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Gupta AK, Raghavachari K. Three-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Networks Utilizing Molecular Topological Features for Accurate Atomization Energy Predictions. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2132-2143. [PMID: 35226496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deep learning methods provide a novel way to establish a correlation between two quantities. In this context, computer vision techniques such as three-dimensional (3D)-convolutional neural networks become a natural choice to associate a molecular property with its structure due to the inherent 3D nature of a molecule. However, traditional 3D input data structures are intrinsically sparse in nature, which tend to induce instabilities during the learning process, which in turn may lead to underfitted results. To address this deficiency, in this project, we propose to use quantum-chemically derived molecular topological features, namely, localized orbital locator and electron localization function, as molecular descriptors, which provide a relatively denser input representation in a 3D space. Such topological features provide a detailed picture of the atomic and electronic configuration and interatomic interactions in the molecule and hence are ideal for predicting properties that are highly dependent on the physical or electronic structure of the molecule. Herein, we demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed model by applying it to the task of predicting atomization energies for the QM9-G4MP2 data set, which contains ∼134k molecules. Furthermore, we incorporated the Δ-machine learning approach into our model, which enabled us to reach beyond benchmark accuracy levels (∼1.0 kJ mol-1). As a result, we consistently obtain impressive mean absolute errors of the order 0.1 kcal mol-1 (∼0.42 kJ mol-1) versus the G4(MP2) theory using relatively modest models, which could potentially be improved further in a systematic manner using additional compute resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Krishnan Raghavachari
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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2
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Attia AS, Alfallous KA, El-Shahat M. A novel quinoxalinedione-bicapped tri-ruthenium carbonyl cluster [Ru3(μ-H)2(CO)6(μ3-HDCQX)2]: synthesis, characterization, anticancer activity and theoretical investigation of Ru–Ru and Ru–Ligand bonding interactions. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Prakash R, Halet JF, Ghosh S. Polyhedral [M 2B 5] Metallaborane Clusters and Derivatives: An Overview of Their Structural Features and Chemical Bonding. Molecules 2020; 25:E3179. [PMID: 32664614 PMCID: PMC7397089 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of metallaborane clusters and their derivatives with various structural arrangements are known. Among them, M2B5 clusters and derivatives constitute a significant class. Transition metals present in these species span from group 4 to group 7. Their structure can vary from oblatonido, oblatoarachno, to arachno type open structures. Many of these clusters appear to be hypoelectronic and are often considered as 'rule breakers' with respect to the classical Wade-Mingos electron counting rules. This is due to their unique highly oblate (flattened) deltahedral structures featuring a cross-cluster M-M interaction. Many theoretical calculations were performed to elucidate their electronic structure and chemical bonding properties. In this review, the synthesis, structure, and electronic aspects of the transition metal M2B5 clusters known in the literature are discussed. The chosen examples illustrate how, in synergy with experiments, computational results can provide additional valuable information to better understand the electronic properties and electronic requirements which govern their architecture and thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India;
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4
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Joy J, Danovich D, Kaupp M, Shaik S. Covalent vs Charge-Shift Nature of the Metal-Metal Bond in Transition Metal Complexes: A Unified Understanding. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12277-12287. [PMID: 32571021 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present here a general conceptualization of the nature of metal-metal (M-M) bonding in transition-metal (TM) complexes across the periods of TM elements, by use of ab initio valence-bond theory. The calculations reveal a dual-trend: For M-M bonds in groups 7 and 9, the 3d-series forms charge-shift bonds (CSB), while upon moving down to the 5d-series, the bonds become gradually covalent. In contrast, M-M bonds of metals having filled d-orbitals (groups 11 and 12) behave oppositely; initially the M-M bond is covalent, but upon moving down the Periodic Table, the CSB character increases. These trends originate in the radial-distribution-functions of the atomic orbitals, which determine the compactness of the valence-orbitals vis-à-vis the filled semicore orbitals. Key factors that gauge this compactness are the presence/absence of a radial-node in the valence-orbital and relativistic contraction/expansion of the valence/semicore orbitals. Whenever these orbital-types are spatially coincident, the covalent bond-pairing is weakened by Pauli-repulsion with the semicore electrons, and CSB takes over. Thus, for groups 3-10, which possess (n - 1)s2(n - 1)p6 semicores, this spatial-coincidence is maximal at the 3d-transition-metals which consequently form charge-shift M-M bonds. However, in groups 11 and 12, the relativistic effects maximize spatial-coincidence in the third series, wherein the 5d10 core approaches the valence 6s orbital, and the respective Pauli repulsion generates M-M bonds with CSB character. These considerations create a generalized paradigm for M-M bonding in the transition-elements periods, and Pauli repulsion emerges as the factor that unifies CSB over the periods of main-group and transition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothish Joy
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie - Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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5
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Nakagaki M, Nakatani N, Sakaki S. How to understand very weak Cr-Cr double bonds and negative spin populations in trinuclear Cr complexes: theoretical insight. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:22976-22989. [PMID: 31599298 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trinuclear Cr(ii) complex [Cr3(dpa)4Cl2] 1 (Hdpa = dipyridylamine) has two Cr-Cr double bonds linked with each other. DMRG-CASPT2 calculations reproduced its symmetrical structure. The Cr-Cr effective bond order (EBO) was evaluated to be only 0.59 based on the density matrix based on localized orbitals from DMRG-CASSCF orbitals. The CASCI calculations showed a significantly large α-spin population on the terminal Cr atoms as expected but a significantly large β-spin population on the central Cr atom against expectations. The very small EBO and the presence of a large β-spin population are not consistent with the simple understanding that 1 has two Cr-Cr double bonds and a quintet ground state, which requests correct understanding of 1 from the viewpoint of chemical bond theory. Comparison of 1 with the allene molecule and allyl radical disclosed that the linked Cr-Cr bonds of 1 resembled the C-C bond of the allyl radical but completely differed from the linked C-C double bonds of allene despite the similar molecular structure. Its N3 analogue [Cr3(dpa)4(N3)2] 2 has non-symmetrical structure with shorter Cr1-Cr2 and longer Cr2-Cr3 bonds unlike 1, indicating that 2 is a valence tautomer of 1. DMRG-CASPT2 could reproduce its non-symmetrical structure but DFT/B3PW91 could not. In 2, the EBO is 0.95 for the shorter Cr1-Cr2 bond and 0.47 for the longer Cr2-Cr3 one. The terminal Cr3 has a very large α spin population, and the other terminal Cr1 has a somewhat large α spin population, but the central Cr2 has a considerably large β spin population. These results indicate that the Cr1-Cr2 bond conjugates with the Cr2-Cr3 bond, which is inconsistent with the simple understanding that 2 has a quadruple bond between Cr1 and Cr2 and no bond between Cr2 and Cr3. The symmetrical structure has a stronger Cr-X coordinate bond (X = Cl or N3) but less stable Cr3 core than does the non-symmetrical one. The relative stabilities of the symmetrical and the non-symmetrical structures are determined by the balance between stabilization energies from the Cr3 core and the Cr-X coordinate bond. All these findings show that electronic structures and Cr-Cr bonds of 1 and 2 are interesting from the viewpoint of molecular science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Nakagaki
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
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Ruiz J, Sol D, García L, Mateo MA, Vivanco M, Van der Maelen JF. Generation and Tunable Cyclization of Formamidinate Ligands in Carbonyl Complexes of Mn(I): An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Shakerzadeh E, Van Duong L, Tahmasebi E, Nguyen MT. The scandium doped boron cluster B27Sc2+: a fruit can-like structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8933-8939. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00892f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A systematic exploration of the potential energy surface through evolutionary search algorithms was carried out to identify the most stable B27Sc2+ structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shakerzadeh
- Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Science
- Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz
- Ahvaz
- Iran
| | - Long Van Duong
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
| | - Elham Tahmasebi
- Young Researchers and Elites Club
- Islamic Azad University
- Ahvaz
- Iran
| | - Minh Tho Nguyen
- Institute for Computational Science and Technology (ICST)
- Ho Chi Minh City
- Vietnam
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
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8
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The nature of bonding in metal-metal singly bonded coinage metal dimers: Cu 2 , Ag 2 and Au 2. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Lepetit C, Fau P, Fajerwerg K, Kahn ML, Silvi B. Topological analysis of the metal-metal bond: A tutorial review. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Metal–metal bonding in 1st, 2nd and 3rd row transition metal complexes: a topological analysis. J Mol Model 2017; 23:163. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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A topological analysis of the bonding in [M2(CO)10] and [M3(μ-H)3(CO)12] complexes (M = Mn, Tc, Re). Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1821-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Metal-metal bonding and aromaticity in [M2(NHCHNH)3]2 (μ-E)2 (E = O, S; M = Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh). J Mol Model 2016; 22:48. [PMID: 26825973 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-2912-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The nature of M-M bonding and aromaticity of [M2(NHCHNH)3]2(μ-E)2 (E = O, S; M = Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh) was investigated using atoms in molecules (AIM) theory, electron localization function (ELF), natural bond orbital (NBO) and molecular orbital analysis. These analyses led to the following main conclusions: in [M2(NHCHNH)3]2(μ-E)2 (E = O, S; M = Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh), the Nb-Nb, Ru-Ru, and Rh-Rh bonds belong to "metallic" bonds, whereas Mo-Mo and Tc-Tc drifted toward the "dative" side; all these bonds are partially covalent in character. The Nb-Nb, Mo-Mo, and Tc-Tc bonds are stronger than Ru-Ru and Rh-Rh bonds. The M-M bonds in [M2(NHCHNH)3]2(μ-S)2 are stronger than those in [M2(NHCHNH)3]2(μ-O)2 for M = Nb, Mo, Tc, and Ru. The NICS(1)ZZ values show that all of the studied molecules, except [Ru2(NHCHNH)3]2(μ-O)2, are aromaticity molecules. O-bridged compounds have more aromaticity than S-bridged compounds. Graphical Abstract Left Molecular graph, and right electron localization function (ELF) isosurface of [M2(NHCHNH)3]2(μ-E)2(E = O, S; M = Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh).
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Yan X, Li X, Sun Z, Li Q, Meng L. Dinuclear first-row transition metal–(C8Me6)2complexes: metal–metal and metal–ligand bonds determined by the d electron configuration of the metal atom. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02469b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The nature and strength of the metal–metal and metal–ligand bonds depend on the d electron configuration of the transition metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Yan
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang
- China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials of Hebei Province
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang
- China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials of Hebei Province
| | - Zheng Sun
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang
- China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials of Hebei Province
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Biology
- Yantai University
- Yantai
- China
| | - Lingpeng Meng
- College of Chemistry and Material Science
- Hebei Normal University
- Shijiazhuang
- China
- Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials of Hebei Province
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15
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Braida B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. New Landscape of Electron-Pair Bonding: Covalent, Ionic, and Charge-Shift Bonds. THE CHEMICAL BOND II 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2015_179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Makarewicz E, Gordon AJ, Berski S. Nature of the bonding in the AuNgX (Ng = Ar, Kr, Xe; X = F, Cl, Br, I) molecules. Topological study on electron density and the electron localization function (ELF). J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:2401-12. [PMID: 25266645 DOI: 10.1021/jp508266k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Topological analysis of the electron localization function (ELF) has been carried out for the AuNgX (Ng = Ar, Kr, Xe; X = F, Cl, Br, I) molecules using the wave function approximated by the CCSD, MP2, and DFT(B3LYP, M062X) methods including zero-order regular approximation (ZORA). In the Ng-F bond, the bonding disynaptic attractor V(Ng,F) is missing; therefore, there are no signs of the covalent binding. The nature of the Au-Ng bond depends on the computational method used. Analysis of the ELF carried out for the AuArF and AuXeF molecules, with the wave function approximated by the CCSD and MP2 methods, shows the V(Au,Ng) attractor possibly corresponding to a partially covalent binding between the gold and noble gas atom. However, its very small basin population (<1e) and a very large value of the variance of the basin population suggest that the Au-Ng bond has a very delocalized character. Such bond nature may be related to the charge shift concept with a resonance of the Au(-+)NgX, Au(+-)NgX hybrids. The weakest Au-Ng bond, in terms of the smallest amount of electron density for the V(Au,Ng) basin, is found for the AuKrF molecule with the CCSD method (0.13e). The MP2 method, however, does not yield any V(Au, Ng) population; hence, the covalent Au-Kr bond is not confirmed. Because the V(Au,Ng) attractor is also not observed with the DFT method, the proper characterization of the Au-Ng bond requires proper description of correlation effects. Additional studies on the Au2 and [AuXe](+) molecules, performed at the CCSD and B3LYP levels, exhibit no V(Au,Au) and V(Au,Xe) bonding basins either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Makarewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka J Gordon
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Slawomir Berski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
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Huo S, Meng D, Zhang X, Meng L, Li X. Bonding analysis of the donor-acceptor sandwiches CpE-MCp (E = B, Al, Ga; M = Li, Na, K; Cp = η⁵-C₅H₅). J Mol Model 2014; 20:2455. [PMID: 25227450 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The nature of E-M bonds in CpE-MCp (E = B, Al, Ga; M = Li, Na, K; Cp = η (5)-C5H5) donor-acceptor sandwiches was studied using the atoms in molecules (AIM) theory, electron localization function (ELF), energy decomposition analysis (EDA), and natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) methods. Both topological and orbital analysis show that the E atom determines the bond strength of the E-M bonds, while the M atom has little influence on it. E-M bond strength decreases in the order E = B, Al, and Ga. The EDA analysis shows that the electrostatic character decreases following the sequence E = B > Al > Ga. Not only the s orbital, but also the p orbital of the E/M atom participates in formation of the E-M bond. The interactions of E and M with Cp are different. The M-Cp interaction is purely electrostatic while the E-Cp interaction has a partly covalent character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Huo
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Road East of 2nd Ring South, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
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Abramov P, Zakharchuk N, Virovets A, Mirzaeva I, Sokolov M. Hydrogen selenide in M–Se and C–Se bond formation. [Cp*3Ir3Se2]2+ clusters: New synthesis, molecular and electronic structure and related studies. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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19
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Bassanetti I, Twist CP, Kim MG, Seyam AM, Bazzi HS, Wang QJ, Chung YW, Marchió L, Delferro M, Marks TJ. Synthesis and Characterization of Silver(I) Pyrazolylmethylpyridine Complexes and Their Implementation as Metallic Silver Thin Film Precursors. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:4629-38. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500321w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bassanetti
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli studi di Parma, Parco Area delle
Scienze 17/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
- Department of Chemistry
and the Material Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christina P. Twist
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, B224, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Exponent,
Inc., 525 W. Monroe St., Suite 1050, Chicago, Illinois 60661, United States
| | - Myung-Gil Kim
- Department of Chemistry
and the Material Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Afif M. Seyam
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan S. Bazzi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
| | - Q. Jane Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, B224, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yip-Wah Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Luciano Marchió
- Dipartimento di
Chimica, Università degli studi di Parma, Parco Area delle
Scienze 17/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Department of Chemistry
and the Material Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tobin J. Marks
- Department of Chemistry
and the Material Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan
Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Abramov P, Sokolov M, Mirzaeva I, Virovets A. Coordination of SnCl3− ligands to {Cp*M}2+ (M = Rh, Ir). J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Sánchez-Coronilla A, Sánchez-Márquez J, Zorrilla D, Martín EI, de los Santos DM, Navas J, Fernández-Lorenzo C, Alcántara R, Martín-Calleja J. Convergent study of Ru–ligand interactions through QTAIM, ELF, NBO molecular descriptors and TDDFT analysis of organometallic dyes. Mol Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.884729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Chen Y, Sakaki S. The important role of the Mo–Mo quintuple bond in catalytic synthesis of benzene from alkynes. A theoretical study. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:11478-92. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanism of catalytic synthesis of benzene from alkynes by the Mo–Mo quintuple bond and the electronic structure and bonding nature of dimetallacyclobutadiene and dimetallabenzyne were studied theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Takano-Nishihiraki-cho 34-4, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan.
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23
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Li X, Huo S, Zeng Y, Sun Z, Zheng S, Meng L. Metal–Metal and Metal–Ligand Bonds in (η5-C5H5)2M2 (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Ni, Cu, Zn). Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om301110j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Li
- College of Chemistry
and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Road East of second Ring South, Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s
Republic of
China
| | - Suhong Huo
- College of Chemistry
and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Road East of second Ring South, Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s
Republic of
China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- College of Chemistry
and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Road East of second Ring South, Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s
Republic of
China
| | - Zheng Sun
- College of Chemistry
and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Road East of second Ring South, Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s
Republic of
China
| | - Shijun Zheng
- College of Chemistry
and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Road East of second Ring South, Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s
Republic of
China
| | - Lingpeng Meng
- College of Chemistry
and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Road East of second Ring South, Shijiazhuang 050024, People’s
Republic of
China
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Geetharani K, Krishnamoorthy BS, Kahlal S, Mobin SM, Halet JF, Ghosh S. Synthesis and Characterization of Hypoelectronic Tantalaboranes: Comparison of the Geometric and Electronic Structures of [(Cp*TaX)2B5H11] (X = Cl, Br, and I). Inorg Chem 2012; 51:10176-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300848f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Geetharani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600
036, India
| | - Bellie Sundaram Krishnamoorthy
- Institut des
Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex,
France
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Institut des
Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex,
France
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- National Single Crystal
X-ray
Diffraction Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Institut des
Sciences Chimiques
de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS-Université de Rennes 1, Avenue du Général Leclerc, Rennes Cedex,
France
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600
036, India
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25
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Popov AA, Avdoshenko SM, Pendás AM, Dunsch L. Bonding between strongly repulsive metal atoms: an oxymoron made real in a confined space of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:8031-50. [PMID: 22774003 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc32568c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are able to encapsulate up to four metal atoms. In EMFs, metal atoms are positively charged because of the electron transfer from the endohedral metal atoms to the carbon cage. It results in the strong Coulomb repulsion between the positively charged ions trapped in the confined inner space of the fullerene. At the same time, in many EMFs, such as Lu(2)@C(76), Y(2)@C(79)N, M(2)@C(82) (M = Sc, Y, Lu, etc.), Y(3)@C(80), or Sc(4)O(2)@C(80), metals do not adopt their highest oxidation states, thus yielding a possibility of the covalent metal-metal bonding. In some other EMFs (e.g., La(2)@C(80)), metal-metal bonding evolves as the result of the electrochemical or chemical reduction, which leads to the population of the metal-based LUMO with pronounced metal-metal bonding character. This article highlights different aspects of the metal-metal bonding in EMFs. It is concluded that the valence state of the metal atoms in dimetallofullerenes is not dependent on their third ionization potential, but is determined by their ns(2)(n- 1)d(1)→ns(1)(n- 1)d(2) excitation energies. Peculiarities of the metal-metal bonding in EMFs are described in terms of molecular orbital analysis as well as topological approaches such as Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules and Electron Localization Function. Interplay of Coulomb repulsion and covalent bonding is analyzed in the framework of the Interacting Quantum Atom approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany.
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26
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Bertolotti F, Forni A, Gervasio G, Marabello D, Diana E. Experimental and theoretical charge density of hydrated cupric acetate. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Van der Maelen JF, Cabeza JA. QTAIM Analysis of the Bonding in Mo–Mo Bonded Dimolybdenum Complexes. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:7384-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ic300845g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Van der Maelen
- Departmento de Química
Física and Analítica-CINN, Universidad de Oviedo-CSIC, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Javier A. Cabeza
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica and Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Universidad de Oviedo-CSIC, E-33071 Oviedo, Spain
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28
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First-principle investigation of Jahn–Teller distortion and topological analysis of chemical bonds in LiNiO2. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Gatti C. The Source Function Descriptor as a Tool to Extract Chemical Information from Theoretical and Experimental Electron Densities. ELECTRON DENSITY AND CHEMICAL BONDING II 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2010_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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30
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Fourré I, Bergès J, Houée-Levin C. Structural and Topological Studies of Methionine Radical Cations in Dipeptides: Electron Sharing in Two-Center Three-Electron Bonds. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7359-68. [DOI: 10.1021/jp911983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Fourré
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France, CNRS, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France, and Université Paris Sud, UMR 8000, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, F-91405 Orsay, also at CNRS F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jacqueline Bergès
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France, CNRS, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France, and Université Paris Sud, UMR 8000, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, F-91405 Orsay, also at CNRS F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Chantal Houée-Levin
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France, CNRS, UMR 7616, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, F-75005 Paris, France, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France, and Université Paris Sud, UMR 8000, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, F-91405 Orsay, also at CNRS F-91405 Orsay, France
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31
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Bond Orders in Metal–Metal Interactions Through Electron Density Analysis. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30802-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Electron-pair bonding is a central chemical paradigm. Here, we show that alongside the two classical covalent and ionic bond families, there exists a class of charge-shift (CS) bonds wherein the electron-pair fluctuation has the dominant role. Charge-shift bonding shows large covalent-ionic resonance interaction energy, and depleted charge densities, and features typical to repulsive interactions, albeit the bond itself may well be strong. This bonding type is rooted in a mechanism whereby the bond achieves equilibrium defined by the virial ratio. The CS bonding territory involves, for example, homopolar bonds of compact electronegative and/or lone-pair-rich elements, heteropolar bonds of these elements among themselves and with other atoms (for example, the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium), hypercoordinated molecules, and bonds whose covalent components are weakened by exchange-repulsion strain (as in [1.1.1]propellane). Here, we discuss experimental manifestations of CS bonding in chemistry, and outline new directions demonstrating the portability of the new concept.
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34
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Moncho S, Ujaque G, Espinet P, Maseras F, Lledós A. The role of amide ligands in the stabilization of Pd(II) tricoordinated complexes: is the Pd–NR2 bond order single or higher? Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0539-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Fowe EP, Therrien B, Süss-Fink G, Daul C. Electron-Structure Calculations and Bond Order Analysis Using Density Functional Theory of Cationic Dinuclear Arene Ruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2007; 47:42-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ic7007914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Penka Fowe
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland and Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Case postale 158, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Therrien
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland and Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Case postale 158, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Georg Süss-Fink
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland and Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Case postale 158, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Claude Daul
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland and Institut de Chimie, Université de Neuchâtel, Case postale 158, CH-2009 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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36
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Electron localization function (ELF) study on intramolecular delocalization of the electron density in the H2X, H2CX and XO2 (X=O, S, Se, Te) molecules: Role of the atomic core and lone pair. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Li WQ, Tian WQ, Feng JK, Liu ZZ. Does the Planar Aromatic Phosphorus Analogue of Pyridone Exist? European J Org Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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38
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Chemical insight into electron density and wave functions: software developments and applications to crystals, molecular complexes and materials science. Theor Chem Acc 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-006-0208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Gatti C, Lasi D. Source function description of metal–metal bonding in d-block organometallic compounds. Faraday Discuss 2007; 135:55-78; discussion 125-49, 503-6. [PMID: 17328424 DOI: 10.1039/b605404h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Source Function (SF) analysis is applied to a set of saturated [M2(CO)x, M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, x = 10, 9, 8, 7] and unsaturated [Co2(CO)x, x = 8-5] binuclear 3d metal carbonyls, and to the M2(formamidinate)4 (M = Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, and Pd) binuclear 4d metal complexes, using ab initio electron densities. A description of the metal-metal (M-M) bonding closely related to that provided by the localization/delocalization indices is afforded. The agreement persists even when the M-M bond is lacking and the internuclear M-M midpoint is taken as a reference point for evaluating the SF contributions. However, use of the local form of the SF unveils interesting differences in how the charge density originates at the M-M midpoint when the system is metal-metal bonded or not. Most of the topological indices conventionally adopted to describe M-M bonds fail in reproducing the expected chemical trends for the set of investigated systems, with the adimensional [ V(b)]/G(b) ratio and the delta2rhob value being particularly inadequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Gatti
- CNR-ISTM Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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40
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Chapter 5 Understanding and using the electron localization function. THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(07)80006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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41
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Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Sgamellotti A, Quiney HM. The Electronic Structure of Alkali Aurides. A Four-Component Dirac−Kohn−Sham Study. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:4543-54. [PMID: 16571062 DOI: 10.1021/jp054938w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spectroscopic constants, including dissociation energies, harmonic and anharmonic vibrational frequencies, and dipole moments, are calculated for the complete alkali auride series (LiAu, NaAu, KAu, RbAu, CsAu). The four-component formulation of relativistic density functional theory has been employed in this study, using the G-spinor basis sets implemented recently in the program BERTHA. The performance of four standard nonrelativistic density functionals employed is investigated by comparing the results with the best available theoretical and experimental data. The present work provides the first theoretical predictions on the molecular properties of RbAu. The intermetallic bond that occurs in the alkali auride series is highly polar and is characterized by a large charge transfer from the alkali metals to gold. The extent of this electron transfer has been investigated using several different charge analysis methods, enabling us to reach some general conclusions on their relative performance. We further report a detailed analysis of the topological properties of relativistic electron density in the bonding region, discussing the features of this approach which characterize the nature of the chemical bond. We have also computed the fully relativistic density for the alkali halides MBr and MI (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs). The comparative study shows that, on the basis of several topological properties and the variation in bond lengths, the gold atom behaves similarly to a halogen intermediate between Br and I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Belpassi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e I.S.T.M.-C.N.R., Università di Perugia, 06123, Italy.
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42
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Djukic JP, Michon C, Berger A, Pfeffer M, de Cian A, Kyritsakas-Gruber N. Synthesis of syn-facial (Cr,Mn) benzyl complexes by the stereoselective thermolytic coupling of unsymmetric diazomethanes with cyclomanganated (η6-arene)tricarbonylchromium complexes. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2005.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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43
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Poater J, Duran M, Solà M, Silvi B. Theoretical evaluation of electron delocalization in aromatic molecules by means of atoms in molecules (AIM) and electron localization function (ELF) topological approaches. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3911-47. [PMID: 16218571 DOI: 10.1021/cr030085x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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44
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Andrés J, Berski S, Feliz M, Llusar R, Sensato F, Silvi B. The nature of the chemical bond in di- and polynuclear metal cluster complexes as depicted by the analysis of the electron localization function. CR CHIM 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Vidal I, Melchor S, Dobado JA. On the Nature of Metal−Carbon Bonding: AIM and ELF Analyses of MCHn (n = 1−3) Compounds Containing Early Transition Metals. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7500-8. [PMID: 16834119 DOI: 10.1021/jp050146q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio and DFT calculations have been performed on a series of organometallic compounds, according to the formula MCH(n), where M = K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, or Mn and n = 1-3. Various theoretical methods are compared, the B3LYP level yielding the same agreement with the experimental geometries available as the correlated MP2 and CISD methods, with the 6-311++G(3df,2p) basis set for C and H and Wachter's (15s11p6d3f1g)/[10s7p4d3f1g] basis set for transition metals. The main geometric and electronic features of the molecules studied are described, analyzing the M-C bonding characteristics in terms of the atoms in molecules theory (AIM) and the electron localization function (ELF). Although multiple bonding is expected from the Lewis bonding scheme, the results indicate an almost pure ionic bond for all of the systems studied. The net charge transfer from the metal to the carbon atom ranges from 0.5 to 1 e(-), and the electronic structure of the CH(n)(-) moiety is unaltered after the interaction with the metal cation, showing little or no effect on the shape of the electron pairing. The bond paths corresponding to a possible alpha-agostic bond for these systems are not present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Vidal
- Grupo de Modelización y Diseño Molecular, Departamento de Química Organica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, E-18071, Spain
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46
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Berski S, Gutsev GL, Mochena MD, Andrés J. Toward Understanding the Electron Density Distribution in Magnetic Clusters: Insight from the ELF and AIM Analyses of Ground-State Fe4. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0487814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Berski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland, and Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain
| | - Gennady L. Gutsev
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307
| | - Mogus D. Mochena
- Department of Physics, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307
| | - Juan Andrés
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Apartat 224, 12080, Castelló, Spain
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47
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Novozhilova IV, Volkov AV, Coppens P. On the Nature of the Lowest Triplet Excited State of the [Rh2(1,3-diisocyanopropane)4]2+ Ion. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:2299-307. [PMID: 15046505 DOI: 10.1021/ic035243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the ground state and the lowest triplet excited state of the [Rh(2)(1,3-diisocyanopropane)(4)](2+) ion have been investigated by the density functional theory. Two locally stable geometrical conformations are found on the potential energy surfaces of both the ground and excited states, corresponding to the eclipsed and twisted conformations, the eclipsed conformation being more stable and having the shorter Rh-Rh bond length. While the Rh-Rh distances of the two conformations differ by approximately 0.4 A, they shorten to the same value upon excitation ( approximately 3.1 A). The excited state originates from the d(z)()()2 (metal antibonding) to p(z)() (ligand-metal bonding) electronic transition. The Mayer Rh-Rh bond order increases from approximately 0.2 to more than 0.8 upon excitation, while the Rh-C(N) bond order shows a slight decrease. A topological bond path between the Rh atoms is found in both the ground and excited states, while the electron localization function (ELF) indicates weak Rh-Rh covalent bonding for the excited state only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Novozhilova
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, USA
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48
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Lepetit C, Silvi B, Chauvin R. ELF Analysis of Out-of-Plane Aromaticity and In-Plane Homoaromaticity in Carbo[N]annulenes and [N]Pericyclynes. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026521l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lepetit
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR 8241 CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie, Tour 22-23, 1er étage, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - B. Silvi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR 8241 CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie, Tour 22-23, 1er étage, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - R. Chauvin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, UPR 8241 CNRS, 205 Route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex, France, and Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, UMR 7616 CNRS, Université P. et M. Curie, Tour 22-23, 1er étage, 4, Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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