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Ma S, Wang J, Feng K, Zhang H, Wu Z, Wang Y, Liu B, Li Y, An M, Gonzalez-Nuñez R, Ponce Ortiz R, Woo HY, Guo X. n-Type Polymer Semiconductors Based on Dithienylpyrazinediimide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:1639-1651. [PMID: 36571844 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of n-type organic semiconductors critically relies on the design and synthesis of highly electron-deficient building blocks with good solubility and small steric hindrance. We report here a strongly electron-deficient dithienylpyrazinediimide (TPDI) and its n-type semiconducting polymers. The pyrazine substitution leads to the resulting polymers with much lower-lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels and improved backbone planarity compared to the reported dithienylbenzodiimide (TBDI)- and fluorinated dithienylbenzodiimide (TFBDI)-based polymer analogues, thus yielding n-type transport character with an electron mobility up to 0.44 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin-film transistors. These results demonstrate that dithienylpyrazinediimide is a highly promising electron-deficient building block for constructing high-performance n-type polymers and the incorporation of pyrazine into imide-functionalized (hetero)arenes is an effective strategy to develop n-type polymers with deep-lying frontier molecular orbital (FMO) levels for organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suxiang Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingwei An
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Raúl Gonzalez-Nuñez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Rocío Ponce Ortiz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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Wu HY, Yang CY, Li Q, Kolhe NB, Strakosas X, Stoeckel MA, Wu Z, Jin W, Savvakis M, Kroon R, Tu D, Woo HY, Berggren M, Jenekhe SA, Fabiano S. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Ladder-Type Conjugated Polymers. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2106235. [PMID: 34658088 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) hold promise for developing a variety of high-performance (bio-)electronic devices/circuits. While OECTs based on p-type semiconductors have achieved tremendous progress in recent years, n-type OECTs still suffer from low performance, hampering the development of power-efficient electronics. Here, it is demonstrated that fine-tuning the molecular weight of the rigid, ladder-type n-type polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) by only one order of magnitude (from 4.9 to 51 kDa) enables the development of n-type OECTs with record-high geometry-normalized transconductance (gm,norm ≈ 11 S cm-1 ) and electron mobility × volumetric capacitance (µC* ≈ 26 F cm-1 V-1 s-1 ), fast temporal response (0.38 ms), and low threshold voltage (0.15 V). This enhancement in OECT performance is ascribed to a more efficient intermolecular charge transport in high-molecular-weight BBL than in the low-molecular-weight counterpart. OECT-based complementary inverters are also demonstrated with record-high voltage gains of up to 100 V V-1 and ultralow power consumption down to 0.32 nW, depending on the supply voltage. These devices are among the best sub-1 V complementary inverters reported to date. These findings demonstrate the importance of molecular weight in optimizing the OECT performance of rigid organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors and open for a new generation of power-efficient organic (bio-)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Nagesh B Kolhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Xenofon Strakosas
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenlong Jin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Marios Savvakis
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Renee Kroon
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
| | - Samson A Jenekhe
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-60174, Sweden
- n-Ink AB, Teknikringen 7, Linköping, SE-58330, Sweden
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3
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Pan L, Zhan T, Oh J, Zhang Y, Tang H, Yang M, Li M, Yang C, Liu X, Cai P, Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. N-Type Quinoidal Polymers Based on Dipyrrolopyrazinedione for Application in All-Polymer Solar Cells. Chemistry 2021; 27:13527-13533. [PMID: 34406681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated molecules and polymers with intrinsic quinoidal structure are promising n-type organic semiconductors, which have been reported for application in field-effect transistors and thermoelectric devices. In principle, the molecular and electronic characteristics of quinoidal polymers can also enable their application in organic solar cells. Herein, two quinoidal polymers, named PzDP-T and PzDP-ffT, based on dipyrrolopyrazinedione were synthesized and used as electron acceptors in all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). Both PzDP-T and PzDP-ffT showed suitable energy levels and wide light absorption range that extended to the near-infrared region. When combined with the polymer donor PBDB-T, the resulting all-PSCs based on PzDP-T and PzDP-ffT exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.33 and 2.37 %, respectively. This is the first report on the application of intrinsic quinoidal conjugated polymers in all-PSCs. The photovoltaic performance of the all-PSCs was revealed to be mainly limited by the relatively poor and imbalanced charge transport, considerable charge recombination. Detailed investigations on the structure-performance relationship suggested that synergistic optimization of light absorption, energy levels, and charge transport properties is needed to achieve more successful application of intrinsic quinoidal conjugated polymers in all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langheng Pan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Jiyeon Oh
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Tang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Mingqun Yang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Xi Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for New Textile Materials, School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, P. R. China
| | - Ping Cai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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Ohayon D, Savva A, Du W, Paulsen BD, Uguz I, Ashraf RS, Rivnay J, McCulloch I, Inal S. Influence of Side Chains on the n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:4253-4266. [PMID: 33439636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c18599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
n-Type (electron transporting) polymers can make suitable interfaces to transduce biological events that involve the generation of electrons. However, n-type polymers that are stable when electrochemically doped in aqueous media are relatively scarce, and the performance of the existing ones lags behind their p-type (hole conducting) counterparts. Here, we report a new family of donor-acceptor-type polymers based on a naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic-diimide-bi-thiophene (NDI-T2) backbone where the NDI unit always bears an ethylene glycol (EG) side chain. We study how small variations in the side chains tethered to the acceptor as well as the donor unit affect the performance of the polymer films in the state-of-the-art bioelectronic device, the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). First, we find that substitution of the T2 core with an electron-withdrawing group (i.e., methoxy) or an EG side chain leads to ambipolar charge transport properties and causes significant changes in film microstructure, which overall impairs the n-type OECT performance. We thus show that the best n-type OECT performer is the polymer that has no substitution on the T2 unit. Next, we evaluate the distance of the oxygen from the NDI unit as a design parameter by varying the length of the carbon spacer placed between the EG unit and the backbone. We find that the distance of the EG from the backbone affects the film order and crystallinity, and thus, the electron mobility. Consequently, our work reports the best-performing NDI-T2-based n-type OECT material to date, i.e., the polymer without the T2 substitution and bearing a six-carbon spacer between the EG and the NDI units. Our work provides new guidelines for the side-chain engineering of n-type polymers for OECTs and insights on the structure-performance relationships for mixed ionic-electronic conductors, crucial for devices where the film operates at the aqueous electrolyte interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ohayon
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiyuan Du
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ilke Uguz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Raja S Ashraf
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- KAUST Solar Center (KSC), Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Feng K, Huang J, Zhang X, Wu Z, Shi S, Thomsen L, Tian Y, Woo HY, McNeill CR, Guo X. High-Performance All-Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by n-Type Polymers with an Ultranarrow Bandgap Down to 1.28 eV. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2001476. [PMID: 32519429 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Compared to organic solar cells based on narrow-bandgap nonfullerene small-molecule acceptors, the performance of all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) lags much behind due to the lack of high-performance n-type polymers, which should have low-aligned frontier molecular orbital levels and narrow bandgap with broad and intense absorption extended to the near-infrared region. Herein, two novel polymer acceptors, DCNBT-TPC and DCNBT-TPIC, are synthesized with ultranarrow bandgaps (ultra-NBG) of 1.38 and 1.28 eV, respectively. When applied in transistors, both polymers show efficient charge transport with a highest electron mobility of 1.72 cm2 V-1 s-1 obtained for DCNBT-TPC. Blended with a polymer donor, PBDTTT-E-T, the resultant all-PSCs based on DCNBT-TPC and DCNBT-TPIC achieve remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 9.26% and 10.22% with short-circuit currents up to 19.44 and 22.52 mA cm-2 , respectively. This is the first example that a PCE of over 10% can be achieved using ultra-NBG polymer acceptors with a photoresponse reaching 950 nm in all-PSCs. These results demonstrate that ultra-NBG polymer acceptors, in line with nonfullerene small-molecule acceptors, are also available as a highly promising class of electron acceptors for maximizing device performance in all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jiachen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Shengbin Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Yanqing Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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6
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Said AA, Xie J, Zhang Q. Recent Progress in Organic Electron Transport Materials in Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. Small 2019; 15:e1900854. [PMID: 31069952 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic n-type materials (e.g., fullerene derivatives, naphthalene diimides (NDIs), perylene diimides (PDIs), azaacene-based molecules, and n-type conjugated polymers) are demonstrated as promising electron transport layers (ETLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (p-i-n PSCs), because these materials have several advantages such as easy synthesis and purification, tunable frontier molecular orbitals, decent electron mobility, low cost, good solubility in different organic solvents, and reasonable chemical/thermal stability. Considering these positive factors, approaches toward achieving effective p-i-n PSCs with these organic materials as ETLs are highlighted in this Review. Moreover, organic structures, electron transport properties, working function of electrodes caused by ETLs, and key relevant parameters (PCE and stability) of p-i-n PSCs are presented. Hopefully, this Review will provide fundamental guidance for future development of new organic n-type materials as ETLs for more efficient p-i-n PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Said
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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7
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Said AA, Xie J, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Zhao K, Gao WB, Michinobu T, Zhang Q. Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells by Employing N-Type (D-A 1 -D-A 2 ) Polymers as Electron Transporting Layer. Small 2019; 15:e1803339. [PMID: 30370590 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is highly desirable to employ n-type polymers as electron transporting layers (ETLs) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their good electron mobility, high hydrophobicity, and simplicity of film forming. In this research, the capability of three n-type donor-acceptor1 -donor-acceptor2 (D-A1 -D-A2 ) conjugated polymers (pBTT, pBTTz, and pSNT) is first explored as ETLs because these polymers possess electron mobilities as high as 0.92, 0.46, and 4.87 cm2 (Vs)-1 in n-channel organic transistors, respectively. The main structural difference among pBTT, pBTTz, and pSNT is the position of sp2 -nitrogen atoms (sp2 -N) in the polymer main chains. Therefore, the effect of different substitution positions on the PSC performances is comprehensively studied. The as-fabricated p-i-n PSCs with pBTT, pBTTz, and pSNT as ETLs show the maximum photoconversion efficiencies of 12.8%, 14.4%, and 12.0%, respectively. To be highlighted, pBTTz-based device can maintain 80% of its stability after ten days due to its good hydrophobicity, which is further confirmed by a contact angle technique. More importantly, the pBTTz-based device shows a neglected hysteresis. This study reveals that the n-type polymers can be promising candidates as ETLs to approach solution-processed highly-efficient inverted PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Said
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Zongrui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Zhou
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Kexiang Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei-Bo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Genene Z, Mammo W, Wang E, Andersson MR. Recent Advances in n-Type Polymers for All-Polymer Solar Cells. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1807275. [PMID: 30790384 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) based on n- and p-type polymers have emerged as promising alternatives to fullerene-based solar cells due to their unique advantages such as good chemical and electronic adjustability, and better thermal and photochemical stabilities. Rapid advances have been made in the development of n-type polymers consisting of various electron acceptor units for all-PSCs. So far, more than 200 n-type polymer acceptors have been reported. In the last seven years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all-PSCs rapidly increased and has now surpassed 10%, meaning they are approaching the performance of state-of-the-art solar cells using fullerene derivatives as acceptors. This review discusses the design criteria, synthesis, and structure-property relationships of n-type polymers that have been used in all-PSCs. Additionally, it highlights the recent progress toward photovoltaic performance enhancement of binary, ternary, and tandem all-PSCs. Finally, the challenges and prospects for further development of all-PSCs are briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdneh Genene
- Department of Chemistry, Ambo University, P. O. Box 19, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Wendimagegn Mammo
- Department of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O Box 33658, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Applied Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
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Yang CY, Jin WL, Wang J, Ding YF, Nong S, Shi K, Lu Y, Dai YZ, Zhuang FD, Lei T, Di CA, Zhu D, Wang JY, Pei J. Enhancing the n-Type Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers through Donor Engineering. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1802850. [PMID: 30252162 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with high thermoelectric performance enable the fabrication of low-cost, large-area, low-toxicity, and highly flexible thermoelectric devices. However, compared to their p-type counterparts, n-type polymer thermoelectric materials show much lower performance, which is largely due to inefficient doping and a much lower conductivity. Herein, it is reported that the development of a donor-acceptor (D-A) polymer with enhanced n-doping efficiency through donor engineering of the polymer backbone. Both a high n-type electrical conductivity of 1.30 S cm-1 and an excellent power factor (PF) of 4.65 µW mK-2 are obtained, which are the highest reported values among D-A polymers. The results of multiple characterization techniques indicate that electron-withdrawing modification of the donor units enhances the electron affinity of the polymer and changes the polymer packing orientation, leading to substantially improved miscibility and n-doping efficiency. Unlike previous studies in which improving the polymer-dopant miscibility typically resulted in lower mobilities, the strategy maintains the mobility of the polymer. All these factors lead to prominent enhancement of three orders magnitude in both the electrical conductivity and the PF compared to those of the non-engineered polymer. The results demonstrate that proper donor engineering can enhance the n-doping efficiency, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric performance of D-A copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Long Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuying Nong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ya-Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fang-Dong Zhuang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Wang S, Sun H, Erdmann T, Wang G, Fazzi D, Lappan U, Puttisong Y, Chen Z, Berggren M, Crispin X, Kiriy A, Voit B, Marks TJ, Fabiano S, Facchetti A. A Chemically Doped Naphthalenediimide-Bithiazole Polymer for n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1801898. [PMID: 29926985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel naphthalenediimide (NDI)-bithiazole (Tz2)-based polymer [P(NDI2OD-Tz2)] is reported, and structural, thin-film morphological, as well as charge transport and thermoelectric properties are compared to the parent and widely investigated NDI-bithiophene (T2) polymer [P(NDI2OD-T2)]. Since the steric repulsions in Tz2 are far lower than in T2, P(NDI2OD-Tz2) exhibits a more planar and rigid backbone, enhancing π-π chain stacking and intermolecular interactions. In addition, the electron-deficient nature of Tz2 enhances the polymer electron affinity, thus reducing the polymer donor-acceptor character. When n-doped with amines, P(NDI2OD-Tz2) achieves electrical conductivity (≈0.1 S cm-1 ) and a power factor (1.5 µW m-1 K-2 ) far greater than those of P(NDI2OD-T2) (0.003 S cm-1 and 0.012 µW m-1 K-2 , respectively). These results demonstrate that planarized NDI-based polymers with reduced donor-acceptor character can achieve substantial electrical conductivity and thermoelectric response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Tim Erdmann
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Daniele Fazzi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Uwe Lappan
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuttapoom Puttisong
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Anton Kiriy
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Technische Universität Dresden, Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., D-010 69, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobin J Marks
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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11
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Sun H, Vagin M, Wang S, Crispin X, Forchheimer R, Berggren M, Fabiano S. Complementary Logic Circuits Based on High-Performance n-Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Adv Mater 2018; 30. [PMID: 29318706 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have been the subject of intense research in recent years. To date, however, most of the reported OECTs rely entirely on p-type (hole transport) operation, while electron transporting (n-type) OECTs are rare. The combination of efficient and stable p-type and n-type OECTs would allow for the development of complementary circuits, dramatically advancing the sophistication of OECT-based technologies. Poor stability in air and aqueous electrolyte media, low electron mobility, and/or a lack of electrochemical reversibility, of available high-electron affinity conjugated polymers, has made the development of n-type OECTs troublesome. Here, it is shown that ladder-type polymers such as poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) can successfully work as stable and efficient n-channel material for OECTs. These devices can be easily fabricated by means of facile spray-coating techniques. BBL-based OECTs show high transconductance (up to 9.7 mS) and excellent stability in ambient and aqueous media. It is demonstrated that BBL-based n-type OECTs can be successfully integrated with p-type OECTs to form electrochemical complementary inverters. The latter show high gains and large worst-case noise margin at a supply voltage below 0.6 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengda Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Vagin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Robert Forchheimer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74, Norrköping, Sweden
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12
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Hillebrandt S, Adermann T, Alt M, Schinke J, Glaser T, Mankel E, Hernandez-Sosa G, Jaegermann W, Lemmer U, Pucci A, Kowalsky W, Müllen K, Lovrincic R, Hamburger M. Naphthalene Tetracarboxydiimide-Based n-Type Polymers with Removable Solubility via Thermally Cleavable Side Chains. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:4940-4945. [PMID: 26829619 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer solution-processed devices in organic electronics show the tendency of intermixing of subsequently deposited layers. Here, we synthesize naphthalene tetracarboxydiimide (NDI)-based n-type semiconducting polymers with thermally cleavable side chains which upon removal render the polymer insoluble. Infrared and photoelectron spectroscopy were performed to investigate the pyrolysis process. Characterization of organic field-effect transistors provides insight into charge transport. After the pyrolysis homogeneous films could be produced which are insoluble in the primary solvent. By varying curing temperature and time we show that these process parameters govern the amount of side chains in the film and influence the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Hillebrandt
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Torben Adermann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Alt
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Merck KGaA , Mainzer Straße 41, 64579 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Janusz Schinke
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Schleinitzstr. 22, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Glaser
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Mankel
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Material & Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Jovanka-Bontschits-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfram Jaegermann
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Material & Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität Darmstadt , Jovanka-Bontschits-Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Lichttechnisches Institut, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kowalsky
- Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Schleinitzstr. 22, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck Institut für Polymerforschung , Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Lovrincic
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig , Schleinitzstr. 22, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuel Hamburger
- InnovationLab GmbH , Speyerer Str. 4, Heidelberg, Germany
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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