1
|
Qiu X, Ying Q, Wang S, Duan L, Wang Y, Lu K, Wang P, Xing J, Zheng M, Zhao M, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Hao J. Significant impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on summertime atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation in north China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133580. [PMID: 31376754 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of N2O5, O3, OH, ClONO2, HOCl, ClNO2, and NO2, with chlorine-containing particles are incorporated in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to evaluate the impact of heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species on ozone and free radicals. Changes of summertime ozone and free radical concentrations due to the additional heterogeneous reactions in north China were quantified. These heterogeneous reactions increased the O3, OH, HO2 and RO2 concentrations by up to 20%, 28%, 36% and 48% for some regions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area. These areas typically have a larger amount of NOx emissions and a lower VOC/NOx ratio. The zero-out method evaluates that the photolysis of ClNO2 and Cl2 are the major contributors (42.4% and 57.6%, respectively) to atmospheric Cl in the early morning hours but the photolysis of Cl2 is the only significant contributor after 10:00 am. The results highlight that heterogeneous reactions of reactive chlorine species are important to atmospheric ozone and free-radical formation. Our study also suggests that the on-going NOx emission controls in the NCP region with a goal to reduce both O3 and secondary nitrate can also have the co-benefit of reducing the formation Cl from ClNO2 and Cl2, which may also lead to lower secondary organic aerosol formation and thus the control of summertime PM2.5 in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Minjiang Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Finlayson‐Pitts BJ. Multiphase chemistry in the troposphere: It all starts … and ends … with gases. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
3
|
Liu X, Qu H, Huey LG, Wang Y, Sjostedt S, Zeng L, Lu K, Wu Y, Hu M, Shao M, Zhu T, Zhang Y. High Levels of Daytime Molecular Chlorine and Nitryl Chloride at a Rural Site on the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9588-9595. [PMID: 28806070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chlorine (Cl2) and nitryl chloride (ClNO2) concentrations were measured using chemical ionization mass spectrometry at a rural site over the North China Plain during June 2014. High levels of daytime Cl2 up to ∼450 pptv were observed. The average diurnal Cl2 mixing ratios showed a maximum around noon at ∼100 pptv. ClNO2 exhibited a strong diurnal variation with early morning maxima reaching ppbv levels and afternoon minima sustained above 60 pptv. A moderate correlation (R2 = 0.31) between Cl2 and sulfur dioxide was observed, perhaps indicating a role for power plant emissions in the generation of the observed chlorine. We also observed a strong correlation (R2 = 0.83) between daytime (10:00-20:00) Cl2 and ClNO2, which implies that both of them were formed from a similar mechanism. In addition, Cl2 production is likely associated with a photochemical mechanism as Cl2 concentrations varied with ozone (O3) levels. The impact of Cl2 and ClNO2 as Cl atom sources is investigated using a photochemical box model. We estimated that the produced Cl atoms oxidized slightly more alkanes than OH radicals and enhanced the daily concentrations of peroxy radicals by 15% and the O3 production rate by 19%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hang Qu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - L Gregory Huey
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Steven Sjostedt
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fairhurst MC, Ezell MJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Knudsen cell studies of the uptake of gaseous ammonia and amines onto C3–C7 solid dicarboxylic acids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:26296-26309. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05252a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
While atmospheric particles affect health, visibility and climate, the details governing their formation and growth are poorly understood on a molecular level.
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu L, Liu Q, Tong S, Jing B, Wang W, Guo Y, Ge M. Mechanism and Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions of Unsaturated Organic Acids on α-Al 2 O 3 and CaCO 3. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3515-3523. [PMID: 27504908 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions have a vital role in the atmosphere due to their significant effects on the evolution of atmospheric aerosols, which in turn contribute to air pollution. However, the mechanism and kinetics of these processes involving unsaturated organic acids, important types of volatile organic compounds, are still unclear. In this work, the heterogeneous uptake of two representative atmospheric unsaturated organic acids (acrylic acid and methacrylic acid) on mineral aerosols including α-Al2 O3 and CaCO3 are investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor and an in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) reactor. The corresponding reaction pathways are proposed from the DRIFTS analysis. In addition, the initial uptake coefficients of unsaturated organic acids and their heterogeneous fate are obtained for the first time. Our results suggest that heterogeneous reactions on α-Al2 O3 and CaCO3 can be important sinks for acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, as well as possible contributors to the organic coating found on atmospheric aerosols, especially in high-pollution events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, P.R. China
| | - Qifan Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R.China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bo Jing
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weigang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yucong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R.China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment (CEUAE), Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun Y, Zhang Q, Wang W. Adsorption and heterogeneous reactions of ClONO2 and N2O5 on/with NaCl aerosol. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03961h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The adsorption and heterogeneous reactions of ClONO2 and N2O5 on the NaCl (100) surface have been investigated by performing density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Sun
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zelenov VV, Aparina EV, Kashtanov SA. The uptake of ClNO3 on film coatings of natural sea salt. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793114030282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
8
|
Woods E, Heylman KD, Gibson AK, Ashwell AP, Rossi SR. Effects of NOy Aging on the Dehydration Dynamics of Model Sea Spray Aerosol. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4214-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp401646d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ephraim Woods
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Kevin D. Heylman
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Amanda K. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Adam P. Ashwell
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| | - Sean R. Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, New York
13346, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zelenov VV, Aparina EV. A study of the uptake of NO3 on film coatings of natural sea salt. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793113020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Riedel TP, Bertram TH, Crisp TA, Williams EJ, Lerner BM, Vlasenko A, Li SM, Gilman J, de Gouw J, Bon DM, Wagner NL, Brown SS, Thornton JA. Nitryl chloride and molecular chlorine in the coastal marine boundary layer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10463-70. [PMID: 22443276 DOI: 10.1021/es204632r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and sources of chlorine atoms in marine air remain highly uncertain but have potentially important consequences for air quality in polluted coastal regions. We made continuous measurements of ambient ClNO(2) and Cl(2) concentrations from May 15 to June 8 aboard the Research Vessel Atlantis during the CalNex 2010 field study. In the Los Angeles region, ClNO(2) was more ubiquitous than Cl(2) during most nights of the study period. ClNO(2) and Cl(2) ranged from detection limits at midday to campaign maximum values at night reaching 2100 and 200 pptv, respectively. The maxima were observed in Santa Monica Bay when sampling the Los Angeles urban plume. Cl(2) at times appeared well correlated with ClNO(2), but at other times, there was little to no correlation implying distinct and varying sources. Well-confined Cl(2) plumes were observed, largely independent of ClNO(2), providing support for localized industrial emissions of reactive chlorine. Observations of ClNO(2), Cl(2), and HCl are used to constrain a simple box model that predicts their relative importance as chlorine atom sources in the polluted marine boundary layer. In contrast to the emphasis in previous studies, ClNO(2) and HCl are dominant primary chlorine atom sources for the Los Angeles basin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theran P Riedel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Ma J, Liu C, He H. Heterogeneous uptake of carbonyl sulfide onto kaolinite within a temperature range of 220-330 K. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hydutsky DP, Bianco NJ, Castleman A. Photochemistry and solvation of HI(H2O)n clusters: Evidence of biradical formation. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Zelenov VV, Aparina EV, Kashtanov SA, Shestakov DV. Kinetic mechanisms of the uptake of atmospheric gases on the surface of sea salts. ClNO3 uptake on MgCl2 · 6H2O/NaCl. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793109010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Zelenov VV, Aparina EV, Ivashin SV, Gershenson YM. Steady-state uptake of NO3 on NaBr/NaCl, NaI/NaCl, MgCl2 · 6H2O/NaCl, MgBr2 · 6H2O/NaCl binary salt coatings. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793108030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
15
|
Liu Y, He H, Ma Q. Temperature Dependence of the Heterogeneous Reaction of Carbonyl Sulfide on Magnesium Oxide. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:2820-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711302r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Boulter JE, Marschall J. Measurement of Effective Knudsen Diffusion Coefficients for Powder Beds Used in Heterogeneous Uptake Experiments. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:10444-55. [PMID: 16942050 DOI: 10.1021/jp062866i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effective Knudsen diffusion coefficients for characteristic oxide powder beds used in heterogeneous uptake experiments have been measured using countercurrent diffusion and transient pressure drop techniques. Room-temperature thermal-velocity-normalized effective Knudsen diffusion coefficients are found to lie in the 0.15 to 0.35 microm range for magnesium silicate, aluminum oxide, and iron oxide powder beds. Measured values are compared with theoretical estimates and are consistent with low bed tortuosities (below 3) expected for media with open porosity above 0.5. The impact of uncertainties in effective diffusion coefficients on corrections of measured uptake coefficients is discussed. The value of careful uptake measurements in both the low and high sample mass limits is reinforced, as this allows uptake corrections independent of explicitly measured or estimated diffusion coefficient values. It is suggested that correction procedures requiring tortuosity values greater than 3 are suspect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Boulter
- Molecular Physics Laboratory, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zelenov VV, Aparina EV, Kashtanov SA, Shestakov DV, Gershenzon YM. Kinetic mechanism of ClONO2 uptake on polycrystalline film of NaCl. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:6771-80. [PMID: 16722693 DOI: 10.1021/jp056272b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic studies and the mechanism determination of ClONO2 uptake on polycrystalline NaCl were carried out using a coated-insert flow tube reactor combined with high-resolution, low-energy electron-impact mass spectrometer under the following conditions: p = 1-2 Torr, linear flow velocity v = 3.5-75 m s(-1), T = 293 and 387 K, [ClONO2] = (0.5-25) x 10(12) molecules cm(-3). The salt was deposited as a film from nonsaturated aqueous solution on the sliding rod. The temporal dependences of the uptake coefficient and the partial uptake coefficients leading to a formation of the prime Cl2 and HOCl products were measured for different ClONO2 concentrations. These dependences are established to be described by gamma = gamma0 exp(-t/tau) + gamma(s), gamma(0,s)(-1) = a(0,s) + b(0,s)[ClONO2]. In the framework of the proposed kinetic model, the data are explained and the main elementary kinetic parameters of the uptake are evaluated. The model is based on a combination of Langmuir adsorption, formation of surface complexes on initial active sites, Z(ch), followed by their unimolecular decomposition. Decomposition is proposed to proceed concurrently in two channels, one of which is a released surface site that conserves the properties of the initial site. In the other channel, the initial Z(ch) transforms into Z(ph) followed by steady-state uptake and reproduction of final Z(ph). The model gives an analytical expression for experimental parameters gamma0, gamma(s), and tau in terms of elementary rate constants and the reactant volume concentration. The final objective of the proposed model is the extrapolation of gamma0, gamma(s), and tau parameters to real tropospheric conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V V Zelenov
- Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Finlayson-Pitts BJ. The Tropospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt: A Molecular-Level View of the Chemistry of NaCl and NaBr. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4801-22. [PMID: 14664634 DOI: 10.1021/cr020653t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hoffman RC, Kaleuati MA, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Knudsen Cell Studies of the Reaction of Gaseous HNO3 with NaCl Using Less than a Single Layer of Particles at 298 K: A Modified Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030611o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Margaret A. Kaleuati
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Knipping EM, Dabdub D. Impact of chlorine emissions from sea-salt aerosol on coastal urban ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:275-284. [PMID: 12564898 DOI: 10.1021/es025793z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of photochemical models to predict observed coastal chlorine levels and their corresponding effect on ozone formation is explored. Current sea-spray generation functions, a comprehensive gas-phase chlorine chemistry mechanism, and several heterogeneous/multiphase chemical reactions considered key processes leading to reactive chlorine formation are added to an airshed model of the South Coast Air Basin of California. Modeling results reproduce regional sea-salt particle concentrations. The heterogeneous/multiphase chemical reactions do not affect the rate of hydrochloric acid displacement, nor do they enhance aerosol nitrate formation. Chlorine levels in the model are predicted to be an order of magnitude lower than previously observed values at other coastal regions under similar conditions, albeit in much better agreement than previous studies. The results suggest that the inclusion of sea-salt-derived chlorine chemistry might increase morning ozone predictions by as much as 12 ppb in coastal regions and by 4 ppb in the peak domain ozone in the afternoon. The inclusion of anthropogenic sources of chlorine is recommended for future studies, as such sources might elevate ozone predictions even further via direct emission into polluted regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eladio M Knipping
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3975, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gershenzon M, Davidovits P, Jayne JT, Kolb CE, Worsnop DR. Rate Constant for the Reaction of Cl2(aq) with OH-. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014146b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
23
|
Chu LT, Diao G, Chu L. Kinetics of HOBr Uptake on NaBr and NaCl Surfaces at Varying Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013594g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang T. Chu
- Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health and State University of New York, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509
| | - Guowang Diao
- Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health and State University of New York, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509
| | - Liang Chu
- Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health and State University of New York, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509
| |
Collapse
|