1
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Wang CI, Maier JC, Jackson NE. Accessing the electronic structure of liquid crystalline semiconductors with bottom-up electronic coarse-graining. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8390-8403. [PMID: 38846409 PMCID: PMC11151863 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between multiscale morphology and electronic structure is a grand challenge for semiconducting soft materials. Computational studies aimed at characterizing these relationships require the complex integration of quantum-chemical (QC) calculations, all-atom and coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations, and back-mapping approaches. However, these methods pose substantial computational challenges that limit their application to the requisite length scales of soft material morphologies. Here, we demonstrate the bottom-up electronic coarse-graining (ECG) of morphology-dependent electronic structure in the liquid-crystal-forming semiconductor, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-octyl-benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT). ECG is applied to construct density functional theory (DFT)-accurate valence band Hamiltonians of the isotropic and smectic liquid crystal (LC) phases using only the CG representation of BTBT. By bypassing the atomistic resolution and its prohibitive computational costs, ECG enables the first calculations of the morphology dependence of the electronic structure of charge carriers across LC phases at the ∼20 nm length scale, with robust statistical sampling. Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations reveal a strong morphology dependence on zero-field charge mobility among different LC phases as well as the presence of two-molecule charge carriers that act as traps and hinder charge transport. We leverage these results to further evaluate the feasibility of developing mesoscopic, field-based ECG models in future works. The fully CG approach to electronic property predictions in LC semiconductors opens a new computational direction for designing electronic processes in soft materials at their characteristic length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - J Charlie Maier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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2
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Ghosh A, Ghosh S, Ghosh G, Patra A. Implications of relaxation dynamics of collapsed conjugated polymeric nanoparticles for light-harvesting applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14549-14563. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01618k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the formation of nanoparticles (collapsed state) from the extended state of polymers and their ultrafast excited state relaxation dynamics are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Srijon Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
| | - Amitava Patra
- School of Materials Sciences
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata 700032
- India
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology
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3
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Jangizehi A, Schmid F, Besenius P, Kremer K, Seiffert S. Defects and defect engineering in Soft Matter. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:10809-10859. [PMID: 33306078 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soft matter covers a wide range of materials based on linear or branched polymers, gels and rubbers, amphiphilic (macro)molecules, colloids, and self-assembled structures. These materials have applications in various industries, all highly important for our daily life, and they control all biological functions; therefore, controlling and tailoring their properties is crucial. One way to approach this target is defect engineering, which aims to control defects in the material's structure, and/or to purposely add defects into it to trigger specific functions. While this approach has been a striking success story in crystalline inorganic hard matter, both for mechanical and electronic properties, and has also been applied to organic hard materials, defect engineering is rarely used in soft matter design. In this review, we present a survey on investigations on defects and/or defect engineering in nine classes of soft matter composed of liquid crystals, colloids, linear polymers with moderate degree of branching, hyperbranched polymers and dendrimers, conjugated polymers, polymeric networks, self-assembled amphiphiles and proteins, block copolymers and supramolecular polymers. This overview proposes a promising role of this approach for tuning the properties of soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Jangizehi
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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4
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Le TP, Smith BH, Lee Y, Litofsky JH, Aplan MP, Kuei B, Zhu C, Wang C, Hexemer A, Gomez ED. Enhancing Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Block Copolymers through Crystallization of Both Blocks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thinh P. Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brandon H. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Youngmin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua H. Litofsky
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Melissa P. Aplan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brooke Kuei
- Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexander Hexemer
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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5
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Becker D, Biswal BP, Kaleńczuk P, Chandrasekhar N, Giebeler L, Addicoat M, Paasch S, Brunner E, Leo K, Dianat A, Cuniberti G, Berger R, Feng X. Fully sp
2
‐Carbon‐Linked Crystalline Two‐Dimensional Conjugated Polymers: Insight into 2D Poly(phenylenecyanovinylene) Formation and its Optoelectronic Properties. Chemistry 2019; 25:6562-6568. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Bishnu P. Biswal
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Paula Kaleńczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Naisa Chandrasekhar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Lars Giebeler
- Department of Chemistry of Functional MaterialsLeibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden Helmholtzstr. 20 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Matthew Addicoat
- School of Science and TechnologyNottingham Trent University Clifton Lane Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Silvia Paasch
- Chair of Bioanalytical ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Eike Brunner
- Chair of Bioanalytical ChemistryTechnische Universität Dresden 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Karl Leo
- Dresden Integrated Center for Applied Physics and Photonic Materials (IAPP) Nöthnitzer Str. 61 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials ScienceTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Berger
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Center for Advancing Electronics DresdenTechnische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
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6
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Liang R, Cotton SJ, Binder R, Hegger R, Burghardt I, Miller WH. The symmetrical quasi-classical approach to electronically nonadiabatic dynamics applied to ultrafast exciton migration processes in semiconducting polymers. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:044101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5037815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
| | - Stephen J. Cotton
- Department of Chemistry and Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
| | - Robert Binder
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main,
Germany
| | - Rainer Hegger
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main,
Germany
| | - Irene Burghardt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, 60438 Frankfurt/Main,
Germany
| | - William H. Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Kenneth S. Pitzer Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley,
California 94720, USA and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,
USA
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7
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Mukhopadhyay T, Puttaraju B, Roy P, Dasgupta J, Meyer A, Rudnick A, Tscheuschner S, Kahle FJ, Köhler A, Patil S. Facile Synthesis and Chain-Length Dependence of the Optical and Structural Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Oligomers. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tushita Mukhopadhyay
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Boregowda Puttaraju
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Palas Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | - Jyotishman Dasgupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research; Mumbai India
| | | | - Alexander Rudnick
- Experimental Physics II and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BMBF); University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstr. 30 95448 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Steffen Tscheuschner
- Experimental Physics II and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BMBF); University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstr. 30 95448 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Frank-Julian Kahle
- Experimental Physics II and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BMBF); University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstr. 30 95448 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Anna Köhler
- Experimental Physics II and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research (BMBF); University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstr. 30 95448 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
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8
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Wang CI, Hsu CH, Hua CC. The correspondence between the conformational and chromophoric properties of amorphous conjugated polymers in mesoscale condensed systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:20818-20828. [PMID: 28744545 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For π-conjugated polymers, the notion of spectroscopic units or "chromophores" provides illuminating insights into the experimentally observed absorption/emission spectra and the mechanisms of energy/charge transfer. To date, however, no statistical analysis has revealed a direct correspondence between chromophoric and conformational properties-with the latter being fundamental to polymer semiconductors. Herein, we propose a "persistence length" calculation to re-evaluate chain conformation over a full conjugation length. The mesoscale condensed systems of MEH-PPV and MEH-PPV/C60 hybrid (system size ∼10 × 10 × 10 nm3) are utilized as two prototypical model systems, along with a full range of segmental lengths (2-20-mer) and five lowest singlet excited states to hint at the generality of the features presented. We demonstrate, for the first time, that two properly re-defined conformational factors that characterize chain folding and planarity, respectively, capture excellently the population distribution of chromophores in both systems investigated. In contrast, the conventional strategy of utilizing two adjacent monomer units to characterize (local) chain conformation results in only an inconspicuous correlation between the two, as previously reported. It is further shown that chain folding-and not chain planarity-is more relevant in capturing the associated oscillator strength for the first excited state, where the transient dipole moments are known to align with the chain conformation, although the corresponding excitation energy and exciton size seem relatively unaffected. The observed effects of C60 on the MEH-PPV adsorption spectra also agree with recent experimental trends. Overall, the present findings are expected to aid future multiscale computer simulations and spectroscopy-data interpretations for polymer semiconductors and their hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun I Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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9
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Jiang Y, McNeill J. Light-Harvesting and Amplified Energy Transfer in Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. Chem Rev 2016; 117:838-859. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Jason McNeill
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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10
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Kuei B, Gomez ED. Chain conformations and phase behavior of conjugated polymers. SOFT MATTER 2016; 13:49-67. [PMID: 27506183 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers may play an important role in various emerging optoelectronic applications because they combine the chemical versatility of organic molecules and the flexibility, stretchability and toughness of polymers with semiconducting properties. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the full potential of conjugated polymers, a clear description of how their structure, morphology, and macroscopic properties are interrelated is needed. We propose that the starting point for understanding conjugated polymers includes understanding chain conformations and phase behavior. Efforts to predict and measure the persistence length have significantly refined our intuition of the chain stiffness, and have led to predictions of nematic-to-isotropic transitions. Exploring mixing between conjugated polymers and small molecules or other polymers has demonstrated tremendous advancements in attaining the needed properties for various optoelectronic devices. Current efforts continue to refine our knowledge of chain conformations and phase behavior and the factors that influence these properties, thereby providing opportunities for the development of novel optoelectronic materials based on conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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11
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Hillebrandt S, Adermann T, Alt M, Schinke J, Glaser T, Mankel E, Hernandez-Sosa G, Jaegermann W, Lemmer U, Pucci A, Kowalsky W, Müllen K, Lovrincic R, Hamburger M. Naphthalene Tetracarboxydiimide-Based n-Type Polymers with Removable Solubility via Thermally Cleavable Side Chains. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4940-4945. [PMID: 26829619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer solution-processed devices in organic electronics show the tendency of intermixing of subsequently deposited layers. Here, we synthesize naphthalene tetracarboxydiimide (NDI)-based n-type semiconducting polymers with thermally cleavable side chains which upon removal render the polymer insoluble. Infrared and photoelectron spectroscopy were performed to investigate the pyrolysis process. Characterization of organic field-effect transistors provides insight into charge transport. After the pyrolysis homogeneous films could be produced which are insoluble in the primary solvent. By varying curing temperature and time we show that these process parameters govern the amount of side chains in the film and influence the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Hillebrandt
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torben Adermann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Alt
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Merck KGaA , Mainzer Straße 41, 64579 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Janusz Schinke
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Schleinitzstr. 22, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Glaser
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Mankel
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Material & Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Jovanka-Bontschits-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfram Jaegermann
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Material & Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Jovanka-Bontschits-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kowalsky
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Schleinitzstr. 22, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Lovrincic
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Schleinitzstr. 22, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuel Hamburger
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Dhar J, Mukhopadhay T, Yaacobi-Gross N, Anthopoulos TD, Salzner U, Swaraj S, Patil S. Effect of Chalcogens on Electronic and Photophysical Properties of Vinylene-Based Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymers. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:11307-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joydeep Dhar
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Tushita Mukhopadhay
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nir Yaacobi-Gross
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London 7W72BW, U.K
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London 7W72BW, U.K
| | - Ulrike Salzner
- Department
of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sufal Swaraj
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin
- BP 48, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Satish Patil
- Solid
State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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13
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14
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Wang HW, Chen C, Hsu FC, Shieh HC, Wang JK, Lin SH, Hayashi M. Theoretical Studies of Distyrylbenzene and its Optical Properties. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Qin T, Troisi A. Relation between Structure and Electronic Properties of Amorphous MEH-PPV Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11247-56. [DOI: 10.1021/ja404385y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Qin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Scientific Computing, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom
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16
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Bagchi B. Photochemical funnel in stiff conjugated polymers: interplay between defect mediated polymer conformations, side chain interactions and resonance energy transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pc90001k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Binder R, Wahl J, Römer S, Burghardt I. Coherent exciton transport driven by torsional dynamics: a quantum dynamical study of phenylene-vinylene type conjugated systems. Faraday Discuss 2013; 163:205-22; discussion 243-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd20148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Bolinger JC, Traub MC, Brazard J, Adachi T, Barbara PF, Vanden Bout DA. Conformation and energy transfer in single conjugated polymers. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1992-2001. [PMID: 22775295 DOI: 10.1021/ar300012k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the detailed understanding of inorganic materials, researchers lack a comprehensive view of how the properties of bulk organic materials arise from their individual components. For conjugated polymers to eventually serve as low cost semiconductor layers in electronic devices, researchers need to better understand their functionality. For organics, traditional materials science measurements tend to destroy the species of interest, especially at low concentrations. However, fluorescence continues to be a remarkably flexible, relatively noninvasive tool for probing the properties of individual molecules and allows researchers to carry out a broad range of experiments based on a relatively simple concept. In addition, the sensitivity of single-molecule spectroscopy allows researchers to see the properties of an individual component that would be masked in the bulk phase. In this Account, we examine several photophysical properties of different conjugated polymers using single-molecule spectroscopy. In these experiments, we probed the relationship between the conformation of single conjugated polymer chains and the distance scale and efficiency of energy transfer within the polymer. Recent studies used polarization anisotropy measurements on single polymer chains to study chain folding following spin-casting from solution. This Account summarizes the effects of monomer regioregularity and backbone rigidity, by comparing a regiorandom phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) with both a regiorandom and regioregular thiophene (P3HT). Synthesis of novel polymers allowed us to explore the role of different conformation-directing inclusions in a PPV backbone. We showed that these inclusions control the conformation of individual chains and that molecular dynamics can predict these structural effects. In situ solvent vapor annealing studies explored the dynamics of polymer chains as well as the effect of solvent evaporation on the structural equilibrium of the polymer. We observed that a slower rate of solvent evaporation results in a narrow population of highly ordered polymer chains. These highly ordered single chains serve as a model system to probe the effect of conformation on energy transfer following excitation in single MEH-PPV polymer chains in two distinct experiments. In the first, we correlated the anisotropy of the fluorescence emission of individual chains with the anisotropy of their fluorescence excitation. Using this data, we derived a model for energy transfer in a conjugated polymer, simulating chromophores along a chain, coupled via Förster energy transfer. In the second experiment, super-resolution measurements demonstrated the ability of single-molecule spectroscopy to directly visualize energy transfer along a polymer chain embedded in a model device environment. A capacitive device allowed for controlled localization of hole polarons onto the polymer chain. These positive charges subsequently quenched local excitations, providing insight into the range of energy transfer in these single polymer molecules. As researchers continue to characterize conjugated polymer films and develop methods for creating multichain systems, single-molecule techniques will provide a greater understanding of how polymer morphology influences interchain interactions and will lead to a richer description of the electronic properties of bulk conjugated polymer films.
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So WY, Hong J, Kim JJ, Sherwood GA, Chacon-Madrid K, Werner JH, Shreve AP, Peteanu LA, Wildeman J. Effects of Solvent Properties on the Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Alkoxy-Substituted PPV Oligomer Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:10504-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301971p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woong Young So
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Janice J. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gizelle A. Sherwood
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kelly Chacon-Madrid
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - James H. Werner
- Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew P. Shreve
- Materials Physics and Applications
Division, Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Linda A. Peteanu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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20
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Shi Z, Davies J, Jang SH, Kaminsky W, Jen AKY. Aggregation induced emission (AIE) of trifluoromethyl substituted distyrylbenzenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:7880-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32380j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Chiu M, Kee TW, Huang DM. Coarse-Grained Simulations of the Effects of Chain Length, Solvent Quality, and Chemical Defects on the Solution-Phase Morphology of MEH-PPV Conjugated Polymers. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A mesoscale coarse-grained model of the conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) in implicit solvent is developed. The model is parametrized to reproduce the local structure and dynamics of an atomistic simulation model and accounts for the effects of solvent quality and saturation chemical defects on the polymer structure. Polymers with defect concentrations of 0 to 10 % are simulated using Langevin dynamics in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and in a model poor solvent for chain lengths and solution concentrations used experimentally. The polymer chains are extended in THF and collapse into compact structures in the poor solvent. The radius of gyration decreases with defect content in THF and agrees quantitatively with experiment. The structures formed in poor solvent by chains with 300 monomer units change from toroidal to cylindrical with increasing defect content, while chains containing 1000 monomers form cylinders regardless of defect content. These results have implications for energy transfer in MEH-PPV.
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22
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ZHAO R, ZHANG W, MA Y. STRUCTURE DISFIGUREMENT OF CONJUGATED POLYMERS AND EFFECTS TO PHOTOELECTRICAL PROPERTIES. ACTA POLYM SIN 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2011.11115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Silva HS, Nogueira SL, Manzoli JE, Barbosa Neto NM, Marletta A, Serein-Spirau F, Lère-Porte JP, Lois S, Silva RA. Controlling Bandgap Energy and Multivibronic Modes of a Poly(2,5-thiophene-1,4-dialkoxyphenylene) Derivative by Gamma Photons. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8288-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203244z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Santos Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, CP 593, 38400-902, Uberlândia - MG, Brazil
| | - S. L. Nogueira
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, CP 593, 38400-902, Uberlândia - MG, Brazil
| | - J. E. Manzoli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 2242, Cidade Universitária, 05508-000, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - N. M. Barbosa Neto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, CP 593, 38400-902, Uberlândia - MG, Brazil
| | - A. Marletta
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, CP 593, 38400-902, Uberlândia - MG, Brazil
| | - F. Serein-Spirau
- AM2N-Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés, Institut Charles Gerhardt-Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) 34296, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - J.-P Lère-Porte
- AM2N-Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés, Institut Charles Gerhardt-Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) 34296, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Sandrine Lois
- AM2N-Architectures Moléculaires et Matériaux Nanostructurés, Institut Charles Gerhardt-Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM) 34296, Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - R. A. Silva
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, CP 593, 38400-902, Uberlândia - MG, Brazil
- Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial, 25250-020, Duque de Caxias - RJ, Brazil
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24
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Sterpone F, Martinazzo R, Panda AN, Burghardt I. Coherent Excitation Transfer Driven by Torsional Dynamics: a Model Hamiltonian for PPV Type Systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A model Hamiltonian is proposed for systems of poly-phenylene-vinylene (PPV) type, which describes excitation energy transfer (EET) in the presence of torsional and bond-length-alternation coordinates that couple neighboring fragments. This model is employed to describe coherent EET, starting from a partially delocalized exciton state which is initially separated from the rest of the chain by a defect due to a pronounced torsional displacement at one of the inter-fragment junctions. EET is found to be driven by the restoring force of the torsions towards the planar geometry. Quantum dynamical calculations are carried out for a minimal five-site model, using the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sterpone
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Paris, Frankreich
| | - Rocco Martinazzo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica-Fisica ed Elettrochimica, Milano, Italien
| | - Aditya N. Panda
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, Départment de Chimie, Paris, Frankreich
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25
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Way TD, Chang CJ, Lin CW. Bioconjugated Fluorescent Polymeric Nanoparticles for Imaging and Targeted Therapy of HER2-Overexpressing Cancer Cells. J Fluoresc 2011; 21:1669-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-011-0856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Prediction of Excitation Energies for Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers from Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. MATERIALS 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445912 DOI: 10.3390/ma3053430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With technological advances, light-emitting conjugated oligomers and polymers have become competitive candidates in the commercial market of light-emitting diodes for display and other technologies, due to the ultralow cost, light weight, and flexibility. Prediction of excitation energies of these systems plays a crucial role in the understanding of their optical properties and device design. In this review article, we discuss the calculation of excitation energies with time-dependent density functional theory, which is one of the most successful methods in the investigation of the dynamical response of molecular systems to external perturbation, owing to its high computational efficiency.
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Saini S, Bagchi B. Photophysics of conjugated polymers: interplay between Förster energy migration and defect concentration in shaping a photochemical funnel in PPV. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:7427-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c003217d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Lin HC, Hsu JH, Lee CK, Tai OYH, Wang CH, Chou CM, Chen KY, Wu YL, Luh TY. Observing Second-Order Nonlinear Optical Properties by Symmetry Breaking in Centrosymmetric Furan-Containing Oligoaryl Cyclophandienes. Chemistry 2009; 15:13201-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Choudhury PK, Bagchi D, Menon R. π-conjugation and conformation in a semiconducting polymer: small angle x-ray scattering study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:195801. [PMID: 21825496 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/19/195801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) in a poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) solution has shown the important role of π-electron conjugation in controlling the chain conformation and assembly. By increasing the extent of conjugation from 30 to 100%, the persistence length (l(p)) increases from 20 to 66 Å. Moreover, a pronounced second peak in the pair distribution function has been observed in a fully conjugated chain, at larger length scales. This feature indicates that the chain segments tend to self-assemble as the conjugation along the chain increases. Xylene enhances the rigidity of the PPV backbone to yield extended structures, while tetrahydrofuran solvates the side groups to form compact coils in which the l(p) is much shorter.
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30
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Sreearunothai P, Asaoka S, Cook AR, Miller JR. Length and Time-Dependent Rates in Diffusion-Controlled Reactions with Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2786-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809413x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paiboon Sreearunothai
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793–5000 and Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226–8503, Japan
| | - Sadayuki Asaoka
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793–5000 and Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226–8503, Japan
| | - Andrew R. Cook
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793–5000 and Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226–8503, Japan
| | - John R. Miller
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11793–5000 and Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226–8503, Japan
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31
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Asaoka S, Takeda N, Iyoda T, Cook AR, Miller JR. Electron and hole transport to trap groups at the ends of conjugated polyfluorenes. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:11912-20. [PMID: 18698770 DOI: 10.1021/ja800426z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyfluorenes (pF) were synthesized having anthraquinone (AQ) or naphtylimide (NI) end caps that trap electrons or di- p-tolylaminophenyl (APT2) caps that trap holes. The average lengths of the pF chains in these molecules varied from 7 to 30 nm. End capping was found not to be complete in these molecules so that some were without caps. Electrons or holes were injected into these polymers in solution by pulse radiolysis. Following attachment, the charges migrated to the end cap traps in times near 2 ns in pF12AQ or 5 ns in pF35NI. From these observations, electron mobilities for transport along single chains to the end caps in THF solution were determined to be smaller by a factor of 100 than those observed by microwave conductivity. Despite this, the mobilities were sufficiently large to provide encouragement to the use of such single chains in solar photovoltaics. Most charges were observed to transport over substantial distances in these polymers, but 23, 18, and 37% of the charges attached to pFNI, pFAQ, and pFAPT2, respectively, were trapped in the pF chains and decayed by slower bimolecular reactions. For pFAQ and pFAPT2, all of the trapped charges were accounted for by estimates of the fraction of molecules having no end cap traps. For pF35NI, 23% of the attached electrons were found to be trapped in the chains, but only 4% of chains were expected to have no end caps. This could indicate some trapping by kinks or other defects but may just reflect uncertainties in the capping of this long polymer. When the charges reach the trap groups, their spectra have no features of pF(*-) or pF(*+), nor do the principal bands of the trapped ions resemble spectra of the radical ions of isolated trap molecules. The optical absorption spectra are rather dominated by new bands identified as charge-transfer transitions, which probably reinject electrons or holes into the pF chains. The energies of those bands correlate well with measured redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadayuki Asaoka
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
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32
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Wang F, He F, Xie Z, Li M, Hanif M, Gu X, Yang B, Zhang H, Lu P, Ma Y. A solution-processible poly(p-phenylene vinylene) without alkyl substitution: Introducing thecis-vinylene segments in polymer chain for improved solubility, blue emission, and high efficiency. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Wang F, He F, Xie ZQ, Li YP, Hanif M, Li M, Ma Y. Poly(p
-phenylene vinylene) Derivatives with Different Contents of cis
-Olefins and their Effect on the Optical Properties. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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34
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Sterpone F, Rossky PJ. Molecular Modeling and Simulation of Conjugated Polymer Oligomers: Ground and Excited State Chain Dynamics of PPV in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4983-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp711848q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sterpone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Peter J. Rossky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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35
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Li Y, Xu H, Wu L, He F, Shen F, Liu L, Yang B, Ma Y. NMR signal assignment ofcis/trans-conformational segments in MEH-CN-PPV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Influences of local polymer–solvent π–π-interaction on dynamics of phenyl ring rotation and its role on photophysics of conjugated polymer. Eur Polym J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Grey JK, Kim DY, Norris BC, Miller WL, Barbara PF. Size-Dependent Spectroscopic Properties of Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:25568-72. [PMID: 17181186 DOI: 10.1021/jp065990a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on how the spectroscopic properties of conjugated polymers evolve in the size range between single polymer chains and the bulk material. The measurements used single-particle spectroscopy techniques and include both static and dynamic measurements. The main observation of this work is that the spectroscopic properties of MEH-PPV evolve rapidly as a function of nanoparticle size and achieve bulk-like properties for nanoparticles greater than 10 nm in size. Nanoparticles were assembled by a reprecipitation technique and characterized by fluorescence emission spectroscopy. The physical origin of the size-dependent spectroscopic properties is assigned to the distance dependence of four main processes: electronic energy transfer between blue and red sites, triplet-triplet annihilation, singlet exciton quenching by triplets, and singlet exciton quenching by hole polarons.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Grey
- Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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38
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Xie Z, Yang B, Xie W, Liu L, Shen F, Wang H, Yang X, Wang Z, Li Y, Hanif M, Yang G, Ye L, Ma Y. A Class of Nonplanar Conjugated Compounds with Aggregation-Induced Emission: Structural and Optical Properties of 2,5-Diphenyl-1,4-distyrylbenzene Derivatives with All Cis Double Bonds. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:20993-1000. [PMID: 17048917 DOI: 10.1021/jp064069q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the structural and optical properties of four 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-distyrylbenzene derivatives with all cis double bonds. These compounds belong to a class of nonplanar conjugated compounds possessing a typical Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) property that has no emission in solution but intense emission in crystal. The four molecules are packed in different stacking modes with different intermolecular interactions, resulting in different crystalline state photoluminescence (PL) efficiency. The torsional molecular configuration increases the intermolecular distances effectively in the crystalline state, which decreases the difference of the optical properties from the frozen isolated molecules to the crystalline state. The Stokes shifts of these compounds are very large and the PL spectra have only one broad emission band with poor structure, due to the relatively large configuration difference between the ground state and the first singlet excited state, and the abundant vibration energy levels of the torsional molecule with changeable conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengqi Xie
- Key Laboratory for Supramolecular Structure and Materials of Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
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39
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Kim H, Hwang H, Rossky PJ. Quantum Simulation of Solution Phase Intramolecular Electron Transfer Rates in Betaine-30. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:11223-9. [PMID: 17004730 DOI: 10.1021/jp063222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixed quantum-classical atomistic simulations have been carried out to investigate the mechanistic details of excited state intramolecular electron transfer in a betaine-30 molecule in acetonitrile. The key electronic degrees of freedom of the solute molecule are treated quantum mechanically using the semiempirical Pariser-Parr-Pople Hamiltonian, including the solvent influence on electronic structure. The intramolecular vibrational modes are also treated explicitly at a quantum level, with the remaining elements treated classically using empirical potentials. The electron-transfer rate, corresponding to S1 --> S0 relaxation, is evaluated via time-dependent perturbation theory with the explicit inclusion of the dynamics of solvation and intramolecular conformation. The calculations reveal that, while solvation dynamics is critical to the rate, the intramolecular torsional dynamics also plays an important role. The importance of the use of multiple high-frequency quantum modes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojoon Kim
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
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40
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Hennebicq E, Deleener C, Brédas JL, Scholes GD, Beljonne D. Chromophores in phenylenevinylene-based conjugated polymers: Role of conformational kinks and chemical defects. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:054901. [PMID: 16942252 DOI: 10.1063/1.2221310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of chemical defects and conformational kinks on the nature of the lowest electronic excitations in phenylenevinylene-based polymers is assessed at the semiempirical quantum-chemical level. The amount of excited-state localization and the amplitude of through-space (Coulomb-like) versus through-bond (charge-transfer-like) interactions have been quantified by comparing the results provided by excitonic and supermolecular models. While excitation delocalization among conjugated segments delineated by the defects occurs in the acceptor configuration, self-confinement on individual chromophores follows from geometric relaxation in the excited-state donor configuration. The extent of excited-state localization is found to be sensitive to both the nature of the defect and the length of the conjugated chains. Implications for resonant energy transfer along conjugated polymer chains are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Hennebicq
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials and Center for Research in Molecular Electronics and Photonics, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.
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41
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Traiphol R, Sanguansat P, Srikhirin T, Kerdcharoen T, Osotchan T. Spectroscopic Study of Photophysical Change in Collapsed Coils of Conjugated Polymers: Effects of Solvent and Temperature. Macromolecules 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ma052512+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Ruseckas A, Samuel IDW. Exciton self-trapping in MEH-PPV films studied by ultrafast emission depolarization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pssc.200562715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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43
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Szymanski C, Wu C, Hooper J, Salazar MA, Perdomo A, Dukes A, McNeill J. Single Molecule Nanoparticles of the Conjugated Polymer MEH−PPV, Preparation and Characterization by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:8543-6. [PMID: 16852006 DOI: 10.1021/jp051062k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a straightforward method for producing a stable, aqueous suspension of hydrophobic, fluorescent pi-conjugated polymer nanoparticles consisting primarily of individual conjugated polymer molecules. Features of the method are the facile preparation, purity, unique optical properties, and small size (approximately 5-10 nm) of the resulting nanoparticles. The results of TEM, scanning force microscopy, and near-field scanning optical microscopy of particles cast from the suspension indicate that the particles are single conjugated polymer molecules. The NSOM results yield estimates of the optical cross-sections of individual conjugated polymer molecules. The UV-vis absorption spectra of the nanoparticle suspensions indicate a reduction in conjugation length attributed to deformations of the polymer backbone. Fluorescence spectra of the aqueous nanoparticle suspensions indicate interactions between segments of the polymer chain and intramolecular energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Szymanski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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44
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Preparation, characterization, and solution tailored photoluminescence of all trans poly[distyrylbenzene-b-(ethylene oxide)]s. Eur Polym J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Cheng YJ, Basu S, Luo SJ, Luh TY. Effect of Conjugation Length on Intrachain Chromophore−Chromophore Interaction in Silylene-Spaced Divinyloligoarene Copolymers. Macromolecules 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ma047713c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, and Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Sourav Basu
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, and Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Shr-Jie Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, and Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106
| | - Tien-Yau Luh
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, and Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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46
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Xie Z, Yang B, Liu L, Li M, Lin D, Ma Y, Cheng G, Liu S. Experimental and theoretical studies of 2,5-diphenyl-1,4-distyrylbenzenes with all-cis- and all-trans double bonds: chemical structure determination and optical properties. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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47
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Bushnell JE, Kemper PR, Bazan GC, Bowers MT. The Determination of Cis−Trans Conformations in Tetrahedral p-Phenylene Vinylene Oligomers. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0480910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Bushnell
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Paul R. Kemper
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Michael T. Bowers
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
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Wong KF, Bagchi B, Rossky PJ. Distance and Orientation Dependence of Excitation Transfer Rates in Conjugated Systems: Beyond the Förster Theory. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp037724s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim F. Wong
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Biman Bagchi
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
| | - Peter J. Rossky
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1167
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Bezel I, Gaffney KJ, Garrett-Roe S, Liu SH, Miller AD, Szymanski P, Harris CB. Measurement and dynamics of the spatial distribution of an electron localized at a metal–dielectric interface. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:845-56. [PMID: 15267921 DOI: 10.1063/1.1622386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of time- and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission to estimate the size distribution of electron localization in the plane of a metal-adsorbate interface is discussed. It is shown that the width of angular distribution of the photoelectric current is inversely proportional to the electron localization size within the most common approximations in the description of image potential states. The localization of the n=1 image potential state for two monolayers of butyronitrile on Ag(111) is used as an example. For the delocalized n=1 state, the shape of the signal amplitude as a function of momentum parallel to the surface changes rapidly with time, indicating efficient intraband relaxation on a 100 fs time scale. For the localized state, little change was observed. The latter is related to the constant size distribution of electron localization, which is estimated to be a Gaussian with a 15+/-4 A full width at half maximum in the plane of the interface. A simple model was used to study the effect of a weak localization potential on the overall width of the angular distribution of the photoemitted electrons, which exhibited little sensitivity to the details of the potential. This substantiates the validity of the localization size estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Bezel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California and Chemical Sciences Division, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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50
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Fritz KP, Scholes GD. Alignment of Conjugated Polymers in a Nematic Liquid-Crystal Host. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0347872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina P. Fritz
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Gregory D. Scholes
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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