new properties, but also led to fundamental insights into the chemistry of the nonmetal elements H, C, N, O, P, S, Se, and their combinations, i.e., organic chemistry. It also led to a potent culture focused on bigger molecules and races to the finish line, perhaps at the expense of actionable next steps. About 20 years ago, the field began to contract in the United States. Research that focused solely on chemical reaction development, especially catalysis, filled the void. After all, new reactions and mechanistic insight could be immediately implemented by the chemistry community, so it became hard to justify the lengthy procurement of a complex molecule that sat in the freezer unused. This shift coincided with a divestment of natural product portfolios by pharmaceutical companies and an emphasis in academic organic chemistry on applications-driven research, perhaps at the expense of more fundamental science. However, as bioassays and the tools of chemical biology become widespread, synthesis finds a new and powerful ally that allows us to better deliver on the premise of the field. And the hard-won insights of complex synthesis can be better encoded digitally, mined by data science, and applied to new challenges, as chemists perturb and even surpass the properties of complex natural products. The 21st century promises powerful developments, both in fundamental organic chemistry and at the interface of synthesis and biology, if the community of scientists fosters its growth. This essay tries to contextualize natural product synthesis for a broad audience, looks ahead to its transformation in the coming years, and expects the future to be bright.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department
of Chemistry, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Graduate
School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Valeev RF, Sunagatullina GR, Loza VV, Lobov AN, Miftakhov MS. Synthesis of a New 10,11-Didehydro Analog of Epothilone D. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428021060038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
Huffman BJ, Shenvi RA. Natural Products in the "Marketplace": Interfacing Synthesis and Biology. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3332-3346. [PMID: 30682249 PMCID: PMC6446556 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Drugs are discovered through the biological screening of collections of compounds, followed by optimization toward functional end points. The properties of screening collections are often balanced between diversity, physicochemical favorability, intrinsic complexity, and synthetic tractability (Huggins, D. J.; et al. ACS Chem. Biol. 2011, 6, 208; DOI: 10.1021/cb100420r ). Whereas natural product (NP) collections excel in the first three attributes, NPs suffer a disadvantage on the last point. Academic total synthesis research has worked to solve this problem by devising syntheses of NP leads, diversifying late-stage intermediates, or derivatizing the NP target. This work has led to the discovery of reaction mechanisms, the invention of new methods, and the development of FDA-approved drugs. Few drugs, however, are themselves NPs; instead, NP analogues predominate. Here we highlight past examples of NP analogue development and successful NP-derived drugs. More recently, chemists have explored how NP analogues alter the retrosynthetic analysis of complex scaffolds, merging structural design and synthetic design. This strategy maintains the intrinsic complexity of the NP but can alter the physicochemical properties of the scaffold, like core instability that renders the NP a poor chemotype. Focused libraries based on these syntheses may exclude the NP but maintain the molecular properties that distinguish NP space from synthetic space (Stratton, C. F.; et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2015, 25, 4802; DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.014 ), properties that have statistical advantages in clinical progression (Luker, T.; et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2011, 21, 5673, DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.074 ; Ritchie, T. J.; Macdonald, S. J. F. Drug Discovery Today 2009, 14, 1011, DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.07.014 ). Research that expedites synthetic access to NP motifs can prevent homogeneity of chemical matter available for lead discovery. Easily accessed, focused libraries of NP scaffolds can fill empty but active gaps in screening sets and expand the molecular diversity of synthetic collections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Huffman
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ryan A. Shenvi
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Allred TK, Manoni F, Harran PG. Exploring the Boundaries of “Practical”: De Novo Syntheses of Complex Natural Product-Based Drug Candidates. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11994-12051. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler K. Allred
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Francesco Manoni
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Patrick G. Harran
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California−Los Angeles, 607 Charles
E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Foley CN, Leighton JL. A Highly Stereoselective, Efficient, and Scalable Synthesis of the C(1)-C(9) Fragment of the Epothilones. Org Lett 2015; 17:5858-61. [PMID: 26561788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation synthesis of the C(1)-C(9) fragment of the epothilones is reported. The key tandem intramolecular silylformylation/crotylsilylation/"aprotic" Tamao oxidation sequence has been redeveloped as a stepwise intermolecular variant, allowing excellent levels of diastereoselectivity in the crotylation step and proceeds in 50% overall yield on gram scale. An improved synthesis of the homopropargyl alcohol starting material is also described, which proceeds in four steps and >99% ee from inexpensive starting materials and is amenable to multigram scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne N Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - James L Leighton
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Burrell RC, Turley WA, Bonacorsi SJ. Synthesis of stable isotope-labeled epothilone D using a degradation-reconstruction approach. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:361-9. [PMID: 26158758 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The stabilization of microtubules using epothilones represents a novel mechanism of action to treat Alzheimer's disease. Epothilone D is one such microtubule-stabilizing drug that has been investigated by Bristol-Myers Squibb. An important step in the development process was the synthesis of a stable isotope-labeled analog for use in bioanalytical assays to accurately quantify the concentration of the drug in biological samples. A novel synthetic route to stable isotope-labeled epothilone D is described. The synthetic route was based on a strategy to degrade epothilone B and then use that key intermediate to reconstruct stable isotope-labeled epothilone D. Epothilone B was treated with potassium osmate and sodium periodate. The thiazole moiety in epothilone B was efficiently cleaved to give (1S,3S,7S,10R,11S,12S,16R)-3-acetyl-7,11-dihydroxy-8,8,10,12,16-pentamethyl-4,17-dioxabicyclo[14.1.0]heptadecane-5,9-dione. The epoxide in the macrocyclic ring of that intermediate was cleanly removed by treatment with tungsten hexachloride and n-butyllithium to give the corresponding olefin (4S,7R,8S,9S,16S,Z)-16-acetyl-4,8-dihydroxy-5,5,7,9,13-pentamethyloxacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,6-dione. Bis(triethylsilyl) protection produced (4S,7R,8S,9S,16S,Z)-16-acetyl-5,5,7,9,13-pentamethyl-4,8-bis(triethylsilyloxy)-oxacyclohexadec-13-ene-2,6-dione. This intermediate was coupled to a stable isotope-labeled thiazole using a Wittig reaction as the key step to provide (13)C5, (15)N-labeled epothilone D. In summary, the synthesis was completed in nine total steps, only six of which involved isotopically labeled reagents. A total of 168 mg of (13)C5, (15)N-labeled epothilone D was prepared in an 8% overall yield from (13)C2, (15)N-labeled thioacetamide and (13)C3-labeled ethyl bromopyruvate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Burrell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Discovery Chemistry Platforms, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Wesley A Turley
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Discovery Chemistry Platforms, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Samuel J Bonacorsi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gottfried K, Klar U, Platzek J, Zorn L. Biocatalysis at Work: Applications in the Development of Sagopilone. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1240-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
8
|
Heravi MM, Ahmadi T, Ghavidel M, Heidari B, Hamidi H. Recent applications of the hetero Diels–Alder reaction in the total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthetic utility and potential power of the Diels–Alder (D–A) reaction in organic chemistry is evident.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hoda Hamidi
- Department of Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Abstract
Epothilones A and B are naturally occurring microtubule stabilizers with nanomolar or even sub-nanomolar activity against human cancer cells in vitro and potent in vivo antitumor activity against multidrug-resistant tumors. Over the last decade, ten epothilonetype agents have entered clinical trials in humans; of these, the epothilone B lactam ixabepilone (BMS-247550; Ixempra®) was approved by the FDA for breast cancer treatment in 2007. Numerous synthetic and semisynthetic analogs of epothilones have been prepared and their in vitro and (in selected cases) in vivo biological activity has been determined, producing a wealth of SAR information on this compound family. This chapter will provide a brief summary of the in vitro and in vivo biological properties of epothilone B (Epo B). The major part of the discussion will then be organized around those epothilone analogs that have entered clinical development. For each analog the underlying synthetic chemistry and the most important preclinical features will be reviewed, together with the properties of some important related structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Schiess
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich HCI H405, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich HCI H405, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bergstralh DT, Taxman DJ, Chou TC, Danishefsky SJ, Ting JPY. A Comparison of Signaling Activities Induced by Taxol and Desoxyepothilone B. J Chemother 2013; 16:563-76. [PMID: 15700849 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.6.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Desoxyepothilone B (dEpoB), currently in clinical trials, is a novel microtubule inhibitor with similar mode-of-action to paclitaxel (Taxol). Intriguingly, it is effective in some cell lines and tumor xenografts refractory to Taxol. The purpose of this study is to compare signaling induced by the two drugs and identify a molecular basis for increased efficacy of dEpoB in resistant lines. The importance of ERK signaling, already established for Taxol, was shown for dEpoB and other G2-blocking agents. However, a role in differential sensitivity was not observed. Affymetrix analysis shows similar gene modulation by either agent, alone or in combination with MEK inhibitor. Differential sensitivity in a set of Taxol-resistant lines correlated to the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and its importance was demonstrated directly. These results suggest that Taxol and dEpoB elicit similar cell death pathways, and the increased efficacy of dEpoB in resistant tumor lines lies in differential susceptibility to P-gp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D T Bergstralh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
This article provides an overview on the chemistry and structure-activity relationships of macrolide-based microtubule-stabilizing agents. The primary focus will be on the total synthesis or examples thereof, but a brief summary of the current state of knowledge on the structure-activity relationships of epothilones, laulimalide, dictyostatin, and peloruside A will also be given. This macrolide class of compounds, over the last decade, has become the subject of growing interest due to their ability to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation through a taxol-like mechanism of action.
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang C, Yu M, Kyle AF, Jakubec P, Dixon DJ, Schrock RR, Hoveyda AH. Efficient and selective formation of macrocyclic disubstituted Z alkenes by ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reactions catalyzed by Mo- or W-based monoaryloxide pyrrolide (MAP) complexes: applications to total syntheses of epilachnene, yuzu lactone, ambrettolide, epothilone C, and nakadomarin A. Chemistry 2013; 19:2726-40. [PMID: 23345004 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201204045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first broadly applicable set of protocols for efficient Z-selective formation of macrocyclic disubstituted alkenes through catalytic ring-closing metathesis (RCM) is described. Cyclizations are performed with 1.2-7.5 mol% of a Mo- or W-based monoaryloxide pyrrolide (MAP) complex at 22 °C and proceed to complete conversion typically within two hours. Utility is demonstrated by synthesis of representative macrocyclic alkenes, such as natural products yuzu lactone (13-membered ring: 73% Z) epilachnene (15-membered ring: 91% Z), ambrettolide (17-membered ring: 91% Z), an advanced precursor to epothilones C and A (16-membered ring: up to 97% Z), and nakadomarin A (15-membered ring: up to 97% Z). We show that catalytic Z-selective cyclizations can be performed efficiently on gram-scale with complex molecule starting materials and catalysts that can be handled in air. We elucidate several critical principles of the catalytic protocol: 1) The complementary nature of the Mo catalysts, which deliver high activity but can be more prone towards engendering post-RCM stereoisomerization, versus W variants, which furnish lower activity but are less inclined to cause loss of kinetic Z selectivity. 2) Reaction time is critical to retaining kinetic Z selectivity not only with MAP species but with the widely used Mo bis(hexafluoro-tert-butoxide) complex as well. 3) Polycyclic structures can be accessed without significant isomerization at the existing Z alkenes within the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nicolaou KC, Hale CRH, Nilewski C, Ioannidou HA. Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:5185-238. [PMID: 22743704 PMCID: PMC3426871 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The advent of organic synthesis and the understanding of the molecule as they occurred in the nineteenth century and were refined in the twentieth century constitute two of the most profound scientific developments of all time. These discoveries set in motion a revolution that shaped the landscape of the molecular sciences and changed the world. Organic synthesis played a major role in this revolution through its ability to construct the molecules of the living world and others like them whose primary element is carbon. Although the early beginnings of organic synthesis came about serendipitously, organic chemists quickly recognized its potential and moved decisively to advance and exploit it in myriad ways for the benefit of mankind. Indeed, from the early days of the synthesis of urea and the construction of the first carbon-carbon bond, the art of organic synthesis improved to impressively high levels of sophistication. Through its practice, today chemists can synthesize organic molecules--natural and designed--of all types of structural motifs and for all intents and purposes. The endeavor of constructing natural products--the organic molecules of nature--is justly called both a creative art and an exact science. Often called simply total synthesis, the replication of nature's molecules in the laboratory reflects and symbolizes the state of the art of synthesis in general. In the last few decades a surge in total synthesis endeavors around the world led to a remarkable collection of achievements that covers a wide ranging landscape of molecular complexity and diversity. In this article, we present highlights of some of our contributions in the field of total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance. For perspective, we also provide a listing of selected examples of additional natural products synthesized in other laboratories around the world over the last few years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Analogue-based drug discovery: Contributions to medicinal chemistry principles and drug design strategies. Microtubule stabilizers as a case in point (Special Topic Article). PURE APPL CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-02-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The benefits of utilizing marketed drugs as starting points to discover new therapeutic agents have been well documented within the IUPAC series of books that bear the title Analogue-based Drug Discovery (ABDD). Not as clearly demonstrated, however, is that ABDD also contributes to the elaboration of new basic principles and alternative drug design strategies that are useful to the field of medicinal chemistry in general. After reviewing the ABDD programs that have evolved around the area of microtubule-stabilizing chemo-therapeutic agents, the present article delineates the associated research activities that additionally contributed to general strategies that can be useful for prodrug design, identifying pharmacophores, circumventing multidrug resistance (MDR), and achieving targeted drug distribution.
Collapse
|
17
|
Vyas Devambatla RK, Velagaleti R, Yarravarapu N, Fleming FF. SNi′ displacements with main group organometallics. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
18
|
Zhan W, Jiang Y, Banerjee A, Brodie PJ, Bane S, Kingston DGI, Liotta DC, Snyder JP. C6-C8 bridged epothilones: consequences of installing a conformational lock at the edge of the macrocycle. Chemistry 2011; 17:14792-804. [PMID: 22127984 PMCID: PMC3248799 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of conformationally restrained epothilone analogues with a short bridge between the methyl groups at C6 and C8 was designed to mimic the binding pose assigned to our recently reported EpoA-microtubule binding model. A versatile synthetic route to these bridged epothilone analogues has been successfully devised and implemented. Biological evaluation of the compounds against A2780 human ovarian cancer and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines suggested that the introduction of a bridge between C6-C8 reduced potency by 25-1000 fold in comparison with natural epothilone D. Tubulin assembly measurements indicate these bridged epothilone analogues to be mildly active, but without significant microtubule stabilization capacity. Molecular mechanics and DFT energy evaluations suggest the mild activity of the bridged epo-analogues may be due to internal conformational strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhan
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
| | - Abhijit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6016 (USA)
| | - Peggy J. Brodie
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (USA)
| | - Susan Bane
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902-6016 (USA)
| | - David G. I. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061 (USA)
| | - Dennis C. Liotta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
| | - James P. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404-712-8670
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Diversity through semisynthesis: the chemistry and biological activity of semisynthetic epothilone derivatives. Mol Divers 2011; 15:383-99. [PMID: 21197573 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-010-9291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones are myxobacterial natural products that inhibit human cancer cell growth through the stabilization of cellular microtubules (i.e., a "taxol-like" mechanism of action). They have proven to be highly productive lead structures for anticancer drug discovery, with at least seven epothilone-type agents having entered clinical trials in humans over the last several years. SAR studies on epothilones have included a large number of fully synthetic analogs and semisynthetic derivatives. Previous reviews on the chemistry and biology of epothilones have mostly focused on analogs that were obtained by de novo chemical synthesis. In contrast, the current review provides a comprehensive overview on the chemical transformations that have been investigated for the major epothilones A and B as starting materials, and it discusses the biological activity of the resulting products. Many semisynthetic epothilone derivatives have been found to exhibit potent effects on human cancer cell growth and several of these have been advanced to the stage of clinical development. This includes the epothilone B lactam ixabepilone (Ixempra(®), which has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced and metastatic breast cancer.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hurski AL, Kulinkovich OG. Total synthesis of epothilone D by sixfold ring cleavage of cyclopropanol intermediates. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Reiff EA, Nair SK, Henri JT, Greiner JF, Reddy BS, Chakrasali R, David SA, Chiu TL, Amin EA, Himes RH, Vander Velde DG, Georg GI. Total synthesis and evaluation of C26-hydroxyepothilone D derivatives for photoaffinity labeling of beta-tubulin. J Org Chem 2010; 75:86-94. [PMID: 19954175 PMCID: PMC2798899 DOI: 10.1021/jo901752v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three photoaffinity labeled derivatives of epothilone D were prepared by total synthesis, using efficient novel asymmetric synthesis methods for the preparation of two important synthetic building blocks. The key step for the asymmetric synthesis of (S,E)-3-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-4-methyl-5-(2-methylthiazol-4-yl)pent-4-enal involved a ketone reduction with (R)-Me-CBS-oxazaborolidine. For the synthesis of (5S)-5,7-di[(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-4,4-dimethylheptan-3-one an asymmetric Noyori reduction of a beta-ketoester was employed. The C26 hydroxyepothilone D derivative was constructed following a well-established total synthesis strategy and the photoaffinity labels were attached to the C26 hydroxyl group. The photoaffinity analogues were tested in a tubulin assembly assay and for cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and HCT-116 cancer cell lines. The 3- and 4-azidobenzoic acid analogues were found to be as active as epothilone B in a tubulin assembly assay, but demonstrated significantly reduced cellular cytotoxicity compared to epothilone B. The benzophenone analogue was inactive in both assays. Docking and scoring studies were conducted that suggested that the azide analogues can bind to the epothilone binding site, but that the benzophenone analogue undergoes a sterically driven ligand rearrangement that interrupts all hydrogen bonding and therefore protein binding. Photoaffinity labeling studies with the 3-azidobenzoic acid derivative did not identify any covalently labeled peptide fragments, suggesting that the phenylazido side chain was predominantly solvent-exposed in the bound conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily A. Reiff
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sajiv K. Nair
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - John T. Henri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Jack F. Greiner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Bollu S. Reddy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Ramappa Chakrasali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Sunil A. David
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Ting-Lan Chiu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| | - Richard H. Himes
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - David G. Vander Velde
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Gunda I. Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hurski AL, Sokolov NA, Kulinkovich OG. A cyclopropanol approach to the synthesis of both enantiomers of the C13–C21 fragment of epothilones. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Ghosh AK, Yuan H. Stereoselective synthesis of the C(1)-C(12) segment of iriomoteolide 1a: a very potent macrolide antitumor agent. Tetrahedron Lett 2009; 50:1416-1418. [PMID: 20948581 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of the C(1)-C(12) segment of the potent cytotoxic macrolide, iriomoteolide 1a, has been accomplished. The key steps involve an enzymatic kinetic resolution of a β-hydroxy amide, a Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling to a substituted allylsilane, a highly regio- and stereoselective conjugate addition of lithium dimethylcopper to an α, β-acetylenic esters and an elaboration of the C(6)-C(7) trans-olefin geometry by a Julia-Kocienski olefination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Borzilleri RM, Vite GD. Chapter 15 Case History: Discovery of Ixabepilone (IXEMPRATM), a First-in-Class Epothilone Analog for Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(09)04415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
|
25
|
Altmann KH. Preclinical pharmacology and structure-activity studies of epothilones. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 2009; 90:157-220. [PMID: 19209843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-78207-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chen QH, Ganesh T, Brodie P, Slebodnick C, Jiang Y, Banerjee A, Bane S, Snyder JP, Kingston DGI. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of bridged epothilone D analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4542-52. [PMID: 19039362 PMCID: PMC2790820 DOI: 10.1039/b814823f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six epothilone D analogues with a bridge between the C4-methyl and the C12-methyl carbons were prepared in an attempt to constrain epothilone D to its proposed tubulin-binding conformation. Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) was employed as the key step to build the C4-C26 bridge. In antiproliferative assays in the human ovarian cancer (A2780) and prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines, and also in tubulin assembly assay, all these compounds proved to be less active than epothilone D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Hong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, M/C 0212, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nicolaou KC, Chen JS, Dalby SM. From nature to the laboratory and into the clinic. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:2290-303. [PMID: 19028103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural products possess a broad diversity of structure and function, and they provide inspiration for chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this review article, we highlight and place in context our laboratory's total syntheses of, and related studies on, complex secondary metabolites that were clinically important drugs, or have since been developed into useful medicines, namely amphotericin B (1), calicheamicin gamma(1)(I) (2), rapamycin (3), Taxol (4), the epothilones [e.g., epothilones A (5) and B (6)], and vancomycin (7). We also briefly highlight our research with other selected inspirational natural products possessing interesting biological activities [i.e., dynemicin A (8), uncialamycin (9), eleutherobin (10), sarcodictyin A (11), azaspiracid-1 (12), thiostrepton (13), abyssomicin C (14), platensimycin (15), platencin (16), and palmerolide A (17)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, BCC408, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Fleming FF, Gudipati S. Cyclic Metalated Nitriles: Stereoselective Cyclizations to cis- and trans-Hydrindanes, Decalins, and Bicyclo[4.3.0]undecanes. European J Org Chem 2008; 2008:10.1002/ejoc.200800715. [PMID: 24260015 PMCID: PMC3831376 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Metalated nitriles are nucleophilic chameleons whose precise identity is determined by the nature of the metal, the solvent, the temperature, and the structure of the nitrile. The review surveys the different structural types and their cyclization trajectories to show how to selectively tune the metalated nitrile geometry for stereoselective cyclizations to a variety of cis or trans hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo[4.3.0]undecanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mellon Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh PA 15282-1530, USA
| | - Subramanyham Gudipati
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, N.J. 07033-0530, USA Fax: +1-908-740-7441
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fleming FF, Wei Y, Liu W, Zhang Z. Metalated Nitriles: Stereodivergent Cation-Controlled Cyclizations1. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:7477-7488. [PMID: 19657380 PMCID: PMC2597827 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.05.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stereodivergent cyclizations of gamma-hydroxy cyclohexanecarbonitriles are controlled simply through judicious choice of cation in the alkylmetal base. Deprotonating a series of cyclic gamma-hydroxy nitriles with i-PrMgBr generates C-magnesiated nitriles that cyclize under stereoelectronic control to cis-fused hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo [5.4.0] undecanes. An analogous deprotonation with BuLi triggers cyclization to trans-fused hydrindanes, decalins, and bicyclo [5.4.0] undecanes consistent with a sterically controlled electrophilic attack on an equatorial nitrile anion. Using cations to control the geometry of metalated nitriles provides a versatile, stereodivergent cyclization to cis- and trans-hydrindanes, decalins, and [5. 4. 0] undecanes, and reveals the key geometric requirements for intramolecular S(N)2 and S(N)2' displacements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
| | - Yunjing Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
| | - Wang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282-1530,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Altmann KH, Memmert K. Epothilones as lead structures for new anticancer drugs--pharmacology, fermentation, and structure-activity-relationships. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2008; 66:273, 275-334. [PMID: 18416309 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8595-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones (Epo's) A and B are naturally occurring microtubule-stabilizers, which inhibit the growth of human cancer cells in vitro at low nM or sub-nM concentrations. In contrast to taxol (paclitaxel, Taxol) epothilones are also active against different types of multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines in vitro and against multidrug-resistant tumors in vivo. Their attractive preclinical profile has made epothilones important lead structures in the search for improved cytotoxic anticancer drugs and Epo B (EPO906, patupilone) is currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials. Numerous synthetic and semisynthetic analogs have been prepared since the absolute stereochemistry of epothilones was first disclosed in mid-1996 and their in vitro biological activity has been determined. Apart from generating a wealth of SAR information, these efforts have led to the identification of at least six compounds (in addition to Epo B), which are currently at various stages of clinical evaluation in humans. The most advanced of these compounds, Epo B lactam BMS-247550 (ixabepilone), has recently obtained FDA approval for the treatment of metastatic and advanced breast cancer. This chapter will first provide a summary of the basic features of the biological profile of Epo B in vitro and in vivo. This will be followed by a review of the processes that have been developed for the fermentative production of Epo B. The main part of the chapter will focus on the most relevant aspects of the epothilone SAR with regard to effects on tubulin polymerization, in vitro antiproliferative activity, and in vivo antitumor activity. Particular emphasis will be placed on work conducted in the authors' own laboratories, but data from other groups will also be included. In a final section, the current status of those epothilone analogs undergoing clinical development will be briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Altmann KH, Pfeiffer B, Arseniyadis S, Pratt BA, Nicolaou KC. The chemistry and biology of epothilones--the wheel keeps turning. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:396-423. [PMID: 17340668 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HCI H 405, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Synthesis of the C11-C21 Fragments of Epothilones A and B Using Ring-Closing Metathesis. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
33
|
Ghosh AK, Gong G. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Macrolide Antitumor Agent (−)-Lasonolide A. Org Lett 2007; 9:1437-40. [PMID: 17367152 DOI: 10.1021/ol0701013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] An enantioselective total synthesis of (-)-lasonolide A is described. The upper tetrahydropyran ring was constructed stereoselectively by an intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The bicyclic isooxazoline led to the tetrahydropyran ring as well as the quaternary stereocenter present in the molecule. The lower tetrahydropyran ring was assembled by a catalytic asymmetric hetero-Diels-Alder reaction as the key step. Three stereocenters were enantioselectively installed in this single step reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Departments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Altmann KH, Gertsch J. Anticancer drugs from nature--natural products as a unique source of new microtubule-stabilizing agents. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:327-57. [PMID: 17390000 DOI: 10.1039/b515619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview on the current state of research in the area of microtubule-stabilizing agents from natural sources, with a primary focus on the biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology associated with these compounds. A variety of natural products have been discovered over the last decade to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation through a taxol-like mechanism. These compounds represent a whole new range of structurally diverse lead structures for anticancer drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Fleming FF, Vu VA, Shook BC, Rahman M, Steward OW. Metalated Nitriles: Chelation-Controlled Cyclizations to cis and trans Hydrindanes and Decalins. J Org Chem 2007; 72:1431-6. [PMID: 17249734 DOI: 10.1021/jo062270r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chelation provides a powerful means of stereocontrol in alkylations of metalated nitriles. Doubly deprotonating a series of cyclic beta-hydroxynitriles triggers cyclizations that implicate metalated nitrile intermediates having configurations imposed by chelation with an adjacent, chiral lithium alkoxide. Identifying chelation as a general stereocontrol element explains several previously anomalous alkylations of metalated nitriles and provides a potential solution to the long-standing difficulty of synthesizing trans-hydrindanes. Employing chelation to control the metalated nitrile geometry permits selective cyclizations to cis and trans hydrindanes and decalins and provides key insight into the geometrical requirements of these demanding cyclizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser F Fleming
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282-1530, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Klar U, Buchmann B, Schwede W, Skuballa W, Hoffmann J, Lichtner RB. Total Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of ZK-EPO: The First Fully Synthetic Epothilone in Clinical Development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200602785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
37
|
Klar U, Buchmann B, Schwede W, Skuballa W, Hoffmann J, Lichtner RB. Total Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of ZK-EPO: The First Fully Synthetic Epothilone in Clinical Development. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:7942-8. [PMID: 17006870 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200602785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Klar
- Schering AG, Research Center Europe, Müllerstrasse 178, 13342 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Nicolaou KC, Pratt BA, Arseniyadis S, Wartmann M, O'Brate A, Giannakakou P. Molecular design and chemical synthesis of a highly potent epothilone. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:41-4. [PMID: 16892332 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
With the exception of palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings, no other group of reactions has had such a profound impact on the formation of carbon-carbon bonds and the art of total synthesis in the last quarter of a century than the metathesis reactions of olefins, enynes, and alkynes. Herein, we highlight a number of selected examples of total syntheses in which such processes played a crucial role and which imparted to these endeavors certain elements of novelty, elegance, and efficiency. Judging from their short but impressive history, the influence of these reactions in chemical synthesis is destined to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Feyen F, Gertsch J, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Design and Synthesis of 12-Aza-Epothilones (Azathilones)—“Non-Natural” Natural Products with Potent Anticancer Activity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:5880-5. [PMID: 16871640 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200601359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Feyen
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI H 405, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Feyen F, Gertsch J, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Entwurf und Synthese von 12-Aza-Epothilonen (Azathilonen) – “nicht-natürliche Naturstoffe” mit potenter Antitumorwirkung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200601359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
42
|
Watkins EB, Chittiboyina AG, Avery MA. Recent Developments in the Syntheses of the Epothilones and Related Analogues. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Blake Watkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677‐1848, USA
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677‐1848, USA
| | - Mitchell A. Avery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677‐1848, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Cachoux F, Isarno T, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Total synthesis and biological assessment of benzimidazole-based analogues of epothilone A: ambivalent effects on cancer cell growth inhibition. Chembiochem 2006; 7:54-7. [PMID: 16345113 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fréderic Cachoux
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI H 405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bold G, Wojeik S, Caravatti G, Lindauer R, Stierlin C, Gertsch J, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Structure-Activity Relationships in Side-Chain-Modified Epothilone Analogues—How Important is the Position of the Nitrogen Atom? ChemMedChem 2006; 1:37-40. [PMID: 16892331 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200500051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Bold
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cachoux F, Isarno T, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Entwicklung struktureller Template zur Mikrotubulihemmung durch weitgehende Abwandlung der Epothilon-Grundstruktur. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
47
|
Cachoux F, Isarno T, Wartmann M, Altmann KH. Scaffolds for Microtubule Inhibition through Extensive Modification of the Epothilone Template. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:7469-73. [PMID: 16240301 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cachoux
- ETH Zürich, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI H 405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Altmann KH, Flörsheimer A, O'Reilly T, Wartmann M. 4. The natural products epothilones A and B as lead structures for anticancer drug discovery: chemistry, biology, and SAR studies. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2005; 42:171-205. [PMID: 15003721 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(04)42004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Corporate Research, CH-4002 Basel, WKL-136.5.22, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Chou TC, Dong H, Zhang X, Tong WP, Danishefsky SJ. Therapeutic Cure against Human Tumor Xenografts in Nude Mice by a Microtubule Stabilization Agent, Fludelone, via Parenteral or Oral Route. Cancer Res 2005; 65:9445-54. [PMID: 16230408 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epothilones, 16-membered macrolides isolated from a myxobacterium in soil, exert their antitumor effect, like Taxol, by induction of microtubule polymerization and microtubule stabilization. They are effective against tumor cells that are resistant to Taxol or vinblastine. We recently designed, via molecular editing and total synthesis, a new class of epothilones represented by 26-trifluoro-(E)-9,10-dehydro-12,13-desoxy-epothilone B (Fludelone), which has emerged as a lead candidate for clinical development. Treatment of nude mice bearing MX-1 human mammary carcinoma xenografts (as large as 3.4% body weight) with Fludelone (6-hour i.v. infusion, 25 mg/kg, q3d x 5, q3d x 4) led to complete disappearance and de facto "cure" (i.e., remission without a relapse for over 15% of the average life span of 2 years). The toxicities induced by bolus i.v. injection could be avoided through prolonged i.v. infusion, which allowed for a 10-fold increase in maximal tolerated dose. Complete remission of MX-1 xenografts was achieved with only one third of this maximal tolerated dose. Parallel studies with Taxol and Fludelone [20 mg/kg, 6-hour i.v. infusion (q2d x 4) x3] against HCT-116 human colon carcinoma xenografts revealed that both drugs achieved tumor remission; however, all Taxol-treated mice relapsed in approximately 1.3 months, whereas the Fludelone-treated mice were cured without any relapse for over 7 months. Furthermore, tumor remission was achieved by Fludelone against SK-OV-3 (ovary), PC-3 (prostate), and the Taxol-resistant CCRF-CEM/Taxol (leukemia) xenograft tumors. Most remarkably, p.o. administration of Fludelone (30 mg/kg, q2d x 7, q2d x 9, q2d x 5) against MX-1 xenografts achieved a nonrelapsing cure for as long as 8.4 months. The above results indicate that Fludelone is a highly promising compound for cancer chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chao Chou
- Preclinical Pharmacology and Analytical Chemistry Core Laboratories, and Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bekish AV, Isakov VE, Kulinkovich OG. A cyclopropanol approach to the synthesis of the C13–C21 fragment of epothilones from diethyl (S)-malate. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|