1
|
Cherepanov DA, Shelaev IV, Gostev FE, Nadtochenko VA, Xu W, Golbeck JH, Semenov AY. Symmetry breaking in photosystem I: ultrafast optical studies of variants near the accessory chlorophylls in the A- and B-branches of electron transfer cofactors. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1209-1227. [PMID: 34478050 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond absorption spectroscopy of Photosystem I (PS I) complexes from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was carried out on three pairs of complementary amino acid substitutions located near the second pair of chlorophyll molecules Chl2A and Chl2B (also termed A-1A and A-1B). The absorption dynamics at delays of 0.1-500 ps were analyzed by decomposition into discrete decay-associated spectra and continuously distributed exponential components. The multi-exponential deconvolution of the absorption changes revealed that the electron transfer reactions in the PsaA-N600M, PsaA-N600H, and PsaA-N600L variants near the B-branch of cofactors are similar to those of the wild type, while the PsaB-N582M, PsaB-N582H, and PsaB-N582L variants near the A-branch of cofactors cause significant alterations of the photochemical processes, making them heterogeneous and poorly described by a discrete exponential kinetic model. A redistribution of the unpaired electron between the second and the third monomers Chl2A/Chl2B and Chl3A/Chl3B was identified in the time range of 9-20 ps, and the subsequent reduction of A1 was identified in the time range of 24-70 ps. In the PsaA-N600L and PsaB-N582H/L variants, the reduction of A1 occurred with a decreased quantum yield of charge separation. The decreased quantum yield correlates with a slowing of the phylloquinone A0 → A1 reduction, but not with the initial transient spectra measured at the shortest time delay. The results support a branch competition model, where the electron is sheared between Chl2A-Chl3A and Chl2B-Chl3B cofactors before its transfer to phylloquinone in either A1A or A1B sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Cherepanov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 117977, Russian Federation.
| | - Ivan V Shelaev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 117977, Russian Federation
| | - Fedor E Gostev
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 117977, Russian Federation
| | - Victor A Nadtochenko
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 117977, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - John H Golbeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Alexey Yu Semenov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina St. 4, Moscow, 117977, Russian Federation.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bhyrappa P, Sarangi UK. Effect of solvent on the electronic absorption spectral properties of mixed β-octasubstituted free base tetraphenylporphyrins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A near planar macrocycle containing 2,3,12,13-tetraphenylethynyl-5,10,15,20-tetrakis-(4[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-butylphenyl)porphyrin, H2T(4[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]-Bu Ph)P(PE)4 and a series of antipodally mixed substituted nonplanar porphyrins, 2,3,5,10,12,13,15,20-octaphenyl-7,8,17,18-tetra(2[Formula: see text]-thienyl/phenylethynyl, PE)porphyrin, H2OPP(2[Formula: see text]-Th/PE)4 and 2,3,12,13-tetramethyl-7,8,17,18-tetra(2[Formula: see text]-thienyl/PE)-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin, H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](2[Formula: see text]-Th/PE)4were examined by electronic absorption spectroscopy in twenty different solvents. The presence of push-pull substituents at the antipodal [Formula: see text]-pyrrole positions of the nonplanar macrocycle induces varying degrees of orthogonal dipole moments to the porphyrin ring. The influence of different solvents on the degree of nonplanarity and electronic nature of the macrocycle on their electronic absorption spectral properties were examined. Generally, free base porphyrins showed dramatic solvent dependent absorption spectral band shifts and follow the order: H2OPP(PE)4 > H2OPP(2[Formula: see text]-Th)[Formula: see text] H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](2[Formula: see text]-Th)4 >[Formula: see text]H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](PE)4 > H2T(4[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]Bu Ph)P(PE)4. Absorption spectral data in different solvents was analyzed using selected solvatochromic parameters, ([Formula: see text] – 1)/(2[Formula: see text] + 1), [Formula: see text] (30),[Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]*. The enhanced red-shift of the absorption bands of the mixed substituted porphyrins in polar solvents was influenced by solvent-core (porphyrin) interaction and is reflected from the 1H NMR chemical shift of the core imino-hydrogens in polar solvents relative that observed in less polar solvents. The magnitude of the difference in chemical shift ([Formula: see text], ppm) of imino-hydrogens in DMSO-d6 relative to that in CDCl3 follow the order: H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](2[Formula: see text]-Th)4 (1.37 ppm) > H2OPP(PE)4 (1.17 ppm) > H2TPP(CH[Formula: see text](PE)4 (0.57 ppm). The large red-shift in B and Q bands in polar solvents relative to apolar (or less polar) solvents has been possible due to the combined effect of the electronic nature of the macrocycle, its nonplanarity, and solvent-porphyrin core interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Bhyrappa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Chennai 600 036, India
| | - U. K. Sarangi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. Chennai 600 036, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Allu SR, Ravotto L, Troxler T, Vinogradov SA. syn-Diarylphthalimidoporphyrins: Effects of Symmetry Breaking on Two-Photon Absorption and Linear Photophysical Properties. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2977-2988. [PMID: 33822621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c01652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aromatically π-extended porphyrins possess exceptionally intense one-photon (1P) and sometimes two-photon (2P) absorption bands, presenting interest for construction of optical imaging probes and photodynamic agents. Here we investigated how breaking the molecular symmetry affects linear and 2PA properties of π-extended porphyrins. First, we developed the synthesis of porphyrins fused with two phthalimide fragments, termed syn-diarylphthalimidoporphyrins (DAPIP). Second, the photophysical properties of H2, Zn, Pd, and Pt DAPIP were measured and compared to those of fully symmetric tetraarylphthalimidoporphyrins (TAPIP). The data were interpreted using DFT/TDDFT calculations and sum-over-states (SOS) formalism. Overall, the picture of 2PA in DAPIP was found to resemble that in centrosymmetric porphyrins, indicating that symmetry breaking, even as significant as by syn-phthalimido-fusion, induces a relatively small perturbation to the porphyrin electronic structure. Collectively, the compact size, versatile synthesis, high 1PA and 2PA cross sections, and bright luminescence make DAPIP valuable chromophores for construction of imaging probes and other bioapplications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Luca Ravotto
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thomas Troxler
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
5
|
Berezin DB, Likhonina AE. Effect of the Medium on Fluorescence Parameters and Photostability of Porphyrins of Different Structure. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363218100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
6
|
Sebarchievici I, Lascu A, Fagadar-Cosma G, Palade A, Fringu I, Birdeanu M, Taranu B, Fagadar-Cosma E. Optical and electrochemical-mediated detection of ascorbic acid using manganese porphyrin and its gold hybrids. CR CHIM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
7
|
Esipova TV, Rivera-Jacquez HJ, Weber B, Masunov AE, Vinogradov SA. Stabilizing g-States in Centrosymmetric Tetrapyrroles: Two-Photon-Absorbing Porphyrins with Bright Phosphorescence. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6243-6255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Héctor J. Rivera-Jacquez
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida United States
| | - Bruno Weber
- Institute
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland
| | - Artëm E. Masunov
- NanoScience
Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida United States
- Photochemistry Center RAS, ul. Novatorov
7a, Moscow 119421, Russia
- South Ural State University, Lenin
pr. 76, Chelyabinsk 454080, Russia
- National Nuclear Research University MEPhI, Kashirskoye sh. 31, Moscow 115409, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thomas KE, McCormick LJ, Vazquez-Lima H, Ghosh A. Stabilization and Structure of the cis Tautomer of a Free-Base Porphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10088-10092. [PMID: 28370984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Single-crystal X-ray analysis of the β-heptakis(trifluoromethyl)-meso-tetrakis(p-fluorophenyl)porphyrin, H2 [(CF3 )7 TpFPP], has revealed the first example of a stable cis tautomer of a free-base porphyrin, the long-postulated intermediate of porphyrin tautomerism. The stability of the unique molecule appears to reflect a dual origin: a strongly saddled porphyrin skeleton, which alleviates electrostatic repulsion between the two NH protons, and two polarization-enhanced, transannular N-H⋅⋅⋅O-H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond chains, each involving a molecule of water. DFT calculations suggest that the observed tautomer has a lower energy than the alternative, doubly hydrated trans tautomer by some 8.3 kcal mol-1 . A fascinating prospect thus exists that H2 [(CF3 )7 TpFPP]⋅2 H2 O and cognate structures may act as supramolecular synthons, which, given their chirality, may even be amenable to resolution into optically pure enantiomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kolle E Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Laura J McCormick
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720-8229, USA
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Farley C, Aggarwal A, Singh S, Dolor A, To P, Falber A, Crossley M, Drain CM. A Structural Model of Nitro-Porphyrin Dyes Based on Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory. J Comput Chem 2017; 39:1129-1142. [PMID: 28749597 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nitro-porphyrins are an important class of commercial dyes with a range of potential applications. The nitro group is known to dramatically affect the photophysics of the porphyrin, but there are few systematic investigations of the contributing factors. To address this deficiency, we present spectroscopic studies of a series of nitro-porphyrins, accompanied by density functional theory calculations to elucidate their structures. In particular, we explore how the positions of the substituents affect the energy levels and nuclear geometry. As expected, nitro groups on the meso-phenyl rings cause small changes to the orbital energies by induction, while those at the β-pyrrole positions more strongly conjugate into the aromatic system. In addition, however, we find evidence that β-pyrrole nitro groups distort the porphyrin, creating two non-planar conformations with distinct properties. This unexpected result helps explain the anomalous photophysics of nitro-porphyrins reported throughout the literature, including inhomogeneous line broadening and biexponential fluorescence decay. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Farley
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10065.,Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10016
| | - Amit Aggarwal
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York, 11101
| | - Sunaina Singh
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College of the City University of New York, Long Island City, New York, 11101
| | - Aaron Dolor
- Department of Bioengineering, Therapeutic Sciences and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143
| | - Philip To
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10065
| | - Alexander Falber
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Maxwell Crossley
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, 10065.,The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, 10065
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomas KE, McCormick LJ, Vazquez-Lima H, Ghosh A. Stabilization and Structure of the cis
Tautomer of a Free-Base Porphyrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kolle E. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-; The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Laura J. McCormick
- Advanced Light Source; Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley CA 94720-8229 USA
| | - Hugo Vazquez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-; The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Abhik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, UiT-; The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jana A, Ishida M, Park JS, Bähring S, Jeppesen JO, Sessler JL. Tetrathiafulvalene- (TTF-) Derived Oligopyrrolic Macrocycles. Chem Rev 2016; 117:2641-2710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Jana
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
- Institute
for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Masatoshi Ishida
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering and
Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jung Su Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Sookmyung Womens’s University, Seoul 140-742, South Korea
| | - Steffen Bähring
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jan O. Jeppesen
- Department
of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
- Institute
for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Farley C, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, John BK, Drain CM. Tuning the Structure and Photophysics of a Fluorous Phthalocyanine Platform. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7451-64. [PMID: 27552232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b07024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are an important class of industrial dyes with potential commercial applications ranging from photovoltaics to biomedical imaging and therapeutics. We previously demonstrated the versatility of the commercially available zinc(II) hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (ZnF16Pc) as a platform for rapidly developing functional materials for these applications and more. Because this core-platform approach to dye development is increasingly common, it is important to understand the photophysical and structural consequences of the substitution chemistry involved. We present a fundamental study of a series of ZnF16Pc derivatives in which the aromatic fluorine atoms are progressively substituted with thioalkanes. Clear spectroscopic trends are observed as the substituents change from electron-withdrawing to electron-releasing groups. Additionally, there is evidence for significant structural distortion of the normally planar heterocycle, with important ramifications for the photophysics. These results are also correlated to DFT calculations, which show that the orbital energies and symmetries are both important factors for explaining the excited-state dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Farley
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - N V S Dinesh K Bhupathiraju
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Bianca K John
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges , Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10065, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , New York, New York 10016, United States.,The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ravensbergen J, Antoniuk-Pablant A, Sherman BD, Kodis G, Megiatto JD, Méndez-Hernández DD, Frese RN, van Grondelle R, Moore TA, Moore AL, Gust D, Kennis JTM. Spectroscopic Analysis of a Biomimetic Model of TyrZ Function in PSII. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12156-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Ravensbergen
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan
1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antaeres Antoniuk-Pablant
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Benjamin D. Sherman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Gerdenis Kodis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Jackson D. Megiatto
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Dalvin D. Méndez-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Raoul N. Frese
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan
1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rienk van Grondelle
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan
1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas A. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Ana L. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - Devens Gust
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Bioenergy and Photosynthesis, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1605, United States
| | - John T. M. Kennis
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Sciences, VU University, De Boelelaan
1081, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Iima Y, Kuzuhara D, Xue ZL, Akimoto S, Yamada H, Tominaga K. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy study of excited state dynamics of alkyl- and benzo-substituted triphyrin(2.1.1). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:13129-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00301b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-radiative relaxation in triphyrin(2.1.1) is found to be due to non-planarity of the macrocycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iima
- Graduate School of Science
- Kobe University
- Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology
- NAIST
- Ikoma, Japan
| | - Zhao-Li Xue
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology
- NAIST
- Ikoma, Japan
| | - Seiji Akimoto
- Graduate School of Science
- Kobe University
- Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center
- Kobe University
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology
- NAIST
- Ikoma, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- Graduate School of Science
- Kobe University
- Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center
- Kobe University
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ghosh M, Mora AK, Nath S, Chandra AK, Hajra A, Sinha S. Photophysics of Soret-excited free base tetraphenylporphyrin and its zinc analog in solution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 116:466-472. [PMID: 23973595 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Photophysical properties of free base tetraphenylporphyrin and its zinc analog are investigated in detail in solvents of varying polarity by using steady state and time-resolved techniques. Both the porphyrins are excited at the Soret band to have better signal-to-noise ratio. Also, the fluorescence emission measurements are carried out by using dilute solutions (~10(-7)mol/L) of the fluorophores in order to minimize the self-quenching effect. It is observed that the steady state absorption and emission characteristics of the porphyrin molecules are mainly affected by polarizability (via refractive index) rather than polarity (via dielectric constant) of the moderate to highly polar solvents. As the molecules are highly symmetric in the ground state, the associated dipole moments are found to be very low from quantum chemical calculations performed by density functional theory method by using Gaussian 03 package. The dipole moments associated with the first excited singlet state of the porphyrins are computed by applying solvatochromic Stokes' shift method. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to calculate the excited state dipole moments of the porphyrins used in the present investigations. Also, fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime of the first excited singlet state, radiative and non-radiative rate constants of the porphyrins are reported in solvents of varying polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Ghosh
- Integrated Science Education and Research Centre, Siksha-Bhavana, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan 731 235, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Demel J, Kubát P, Millange F, Marrot J, Císařová I, Lang K. Lanthanide-Porphyrin Hybrids: from Layered Structures to Metal–Organic Frameworks with Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2779-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ic400182u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Demel
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Husinec-Řež 1001, 250
68 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubát
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i.,
Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Praha 8, Czech Republic
| | - Franck Millange
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut Lavoisier, UMR CNRS 8180, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Husinec-Řež 1001, 250
68 Řež, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lackinger M, Janson MS, Ho W. Localized interaction of single porphyrin molecules with oxygen vacancies on TiO2(110). J Chem Phys 2012; 137:234707. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4771904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
18
|
Jana A, Ishida M, Kwak K, Sung YM, Kim DS, Lynch VM, Lee D, Kim D, Sessler JL. Comparative electrochemical and photophysical studies of tetrathiafulvalene-annulated porphyrins and their Zn(II) complexes: the effect of metalation and structural variation. Chemistry 2012. [PMID: 23180557 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-annulated porphyrins, and their corresponding Zn(II) complexes, have been synthesized. Detailed electrochemical, photophysical, and theoretical studies reveal the effects of intramolecular charge-transfer transitions that originate from the TTF fragments to the macrocyclic core. The incremental synthetic addition of TTF moieties to the porphyrin core makes the species more susceptible to these charge-transfer (CT) effects as evidenced by spectroscopic studies. On the other hand, regular positive shifts in the reduction signals are seen in the square-wave voltammograms as the number of TTF subunits increases. Structural studies that involve the tetrakis-substituted TTF-porphyrin (both free-base and Zn(II) complex) reveal only modest deviations from planarity. The effect of TTF substitution is thus ascribed to electronic overlap between annulated TTF subunits rather than steric effects. The directly linked thiafulvalene subunits function as both π acceptors as well as σ donors. Whereas σ donation accounts for the substituent-dependent charge-transfer transitions, it is the π-acceptor nature of the appended tetrathiafulvalene groups that dominates the redox chemistry. Interactions between the subunits are also reflected in the square-wave voltammograms. In the case of the free-base derivatives that bear multiple TTF subunits, the neighboring TTF units, as well as the TTF(⋅+) generated through one-electron oxidation, can interact with each other; this gives rise to multiple signals in the square-wave voltammograms. On the other hand, after metalation, the electronic communication between the separate TTF moieties becomes restricted and they act as separate redox centers under conditions of oxidation. Thus only two signals, which correspond to TTF(⋅+) and TTF(2+), are observed. The reduction potentials are also seen to shift towards more negative values after metalation, a finding that is considered to reflect an increased HOMO-LUMO gap. To probe the excited-state dynamics and internal CT character, transient absorption spectral studies were performed. These analyses revealed that all the TTF-porphyrins of this study display relatively short excited-state lifetimes, which range from 1 to 20 ps. This reflects a very fast decay to the ground state and is consistent with the proposed intramolecular charge-transfer effects inferred from the ground-state studies. Complementary DFT calculations provide a mechanistic rationale for the electron flow within the TTF-porphyrins and support the proposed intramolecular charge-transfer interactions and π-acceptor effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120 749, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mimicking the electron transfer chain in photosystem II with a molecular triad thermodynamically capable of water oxidation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:15578-83. [PMID: 22566659 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1118348109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the photosynthetic photosystem II, electrons are transferred from the manganese-containing oxygen evolving complex (OEC) to the oxidized primary electron-donor chlorophyll P680(•+) by a proton-coupled electron transfer process involving a tyrosine-histidine pair. Proton transfer from the tyrosine phenolic group to a histidine nitrogen positions the redox potential of the tyrosine between those of P680(•+) and the OEC. We report the synthesis and time-resolved spectroscopic study of a molecular triad that models this electron transfer. The triad consists of a high-potential porphyrin bearing two pentafluorophenyl groups (PF(10)), a tetracyanoporphyrin electron acceptor (TCNP), and a benzimidazole-phenol secondary electron-donor (Bi-PhOH). Excitation of PF(10) in benzonitrile is followed by singlet energy transfer to TCNP (τ = 41 ps), whose excited state decays by photoinduced electron transfer (τ = 830 ps) to yield Bi-PhOH-PF(10)(•+)-TCNP(•-). A second electron transfer reaction follows (τ < 12 ps), giving a final state postulated as BiH(+)-PhO(•)-PF(10)-TCNP(•-), in which the phenolic proton now resides on benzimidazole. This final state decays with a time constant of 3.8 μs. The triad thus functionally mimics the electron transfers involving the tyrosine-histidine pair in PSII. The final charge-separated state is thermodynamically capable of water oxidation, and its long lifetime suggests the possibility of coupling systems such as this system to water oxidation catalysts for use in artificial photosynthetic fuel production.
Collapse
|
20
|
Białkowski B, Stepanenko Y, Nejbauer M, Radzewicz C, Waluk J. The dynamics and origin of the unrelaxed fluorescence of free-base tetraphenylporphyrin. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Sazanovich IV, Berezin DB, van Hoek A, Panarin AY, Bolotin VL, Semeykin AS, Chirvony VS. The photophysical and metal coordination properties of the N-CH3 substituted porphyrins: H(N-CH3) TPP vs H(N-CH3)OEP. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424605000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of N -methyl substitution on photophysical and metal coordination properties of the respective derivatives of octaethylporphyrin ( H 2 OEP ) and tetraphenylporphyrin ( H 2 TPP ) was studied by means of steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopies combined with semi-empirical quantum-chemical calculations and coordination chemistry methods. In case of H 2 TPP , the insertion of the methyl substituent into the center of the porphyrin macrocycle leads to noticeable nonplanar distortions of the molecule and is accompanied by changes of its photophysical and physicochemical properties towards those manifested by “classical” nonplanar porphyrins. Contrasting to that, N -methyl substituted H 2 OEP does not undergo significant nonplanar distortions and possesses photophysical characteristics mainly similar to unsubstituted H 2 OEP , except for the long-wavelength shift of the absorption and emission bands. The Zn coordination/ Zn complex dissociation and macrocycle thermal stability parameters were also determined for both N -methyl substituted and parent unsubstituted macrocycles, which correlate well with a higher degree of nonplanarity of the N -methyl substituted H 2 TPP as compared to H 2 OEP . Basing on the results of this study the conclusion postulated is that N -methyl substitution has a different effect on the photophysical and coordination properties of H 2 TPP vs. H 2 OEP .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Sazanovich
- Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dmitry B. Berezin
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Ivanovo, Russian Federation
- Solution Chemistry Institute of Russian Academy of Science, Ivanovo, Russian Federation
| | - Arie van Hoek
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrei Yu. Panarin
- Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vladimir L. Bolotin
- Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Vladimir S. Chirvony
- Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Iima Y, Kuzuhara D, Xue ZL, Uno H, Akimoto S, Yamada H, Tominaga K. Photophysical properties of triphyrin(2.1.1) investigated by time-resolved fluorescence measurements. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
23
|
Thyagarajan S, Leiding T, Arsköld SP, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Highly non-planar dendritic porphyrin for pH sensing: observation of porphyrin monocation. Inorg Chem 2011; 49:9909-20. [PMID: 20882973 DOI: 10.1021/ic100968p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free porphyrin-dendrimers provide a convenient platform for the construction of membrane-impermeable ratiometric probes for pH measurements in compartmentalized biological systems. In all previously reported molecules, electrostatic stabilization (shielding) of the core porphyrin by peripheral negative charges (carboxylates) was required to shift the intrinsically low porphyrin protonation pK(a)'s into the physiological pH range (pH 6-8). However, binding of metal cations (e.g., K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) by the carboxylate groups on the dendrimer could affect the protonation behavior of such probes in biological environments. Here we present a dendritic pH nanoprobe based on a highly non-planar tetraaryltetracyclohexenoporphyrin (Ar(4)TCHP), whose intrinsic protonation pK(a)'s are significantly higher than those of regular tetraarylporphyrins, thereby eliminating the need for electrostatic core shielding. The porphyrin was modified with eight Newkome-type dendrons and PEGylated at the periphery, rendering a neutral water-soluble probe (TCHpH), suitable for measurements in the physiological pH range. The protonation of TCHpH could be followed by absorption (e.g., ε(Soret)(dication)∼270,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) or by fluorescence. Unlike most tetraarylporphyrins, TCHpH is protonated in two distinct steps (pK(a)'s 7.8 and 6.0). In the region between the pK(a)'s, an intermediate species with a well-defined spectroscopic signature, presumably a TCHpH monocation, could be observed in the mixture. The performance of TCHpH was evaluated by pH gradient measurements in large unilamellar vesicles. The probe was retained inside the vesicles and did not pass through and/or interact with vesicle membranes, proving useful for quantification of proton transport across phospholipid bilayers. To interpret the protonation behavior of TCHpH we developed a model relating structural changes on the porphyrin macrocycle upon protonation to its basicity. The model was validated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on a planar and non-planar porphyrin, making it possible to rationalize higher protonation pK(a)'s of non-planar porphyrins as well as the easier observation of their monocations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Thyagarajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
McIntyre NR, Franco R, Shelnutt JA, Ferreira GC. Nickel(II) chelatase variants directly evolved from murine ferrochelatase: porphyrin distortion and kinetic mechanism. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1535-44. [PMID: 21222436 DOI: 10.1021/bi101170p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The heme biosynthetic pathway culminates with the ferrochelatase-catalyzed ferrous iron chelation into protoporphyrin IX to form protoheme. The catalytic mechanism of ferrochelatase has been proposed to involve the stabilization of a nonplanar porphyrin to present the pyrrole nitrogens to the metal ion substrate. Previously, we hypothesized that the ferrochelatase-induced nonplanar distortions of the porphyrin substrate impose selectivity for the divalent metal ion incorporated into the porphyrin ring and facilitate the release of the metalated porphyrin through its reduced affinity for the enzyme. Using resonance Raman spectroscopy, the structural properties of porphyrins bound to the active site of directly evolved Ni(2+)-chelatase variants are now examined with regard to the mode and extent of porphyrin deformation and related to the catalytic properties of the enzymes. The Ni(2+)-chelatase variants (S143T, F323L, and S143T/F323L), which were directly evolved to exhibit an enhanced Ni(2+)-chelatase activity over that of the parent wild-type ferrochelatase, induced a weaker saddling deformation of the porphyrin substrate. Steady-state kinetic parameters of the evolved variants for Ni(2+)- and Fe(2+)-chelatase activities increased compared to those of wild-type ferrochelatase. In particular, the reduced porphyrin saddling deformation correlated with increased catalytic efficiency toward the metal ion substrate (Ni(2+) or Fe(2+)). The results lead us to propose that the decrease in the induced protoporphyrin IX saddling mode is associated with a less stringent metal ion preference by ferrochelatase and a slower porphyrin chelation step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil R McIntyre
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Röder B, Büchner M, Rückmann I, Senge MO. Correlation of photophysical parameters with macrocycle distortion in porphyrins with graded degree of saddle distortion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1152-8. [PMID: 20571638 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00107d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different porphyrin conformations are believed to play a role in controlling the cofactor properties in natural tetrapyrrole-protein complexes. In order to study the correlation between macrocycle nonplanarity and physicochemical properties in detail, a series of six porphyrins with graded degree of macrocycle distortion was investigated. These conformationally designed porphyrins are based on the successive introduction of beta-ethyl groups into the tetraphenylporphyrin parent macrocycle and the degree of nonplanarity is dependent on the number and localization of the beta-ethyl meso-phenyl interactions. The electronic properties of the complete series of porphyrins were investigated in solution. It was found that the singlet and triplet properties depend not only on the out-of-plane distortion parameter but also on the type of central metal. Moreover, it was found that macrocycle distortion affects the singlet state properties significantly stronger than the triplet properties. In addition, the efficiency of energy transfer to molecular oxygen was investigated. It was shown that the singlet oxygen quantum yield depends strongly on the triplet state lifetime of the porphyrins, resulting in differences between the decrease of intersystem crossing and singlet oxygen quantum yield. The observed gradual change of electronic parameters of base free tetraphenylporphyrins with increasing deformation of the macrocycle indicates the validity of using conformationally designed porphyrins to fine-tune photophysical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beate Röder
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Physik, AG Photobiophysik, Newtonstr. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Karakostas N, Schaming D, Sorgues S, Lobstein S, Gisselbrecht JP, Giraudeau A, Lampre I, Ruhlmann L. Photophysical, electro- and spectroelectro-chemical properties of the nonplanar porphyrin [ZnOEP(Py)44+,4Cl−] in aqueous media. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
27
|
Kovár P, Pospísil M, Káfunková E, Lang K, Kovanda F. Mg-Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with porphyrin anions: molecular simulations and experiments. J Mol Model 2009; 16:223-33. [PMID: 19575247 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular modeling in combination with powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) provided new information on the organization of the interlayer space of Mg-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing intercalated porphyrin anions [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS)]. Anion-exchange and rehydration procedures were used for the preparation of TPPS-containing LDH with an Mg/Al molar ratio of 2. Molecular modeling was carried out in the Cerius(2) and Materials Studio modeling environment. Three types of models were created in order to simulate the experimental XRD patterns of LDH intercalates with a TPPS loading of 70-80% with respect to the theoretical anion exchange capacity (AEC). The models represent single-phase systems with a 100% TPPS loading in the interlayer space (Type 1) and models represent the coexistence of two phases corresponding to the total exchange from 75 to 92% (Type 2). To cover other possible arrangements, models with the coexistence of both TPPS and NO(3)(-) anions in the same interlayer space were calculated (Type 3). The models are described and compared with experimental data. In all cases, guest TPPS anions are tilted with respect to the hydroxide layers, and are horizontally shifted to each other by up to one-half of the TPPS diameter. According to the energy characteristics and simulated XRD, the most probable arrangement is of Type 2, where some layers are saturated with TPPS anions and others are filled with original NO(3)(-) anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kovár
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Berezin DB, Mal’tseva OV. Effect of the type of molecular nonplanar structure on the chemical reactivity of NH bonds in the coordination center of porphyrin molecule. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363209040276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Lebedev AY, Filatov MA, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Effects of structural deformations on optical properties of tetrabenzoporphyrins: free-bases and Pd complexes. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7723-33. [PMID: 18665576 PMCID: PMC2678055 DOI: 10.1021/jp8043626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed method of synthesis of pi-extended porphyrins made it possible to prepare a series of tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) with different numbers of meso-aryl substituents. The photophysical parameters of free-bases and Pd complexes of meso-unsubstituted TBP's, 5,15-diaryl-TBP's (Ar2TBP's) and 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-TBP's (Ar4TBP's) were measured. For comparison, similarly meso-arylsubstituted porphyrins fused with nonaromatic cyclohexeno-rings, i.e. Ar(n)-tetracyclohexenoporphyrins (Ar(n)TCHP's, n = 0, 2, 4), were also synthesized and studied. Structural information was obtained by ab initio (DFT) calculations and X-ray crystallography. It was found that: 1) Free-base Ar4TBP's are strongly distorted out-of-plane (saddled), possess broadened, red-shifted spectra, short excited-state lifetimes and low fluorescence quantum yields (tau(fl) = 2-3 ns, phi(fl) = 0.02-0.03). These features are characteristic of other nonplanar free-base porphyrins, including Ar4TCHP's. 2) Ar2TBP free-bases possess completely planar geometries, although with significant in-plane deformations. These deformations have practically no effect on the singlet excited-state properties of Ar2TBP's as compared to planar meso-unsubstituted TBP's. Both types of porphyrins retain strong fluorescence (tau(fl) = 10-12 ns, phi(fl) = 0.3-0.4), and their radiative rate constants (k(r)) are 3-4 times higher than those of planar H2TCHP's. 3) Nonplanar deformations dramatically enhance nonradiative decay of triplet states of regular Pd porphyrins. For example, planar PdTCHP phosphoresces with high quantum yield (phi(phos) = 0.45, tau(phos) = 1118 micros), while saddled PdPh4TCHP is practically nonemissive. In contrast, both ruffled and saddled PdAr(n)TBP's retain strong phosphorescence at ambient temperatures (PdPh2TBP: tau(phos) = 496 micros, phi(phos) = 0.15; PdPh4TBP: tau(phos) = 258 micros, phi(phos) = 0.08). It appears that pi-extension is capable of counterbalancing deleterious effects of nonplanar deformations on triplet emissivity of Pd porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem Y. Lebedev
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UniVersity of PennsylVania, Philadelphia, PennsylVania 19104
| | | | | | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UniVersity of PennsylVania, Philadelphia, PennsylVania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shimakoshi H, Baba T, Iseki Y, Aritome I, Endo A, Adachi C, Hisaeda Y. Photophysical and photosensitizing properties of brominated porphycenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:2882-4. [PMID: 18566712 DOI: 10.1039/b802730g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A heavy atom, bromine, was directly substituted into the porphycene macrocycle to promote intersystem crossing by way of spin-orbit coupling. The singlet oxygen production ability of the porphycene is dramatically enhanced, and the highest value of 0.95 for the quantum yield of singlet oxygen generation (PhiDelta) was obtained for the dibrominated porphycene by visible light excitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Shimakoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Berezin DB, Ivanova YB, Sheinin VB. The acid properties of dodecasubstituted porphyrins with a chemically active NH bond. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602440712014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
32
|
Wacker P, Dahms K, Senge MO, Kleinpeter E. Conformational Landscape of meso-(1,3-Dithian-2-yl)porphyrins. J Org Chem 2007; 72:6224-31. [PMID: 17628109 DOI: 10.1021/jo0708700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the conformational landscape of 1,3-dithian-2-yl bearing porphyrins and the rotational behavior of the dithianyl substituents in meso position was carried out by variable-temperature (VT) NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, theoretical results for alternative conformations and energy barriers were obtained by molecular modeling. The study revealed different NH trans tautomers with regard to the orientation of the dithianyl ligands for the free base porphyrins 1-3. Relatively ruffled porphyrin core conformations were established for the transition states of the dithianyl rotation, resulting in a lower rotational energy barrier for the nickel(II) complex 4 compared to that of the free base systems. The data obtained and the first depiction of a rotational transition state for the rotation of bulky meso-alkyl substituents illustrate the close structural interplay between meso-alkyl substituents and the macrocycle conformation in porphyrins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wacker
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, D-14476 Golm, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
The triplet state decay kinetics and deactivation funnel geometry of a series of nonplanar saddle-shaped porphyrins. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
34
|
Berezin DB, Islamova NI, Malkova OV, Andrianov VG. NH-acid properties of porphyrins in acetonitrile. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363206060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
35
|
Spectroscopy of ionic and neutral forms of some substituted porphyrins in ground and excited states. J Mol Struct 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2005.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
36
|
Hill JP, Sandanayaka ASD, McCarty AL, Karr PA, Zandler ME, Charvet R, Ariga K, Araki Y, Ito O, D'Souza F. A Novel Bis(zinc–porphyrin)–Oxoporphyrinogen Donor–Acceptor Triad: Synthesis, Electrochemical, Computational and Photochemical Studies. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
37
|
Finikova OS, Cheprakov AV, Vinogradov SA. Synthesis and luminescence of soluble meso-unsubstituted tetrabenzo- and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins. J Org Chem 2005; 70:9562-72. [PMID: 16268634 PMCID: PMC2440654 DOI: 10.1021/jo051580r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
[Structure: see text]. Syntheses of soluble tetrabenzoporphyrins (TBP) and tetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins (TNP), with multiple substituents in the conjugated aromatic rings but bearing no substituents in the meso-positions, is reported. Both types of porphyrins were obtained by direct aromatization of precursor porphyrins, annealed with either cyclohexene or dihydronaphthalene fragments. TBPs and TNPs possess powerful absorption bands in the near-infrared (lambda = 610-710 nm, epsilon = 100,000-300,000 M(-1) cm(-1)) and exhibit strong luminescence. Free bases and Zn complexes fluoresce with quantum yields of up to 50%, whereas Pd and Pt complexes phosphoresce in solutions at ambient temperatures. Remarkably, the phosphorescence quantum yields of Pd and Pt TBPs reach as high as 20-50%, which places them among the brightest near-infrared phosphors known to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Finikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Senge MO. Exercises in molecular gymnastics--bending, stretching and twisting porphyrins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2005:243-56. [PMID: 16391725 DOI: 10.1039/b511389j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The functional versatility of tetrapyrroles as natural cofactors is related to their conformational flexibility where manipulation of the macrocycle conformation allows a fine-tuning of their physicochemical properties. This feature article gives a personal account of the synthesis and solid state structural characterization of highly substituted, non-planar porphyrins. Their conformational analysis identifies sterically strained tetrapyrroles as a versatile class of biomimetic compounds with tailor-made properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias O Senge
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tiede DM, Zhang R, Chen LX, Yu L, Lindsey JS. Structural Characterization of Modular Supramolecular Architectures in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:14054-62. [PMID: 15506769 DOI: 10.1021/ja048209q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structures of modular supramolecular architectures consisting of a hexameric, diphenylethyne-linked porphyrin macrocyclic array and the corresponding host-guest complex formed by inclusion of a tripyridyl guest molecule were characterized in solution using high-angle X-ray scattering. Scattering measurements made to 6 A resolution coupled with pair distance function (PDF) analyses demonstrated that (1) the porphyrin architectures are not rigid but are distributed across a conformational ensemble with a mean diameter that is 1.5 A shorter than the diameter of a symmetric, energy-minimized model structure, (2) the conformational envelope has limits of 3 A positional dispersion and full rotational freedom for all six porphyrin groups, and (3) insertion of the tripyridyl guest molecule expands the diameter of the host conformer by 0.6 A and decreases the configurational dispersion by approximately 2-fold. These results validate the molecular design, provide a new measure of conformational ensembles in solution that cannot be obtained by other techniques, and establish a structural basis for understanding the photophysical and guest-hosting functions of the hexameric porphyrin architectures in liquids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Tiede
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Avilov IV, Zenkevich EI, Sagun EI, Filatov IV. Quantum-Chemical Investigation of the Conformational Dynamics of Mono-meso-phenyl-Substituted Octaalkylporphyrins in the Triplet Excited State. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048930i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Avilov
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Materia Nova, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Eduard I. Zenkevich
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Materia Nova, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Evgeny I. Sagun
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Materia Nova, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Igor V. Filatov
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Materia Nova, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Institute of Molecular and Atomic Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, F. Skaryna Ave. 70, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Steenkeste K, Enescu M, Tfibel F, Pernot P, Far S, Perrée-Fauvet M, Fontaine-Aupart MP. Structural dynamics and reactivity of a cationic mono(acridyl)bis(arginyl)porphyrin: A spectroscopic study down to femtoseconds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1039/b401261p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
42
|
Finikova OS, Cheprakov AV, Beletskaya IP, Carroll PJ, Vinogradov SA. Novel Versatile Synthesis of Substituted Tetrabenzoporphyrins. J Org Chem 2004; 69:522-35. [PMID: 14725469 DOI: 10.1021/jo0350054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel general synthetic route to tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (Ar(4)TBP) with various peripheral functional groups is developed. The procedure includes (i) Barton-Zard condensation of 1-nitro- or 1-phenylsulfonylcyclohexenes with isocyanoacetic acid esters, (ii) condensation of the resulting 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoindoles with aromatic aldehydes to give fused tetraaryltetracylohexenoporphyrins (Ar(4)TCHP), and (iii) aromatization of the metal complexes of Ar(4)TCHP's into the corresponding Ar(4)TBP's. Cu and Zn complexes of Ar(4)TBP's are further demetalated to give the corresponding Ar(4)TBP free bases. The overall yields for the sequence range from 15% to 40%, making the method suitable for the preparation of gram quantities of Ar(4)TBP's in a single run. The scope of the method, the selection of the peripheral substituents, the choice of the metal ions, and their influence on the yields of aromatization are discussed. The basic spectroscopic properties of newly synthesized Ar(4)TBP's and Ar(4)TCHP's are reported together with the first X-ray crystallographic structure of the NiAr(4)TBP complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Finikova
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Rogers JE, Nguyen KA, Hufnagle DC, McLean DG, Su W, Gossett KM, Burke AR, Vinogradov SA, Pachter R, Fleitz PA. Observation and Interpretation of Annulated Porphyrins: Studies on the Photophysical Properties of meso-Tetraphenylmetalloporphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0354705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joy E. Rogers
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kiet A. Nguyen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David C. Hufnagle
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Daniel G. McLean
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Weijie Su
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Kristi M. Gossett
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Aaron R. Burke
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Sergei A. Vinogradov
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Paul A. Fleitz
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, MLPJ, 3005 Hobson Way Bldg 651, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433; UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432; Anteon Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45431; Science Applications International Corporation, Dayton, Ohio 45434; and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hwang IW, Cho HS, Jeong DH, Kim D, Tsuda A, Nakamura T, Osuka A. Photophysical Properties of a Three-Dimensional Zinc(II) Porphyrin Box. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp022625k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
45
|
Retsek JL, Drain CM, Kirmaier C, Nurco DJ, Medforth CJ, Smith KM, Sazanovich IV, Chirvony VS, Fajer J, Holten D. Photoinduced axial ligation and deligation dynamics of nonplanar nickel dodecaarylporphyrins. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:9787-800. [PMID: 12904044 DOI: 10.1021/ja020611m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ground- and excited-state metal-ligand dynamics of nonplanar nickel(II) 2,3,5,7,8,10,12,13,15,17,18,20-dodecaphenylporphyrin (NiDPP) and two fluorinated analogues (NiF(20)DPP and NiF(28)DPP) have been investigated using static and time-resolved absorption spectroscopy in toluene and in ligating media that differ in basicity, aromaticity, and steric encumbrance. Because of the electronic and steric consequences of nonplanarity, NiDPP does not bind axial ligands in the ground state, but metal coordination does occur after photoexcitation with multistep dynamics that depend on the properties of the ligand. Following the structural relaxations that occur in all nickel porphyrins within approximately 10 ps, ligand binding to photoexcited NiDPP is progressively longer in pyridine, piperidine, and 3,5-lutidine (25-100 ps) but does not occur at all in 2,6-lutidine in which the ligating nitrogen is sterically encumbered. The transient intermediate that is formed, which nominally could be either a five- or six-coordinate species, also has a ligand-dependent lifetime (200-550 ps). Decay of this intermediate occurs partially via ligand release to re-form the uncoordinated species, in competition with binding of the second axial ligand and/or conformational/electronic relaxations (of a six-coordinate intermediate) to give the ground state of the bis-ligated photoproduct. The finding that the photoproduct channel principally depends on ligand characteristics along with the time-evolving spectra suggests that the transient intermediate may involve a five-coordinate species. In contrast to NiDPP, the fluorinated analogues NiF(20)DPP and NiF(28)DPP do coordinate axial ligands in the ground state but eject them after photoexcitation. Collectively, these results demonstrate the sensitivity with which the electronic and structural characteristics of the macrocycle, substituents, and solvent (ligands) can govern the photophysical and photochemical properties of nonplanar porphyrins and open new avenues for exploring photoinduced ligand association and dissociation behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Retsek
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Finikova O, Galkin A, Rozhkov V, Cordero M, Hägerhäll C, Vinogradov S. Porphyrin and tetrabenzoporphyrin dendrimers: tunable membrane-impermeable fluorescent pH nanosensors. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:4882-93. [PMID: 12696908 DOI: 10.1021/ja0341687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pH dependencies of the UV-vis and fluorescent spectra of new water-soluble dendritic porphyrins and tetrabenzoporphyrins were studied. Because of extended pi-conjugation and nonplanar distortion, the absorption and the emission bands of tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (Ar(4)TBP) are red-shifted and do not overlap with those of regular tetraarylporphyrins (Ar(4)P). When encapsulated inside dendrimers with hydrophilic outer layers, Ar(4)Ps and Ar(4)TBPs become water soluble and can serve as pH indicators, with pK's adjustable by the peripheral charges on the dendrimers. Two new dendritic porphyrins, Gen 4 polyglutamic porphyrin dendrimer H(2)P-Glu(4)OH (1) with 64 peripheral carboxylates and Gen 1 poly(ester amide) Newkome-type tetrabenzoporphyrin dendrimer H(2)TBP-Nw(1)OH (2) with 36 peripheral carboxylates, were synthesized and characterized. The pK's of the encapsulated porphyrins (pK(H)()2(P)(-)(Glu)()4(OH) = 6.2 and pK(H)()2(TBP)(-)(Nw)()1(OH) = 6.3) were found to be strongly influenced by the dendrimers, revealing significant electrostatic shielding of the cores by the peripheral charges. The titration curves obtained by differential excitation using the mixtures of the dendrimers were shown to be identical to those determined for the dendrimers individually. Due to their peripheral carboxylates and nanometric molecular size, porphyrin dendrimers cannot penetrate through phospholipid membranes. Dendrimer 1 was captured inside phospholipid liposomes, which were suspended in a solution containing dendrimer 2. No response from 1 was detected upon pH changes in the bulk solution, while the response from 2 was predictably strong. When proton channels were created in the liposome walls, both compounds responded equally to the bulk pH changes. These results suggest that porphyrin dendrimers can be used as fluorescent pH indicators for proton gradient measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Finikova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Finikova OS, Cheprakov AV, Carroll PJ, Dalosto S, Vinogradov SA. Influence of nonplanarity and extended conjugation on porphyrin basicity. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:6944-6. [PMID: 12495329 DOI: 10.1021/ic0260522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic basicities of several new nonplanar water soluble tetraaryltetracyclohexano- (Ar(4)TCHP) and tetraaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (Ar(4)TBP) have been measured and correlated with their structural parameters. While the degrees of nonplanarity in these porphyrins are similar, Ar(4)TCHPs exhibit significantly higher basicities than Ar(4)TBPs and than planar tetraarylporphyrins. Low basicities of distorted Ar(4)TBPs are believed to be due to extended pi-conjugation, which causes delocalization of the core electron density in these porphyrins and reduces negative charges at the protonation site.
Collapse
|
48
|
Loh ZH, Miller SE, Chang CJ, Carpenter SD, Nocera DG. Excited-State Dynamics of Cofacial Pacman Porphyrins. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026440p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Heng Loh
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Scott E. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Christopher J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Scott D. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| | - Daniel G. Nocera
- Department of Chemistry, 6-335, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kyrychenko A, Andréasson J, Mårtensson J, Albinsson B. Sterically Induced Conformational Relaxation and Structure of meso-Diaryloctaalkyl Porphyrins in the Excited Triplet State: Experimental and DFT Studies. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021432u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kyrychenko
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jerker Mårtensson
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Department of Organic Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|