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Sakaguchi K, Nishioka Y, Kinashi N, Yukihira N, Shinada T, Nishimura T, Hashimoto H, Katsumura S. Synthesis of Allene-Containing Apocarotenoids by Cross-Coupling Strategy. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The stereocontrolled total synthesis of the allene and carbonyl conjugated apocarotenoids, paracentrone and 19-hexanoyloxyparacentrone 3-acetate, was achieved by sequential cross-coupling reactions using boronic acid ester and iodine- or tin-substituted C5 dienes, which were the building blocks for the elongation of the conjugated polyene systems at both terminals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Yuto Nishioka
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Naoto Kinashi
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Nao Yukihira
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | - Takahiro Nishimura
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
| | | | - Shigeo Katsumura
- Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University
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Masyuk VS, Mineeva IV. Synthesis of phenyl analog of retinoic acid methyl ester proceeding from 3-(bromomethyl)but-3-enal diethylacetal. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428017110045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Vaz B, Alvarez R, de Lera AR. Stereocontrolled synthesis of ( S )-9- cis - and ( S )-11- cis -13,14-dihydroretinoic acid. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Blaisdell TP, Morken JP. Hydroxyl-Directed Cross-Coupling: A Scalable Synthesis of Debromohamigeran E and Other Targets of Interest. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8712-5. [PMID: 26125083 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b05477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A hydroxyl functional group positioned β to a pinacol boronate can serve to direct palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. This feature can be used to control the reaction site in multiply borylated substrates and can activate boronates for reaction that would otherwise be unreactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Blaisdell
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - James P Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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Tadano KI. Our recent progress on the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction approach in natural products synthesis: synthetic studies of the octahydronaphthalene substructure of versipelostatins and the A/B/C-tricyclic substructure of GKK1032s. CHEM REC 2014; 14:623-40. [PMID: 25049071 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During this decade, the enantio- and stereoselective synthesis of natural products has been actively explored in the author's laboratory. In this account, the author outlines practical syntheses of the polycyclic substructures of two novel structurally formidable antibiotics, namely, the trans-fused octahydronaphthalene moiety of versipelostatins and the A/B/C-tricyclic decahydrofluorene moiety of GKK1032s. Both syntheses have been achieved with remarkable regio- and stereoselectivity via intramolecular Diels-Alder reactions using well-designed enantiomeric substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-Ichi Tadano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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Morita A, Kiyota H, Kuwahara S. Enantioselective Synthesis of the (1S,5R)-Enantiomer of Litseaverticillols A and B. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:2564-6. [PMID: 17031060 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of the (1S,5R)-enantiomer of litseaverticillols A and B was accomplished in line with our previously reported synthetic pathway for their (1R,5S)-enantiomer. The use of "EtSCeCl2" prepared from EtSLi and CeCl3, instead of previously employed EtSLi itself, for the formation of thiol ester intermediates prevented any undesirable epimerization occurring in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Morita
- Laboratory of Applied Bioorganic Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Japan
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8
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Recent advances in the synthesis of stannanes and the scope of their posterior chemical transformations. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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A cross-metathesis approach to the synthesis of new etretinate type retinoids, ethyl retinoate and its 9Z-isomer. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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10
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Bergueiro J, Montenegro J, Saá C, López S. Synthesis of 11-cis-Retinoids by Hydrosilylation-Protodesilylation of an 11,12-Didehydro Precursor: Easy Access to 11- and 12-Mono- and 11,12-Dideuteroretinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:14100-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Cross-Coupling Reactions of Organosilicon Compounds in the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Retinoids. Chemistry 2012; 18:4401-10. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Ivanova D, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. Design and Stereoselective Synthesis of Retinoids with Ferrocene or N-Butylcarbazole Pharmacophores that Induce Post-Differentiation Apoptosis in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:1518-29. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Shen YC, Wang GP. Homocoupling of polyfluorovinylstannanes mediated by a novel combination of CuCl/2,2′-dipyridyl. Stereospecific synthesis of polyfluorinated alka-2,4-dienes. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.20040220903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Synthesis of macrocyclic precursors of lankacidins using Stille reactions of 4-(2-iodo-alkenyl)azetidinones and related compounds for ring closure. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
A convergent and highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of the cytotoxic macrolide (+)-superstolide A is described. Key features of this synthesis include the use of bimetallic linchpin 36b for uniting the C(1)-C(15) (43) and the C(20)-C(27) (38) fragments of the natural product, a late-stage Suzuki macrocyclization of 49, and a highly diastereoselective transannular Diels-Alder reaction of macrocyclic octaene 4. In contrast, the intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction of pentaenal 5 provided the desired cycloadduct with lower stereoselectivity (6:1:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Tortosa
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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Wojtkielewicz A, Maj J, Morzycki JW. Cross metathesis of β-carotene with electron-deficient dienes. A direct route to retinoids. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Bonaterra M, Rossi RA, Martín SE. Organoheteroatom Stannanes in Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions with 1-Naphthyl Triflate. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om8009816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bonaterra
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Roberto A. Rossi
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sandra E. Martín
- INFIQC, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular conjugate addition of vinylstannanes to dihydro-4-pyridones: a simple method for stereoselective construction of 1-azabicyclic alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Tortosa
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Neal A. Yakelis
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William R. Roush
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Caselli E, Galvan M, Santoni F, Alvarez S, de Lera AR, Ivanova D, Gronemeyer H, Caruso A, Guidoboni M, Cassai E, Dolcetti R, Di Luca D. Retinoic Acid Analogues Inhibit Human Herpesvirus 8 Replication. Antivir Ther 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350801300205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Retinoids have a pronounced antiviral effect against several viruses. In this study we aimed to investigate the effect of retinoids on human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Methods A panel of retinoic acid compounds were tested for their antiviral activity against HHV-8 in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in a human epithelial cell line. The presence, transcription and antigen expression of HHV-8 in infected cells – in the presence or absence of retinoic acid compounds – were evaluated by PCR, reverse transcriptase PCR and immunofluorescence assays; HHV-8 viral load was determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Angiogenesis induced by HHV-8 was also assessed using Cultrex® basement membrane extract. Results The compounds tested specifically inhibited viral promoters, during the early and late phases of infection in both cell systems tested, and resulted in up to 100fold reduction of viral titre and release of progeny virus. The inhibition of viral replication induced by retinoids in endothelial cells, the primary target of HHV-8-driven transformation in Kaposi's Sarcoma, prevented endothelial cells from developing spindle morphology and in vitro tube formation, characteristic changes associated with HHV-8 infection and transformation. Conclusions We show that retinoids inhibit HHV-8 replication and identify new retinoid compounds with a strong antiviral effect. Selective retinoids, particularly those with retinoic acid receptor agonist activity, may be good candidates for the development of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Galvan
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabio Santoni
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
| | - Diana Ivanova
- Departamento de Química Orgànica, Universidade de Vigo, Spain
- Department of Cancer Biology, IGBMC, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Applied Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Guidoboni
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
- Present address: Division of Medical Oncology and Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Siena, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Siena, Italy
| | - Enzo Cassai
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunovirology and Biotherapy Unit, CRO – IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
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Okitsu T, Iwatsuka K, Wada A. Caesium fluoride-promoted Stille coupling reaction: an efficient synthesis of 9Z-retinoic acid and its analogues using a practical building block. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:6330-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b813760a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fürstner A, Nevado C, Waser M, Tremblay M, Chevrier C, Teplý F, Aïssa C, Moulin E, Müller O. Total Synthesis of Iejimalide A−D and Assessment of the Remarkable Actin-Depolymerizing Capacity of These Polyene Macrolides. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:9150-61. [PMID: 17602484 DOI: 10.1021/ja072334v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A concise and convergent total synthesis of the highly cytotoxic marine natural products iejimalide A-D (1-4) is reported, which relies on an effective ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction of a cyclization precursor containing no less than 10 double bonds. Because of the exceptional sensitivity of this polyunsaturated intermediate and its immediate precursors toward acid, base, and even gentle warming, the assembly process hinged upon the judicious choice of protecting groups and the careful optimization of all individual transformations. As a consequence, particularly mild protocols for Stille as well as Suzuki reactions of elaborate coupling partners have been developed that hold considerable promise for applications in other complex settings. Moreover, a series of non-natural "iejimalide-like" compounds has been prepared, differing from the natural lead in the polar head groups linked to the macrolide's N-terminus. With the aid of these compounds it was possible to uncover the hitherto unknown effect of iejimalide and analogues on the actin cytoskeleton. Their capacity to depolymerize this microfilament network rivals that of the latrunculins which constitute the standard in the field. Structural modifications of the peptidic terminus in 2 are thereby well accommodated, without compromising the biological effects. The iejimalides hence constitute an important new class of probe molecules for chemical biology in addition to their role as promising lead structures for the development of novel anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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Shen Y, Wang G. Synthesis of α-fluoro-β-trifluoromethyl alka-2,4-dienes. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.20284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Coleman RS, Lu X. Total synthesis of strobilurin B using a hetero-bis-metallated pentadiene linchpin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:423-5. [PMID: 16493822 DOI: 10.1039/b514233d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, six-step stereocontrolled total synthesis of the antifungal agent strobilurin B is reported and was based on a convergent bi-directional coupling featuring a hetero-bis-1,4-metallated pentadiene system as the linchpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave., Columbus, 43210, USA.
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Alvarez R, Vega MJ, Kammerer S, Rossin A, Germain P, Gronemeyer H, de Lera AR. 9-cis-retinoic acid analogues with bulky hydrophobic rings: new RXR-selective agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:6117-22. [PMID: 15546741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Stille cross-coupling of aryltriflates 10 and dienylstannane 11, oxidation and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction afforded stereoselectively retinoates 15. Saponification provided the carboxylic acids 8a and 8b, retinoids that incorporate a bulky hydrophobic ring while preserving the 9-cis-geometry of the parent system. In contrast to the pan-RAR/RXR agonistic profile of the lower homologue of 8a, compound 7 (LG100567), retinoids 8 showed selective binding and transactivation of RXR, devoid of significant RAR activation. In PLB985 leukemia cells that require RXR agonists for differentiation compounds 8 induced maturation in the presence of the RAR-selective pan-agonist TTNPB; this effect was blocked by an RXR-selective antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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Domínguez M, Alvarez R, Martras S, Farrés J, Parés X, de Lera AR. Synthesis of ring-oxidized retinoids as substrates of mouse class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1). Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:3368-73. [PMID: 15534715 DOI: 10.1039/b411585f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ring-oxidized retinoids have been synthesized stereoselectively using the Stille cross-coupling reaction. Kinetic constants of mouse class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH1) with these retinoids were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain.
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Alvarez S, Alvarez R, de Lera AR. Enantioselective synthesis of all of the stereoisomers of (E)-13,14-dihydroxyretinol (DHR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Michellys PY, Ardecky RJ, Chen JH, D'Arrigo J, Grese TA, Karanewsky DS, Leibowitz MD, Liu S, Mais DA, Mapes CM, Montrose-Rafizadeh C, Ogilvie KM, Reifel-Miller A, Rungta D, Thompson AW, Tyhonas JS, Boehm MF. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship studies of novel 6,7-locked-[7-(2-alkoxy-3,5-dialkylbenzene)-3-methylocta]-2,4,6-trienoic acids. J Med Chem 2003; 46:4087-103. [PMID: 12954061 DOI: 10.1021/jm020401k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor:peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor (RXR:PPAR) heterodimers play a critical role in the regulation of glucose (RXR/PPARgamma) and lipid metabolism (RXR/PPARalpha). Previously, we described a concise structure-activity relationship study of selective RXR modulators possessing a (2E,4E,6Z)-3-methyl-7-(3,5-dialkyl-6-alkoxyphenyl)-octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid scaffold. These studies were focused on the 2-position alkoxy side chain. We describe here the design and synthesis of a novel series of RXR selective modulators possessing the same aromatic core structure with the addition of a ring locked 6-7-Z-olefin on the trienoic acid moiety. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of these 6,7-locked cyclopentenyl, phenyl, thienyl, furan, and pyridine-trienoic acid derivatives is presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Michellys
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Michellys PY, Ardecky RJ, Chen JH, Crombie DL, Etgen GJ, Faul MM, Faulkner AL, Grese TA, Heyman RA, Karanewsky DS, Klausing K, Leibowitz MD, Liu S, Mais DA, Mapes CM, Marschke KB, Reifel-Miller A, Ogilvie KM, Rungta D, Thompson AW, Tyhonas JS, Boehm MF. Novel (2E,4E,6Z)-7-(2-alkoxy-3,5-dialkylbenzene)-3-methylocta-2,4,6-trienoic acid retinoid X receptor modulators are active in models of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2003; 46:2683-96. [PMID: 12801232 DOI: 10.1021/jm020340q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous data have shown that RXR-selective agonists (e.g., 3 and 4) are insulin sensitizers in rodent models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Unfortunately, they also produce dramatic increases in triglycerides and profound suppression of the thyroid hormone axis. Here we describe the design and synthesis of new RXR modulators that retain the insulin-sensitizing activity of RXR agonists but produce substantially reduced side effects. These molecules bind selectively and with high affinity to RXR and, unlike RXR agonists, do not activate RXR homodimers. To further evaluate the antidiabetic activity of these RXR modulators, we have designed a concise and systematic structure-activity relationship around the 2E,4E,6Z-7-aryl-3-methylocta-2,4,6-trienoic acid scaffold. Selected compounds have been evaluated using insulin-resistant rodents (db/db mice) to characterize effects on glucose homeostasis. Our studies demonstrate the effectiveness of RXR modulators in lowering plasma glucose in the db/db mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Michellys
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Ligand Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated, 10275 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Otero MP, Torrado A, Pazos Y, Sussman F, De Lera AR. Stereoselective synthesis of annular 9-cis-retinoids and binding characterization to the retinoid X receptor. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5876-82. [PMID: 12182616 DOI: 10.1021/jo0257391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of 9-cis-retinoic acid incorporating an alicyclic ring between the C19 and C10 positions have been synthesized and evaluated as ligands for the RXRalpha nuclear receptor. The stereocontrolled synthesis of these configurationally constrained retinoids combines a Stille cross-coupling and the Wittig reaction as key bond-forming steps. The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of the beta-bromo-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes 5 to dienylstannane 6 is very fast at room temperature, and takes place with preservation of the dienylstannane geometry. A highly stereoselective Wittig reaction afforded the C7-C8 bond connecting the hydrophobic ring to the retinoid side chain. The binding affinities of these compounds for the receptor were determined, and the structural and energetic rationale behind the affinity profile of the cyclic 9-cis-retinoic acid derivatives for the RXRalpha nuclear receptor was characterized by using Molecular Mechanics protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paz Otero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo, 36200 Vigo, Spain
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Itami K, Mitsudo K, Nokami T, Kamei T, Koike T, Yoshida JI. Pyridylsilyl group-driven cross-coupling reactions. J Organomet Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(02)01173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Szundi I, de Lera AR, Pazos Y, Alvarez R, Oliana M, Sheves M, Lewis JW, Kliger DS. Bleaching kinetics of artificial visual pigments with modifications near the ring-polyene chain connection. Biochemistry 2002; 41:2028-35. [PMID: 11827550 DOI: 10.1021/bi011461f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Absorbance difference spectra were recorded at 20 degrees C from 30 ns to milliseconds after photolysis of lauryl maltoside suspensions of artificial visual pigments derived from 9-cis isomers of 5-ethylretinal, 8,16-methanoretinal (a 6-s-trans-bicyclic analogue), or 5-demethyl-8-methylretinal. In all three pigments, the earliest intermediate that was detected had the characteristics of a mixture of bathorhodopsin and a blue-shifted intermediate, BSI, which is the first decay product of bathorhodopsin in bovine rhodopsin. The first decays resolved on the nanosecond time scale were the formation of the lumirhodopsin analogues. Subsequent decays were able to be fit with a mechanistic scheme which has been shown to apply to both membrane and detergent suspensions of rhodopsin. Large increases were seen in the amount of metarhodopsin I which appeared after photolysis of 5-ethylisorhodopsin and the bicyclic isorhodopsin analogue, while 5-demethyl-8-methylisorhodopsin more closely followed native rhodopsin in decaying through meta I380, a 380 nm absorbing precursor to metarhodopsin II. In addition to forming more metarhodopsin I, the bicyclic analogue stabilized the metarhodopsin I-metarhodopsin II equilibrium similarly to what has been previously reported for 9-demethylrhodopsin in detergent, introducing the possibility that the bicyclic analogue could similarly be defective in transducin activation. These observations support the idea that long after initial photolysis, structural details of the retinylidene chromophore continue to play a decisive role in processes leading to the activated form, metarhodopsin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Szundi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA
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36
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Pazos Y, Iglesias B, de Lera AR. The Suzuki coupling reaction in the stereocontrolled synthesis of 9-cis-retinoic acid and its ring-demethylated analogues. J Org Chem 2001; 66:8483-9. [PMID: 11735529 DOI: 10.1021/jo010711v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The thallium-accelerated Suzuki coupling reaction of tetraenyl iodide 19 and cyclohexenyl boronate 18 afforded ethyl 9-cis-retinoate (12) in high yield. Both coupling partners of the Suzuki reaction are better reacted immediately after generation from their precursors, tetraenylstannane 10 and cyclohexenyl iodide 13. The geometrically homogeneous tetraenylstannane 10, comprising the polyenic side chain of ethyl 9-cis-retinoate and its ring-demethylated analogues, was synthesized by a stereoselective Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. On the other hand, easily available cyclohexanones are ideal starting materials for preparation of the cyclohexenyl boronates required for the synthesis of the ring-modified 9-cis-retinoic acid analogues. For hindered cyclohexanones, hydrazones were converted to cyclohexenyl iodides. Iodine-lithium exchange and trapping with B(OMe)(3) then afforded the cyclohexenyl boronates. If the precursor cyclohexanone has secondary carbons, the alkenyllithium species was conveniently formed by elimination of the C,N-dilithiated intermediate obtained upon treating the trisylhydrazone with n-BuLi (Shapiro reaction). None of the above procedures allowed the generation of the more substituted organolithium from 2-methylcyclohexanone. However, the alternative Stille cross-coupling of 34 and 10 afforded 9-cis-1,1-bisdemethylretinoic acid 7. Both Suzuki and Stille coupling reactions took place under mild conditions, and the preservation of the retinoid side-chain geometry was therefore secured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pazos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Vigo 36200 Vigo, Spain
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37
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Itami K, Kamei T, Yoshida J. Unusually accelerated silylmethyl transfer from tin in stille coupling: implication of coordination-driven transmetalation. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:8773-9. [PMID: 11535082 DOI: 10.1021/ja0160593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 2-PyMe2SiCH2SnBu3 with aryl iodide (Ar-I) exclusively produced the 2-PyMe2SiCH2 transferred product 2-PyMe2SiCH2Ar. The relative transfer ability of organic group from tin was found to be 2-PyMe2SiCH2 >> Ph > Me > Bu >> PhMe2SiCH2, which implies the beneficial pyridyl-to-palladium coordination effect. Thus, the transfer of the silylmethyl group from tin to palladium was remarkably accelerated by simply appending the 2-pyridyl group on silicon. The pyridyl-to-palladium coordination was validated in the palladium(II) complex 2-PyMe2SiCH2PdClPPh3 by 1H NMR and X-ray crystal structure analysis. The cross-coupling product was used for further transformations. The C-Si oxidation of the cross-coupling product 2-PyMe2SiCH2Ar afforded ArCH2OH in high yield. The fluoride ion-catalyzed 1,2-addition of 2-PyMe2SiCH2Ar to carbonyl compound (RR'C=O) gave ArCH2C(OH)RR' in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Itami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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38
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Willis MC, Claverie CK. The selective preparation and Suzuki coupling reactivity of cyclic 1,3-dione derived mono- and ditriflates. Tetrahedron Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)00933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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