1
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Gallegos SF, Aviles-Rosa EO, DeChant MT, Hall NJ, Prada-Tiedemann PA. Explosive Odor Signature Profiling: A Review of recent advances in technical analysis and detection. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 347:111652. [PMID: 37019070 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing threat of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and homemade explosives (HME) both domestically and abroad, detection of explosives and explosive related materials is an area of urgent importance for preventing terrorist activities around the globe. Canines are a common biological detector used in explosive detection due to their enhanced olfactory abilities, high mobility, efficient standoff sampling, and optimal identification of vapor sources. While other sensors based on different principles have emerged, an important concept for the rapid field detection of explosives is understanding key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with these materials. Explosive detection technology needs to be on par with a large number of threats including an array of explosive materials as well as novel chemicals used in the manufacture of IEDs. Within this much needed area of research for law enforcement and homeland security applications, several studies have sought to understand the explosive odor profile from a range of materials. This review aims to provide a foundational overview of these studies to provide a summary of instrumental analysis to date on the various types of explosive odor profiles evaluated focusing on the experimental approaches and laboratory techniques utilized in the chemical characterization of explosive vapors and mixtures. By expanding upon these concepts, a greater understanding of the explosive vapor signature can be achieved, providing for enhanced chemical and biological sensing of explosive threats as well as expanding upon existing laboratory-based models for continued sensor development.
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2
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Sağlam Ş, Üzer A, Apak R. Direct Determination of Peroxide Explosives on Polycarbazole/Gold Nanoparticle-Modified Glassy Carbon Sensor Electrodes Imprinted for Molecular Recognition of TATP and HMTD. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17662-17669. [PMID: 36472413 PMCID: PMC9773174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since peroxide-based explosives (PBEs) lack reactive functional groups, they cannot be determined directly by most detection methods and are often detected indirectly by converting them to H2O2. However, H2O2 may originate from many sources, causing false positives in PBE detection. Here, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor for the direct sensitive and selective determination of PBEs such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD) using electrochemical modification of the glassy carbon (GC) electrode with PBE-memory polycarbazole (PCz) films decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The prepared electrodes were named TATP-memory-GC/PCz/AuNPs (used for TATP determination) and HMTD-memory-GC/PCz/AuNPs (used for HMTD detection). The calibration lines of TATP and HMTD were found in the concentration range of 0.1-1.0 mg L-1 using the net current intensities of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) versus analyte concentrations. The limit of detection (LOD) commonly found was 15 μg L-1 for TATP and HMTD. The sensor electrodes could separately determine intact TATP and HMTD in the presence of nitro-aromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester energetic materials. The proposed electrochemical sensing method was not interfered by electroactive substances such as paracetamol, caffeine, acetylsalicylic acid, aspartame, d-glucose, and detergent (containing perborate and percarbonate) used as camouflage materials for PBEs. This is the first molecularly imprinted polymeric electrode for PBEs accomplishing such low LODs, and the DPV method was statistically validated in contaminated clay soil samples against the GC-MS method for TATP and a spectrophotometric method for HMTD using t- and F-tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şener Sağlam
- Engineering
Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayşem Üzer
- Engineering
Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320Istanbul, Turkey,
| | - Reşat Apak
- Engineering
Faculty, Chemistry Department, Istanbul
University-Cerrahpaşa, Avcilar, 34320Istanbul, Turkey,Turkish
Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Bayraktar Neighborhood, Vedat Dalokay st. No.: 112, Cankaya, 06670Ankara, Turkey,
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3
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The role of water and acid catalysis in the reaction of acetone with hydrogen peroxide: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Sun Z, Zhang G, Li Y, Qiao T, Liu Z, Wang P, Li G, Zhou Z, Zheng J, Li Y, Zhu J, Liu Y. In situ identification of TATP and DADP particles collected with transparent tape by Raman spectroscopy and imaging. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5173-5178. [PMID: 34668496 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and its byproduct diacetone diperoxide (DADP) are commonly used home-made high explosives in bombing cases and terrorist attacks. However, these two peroxide explosives are unstable and prone to thermal decomposition, leading to challenges in sample collection and preparation in bombing cases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an in situ identification method for TATP and DADP. Compared to the solvent-based swabbing methods commonly used for trace explosive collection, the tape lifting method can collect explosive particles and other potential evidence without damaging fingerprints or DNA. This study aims to develop a tape lifting method to collect trace explosive particles in bombing cases and an in situ method to identify TATP and DADP particles on the sticky side of transparent tape directly using laser confocal Raman spectroscopy. One type of fingerprint tape and two types of office tape were used to collect peroxide explosive particles followed by particle fixation on glass slides. Laser confocal Raman spectroscopy was applied to directly identify target particles, without peeling the attached tape off the glass slide. A solid-state laser emitting at 473 nm was suitable for Raman and imaging analysis of TATP and DADP. To mimic the real situation, the synthetic TATP and DADP were passed through a 100-mesh sieve, respectively. Fifty μg of each explosive powder was weighed, mixed and spread on a wooden table with dust in an area of 10 × 10 cm2. Subsequently, the samples were collected with the fingerprint tape. A targeted area of the tape with suspicious particles was imaged for analysis. Based on the difference between the characteristic Raman bands of TATP and DADP, the band ranges of 530-550 cm-1 and 750-770 cm-1 were selected, respectively, for obtaining the distribution information. The combination of Raman technology and the tape lifting method shows great potential for in situ identification of forensic samples by providing chemical and spatial information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Sun
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Guannan Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Yonggang Li
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Ting Qiao
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
- China University of Politics and Law, Xitucheng Road 25, Haidian District, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Zhanfang Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Guangyao Li
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Jili Zheng
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Yajun Li
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Jun Zhu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
| | - Yao Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Muxidi South 17th, Xicheng District, Beijing 100038, China.
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5
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Colorimetric optical nanosensors for trace explosive detection using metal nanoparticles: advances, pitfalls, and future perspective. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:367-379. [PMID: 33960382 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Warfare threats and acts of terror are challenging situations encountered by defense agencies across the globe and are of growing concern to the general public, and security-minded policy makers. Detecting ultra-low quantities of explosive compounds in remote locations or under harsh conditions for anti-terror purposes as well as the environmental monitoring of residual or discarded explosives in soil, remains a major challenge. The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) for trace explosive detection has drawn considerable interest in recent years. For nano-based explosive sensor devices to meet real-life operational demands, analytical parameters such as, long-shelf life, stability under harsh conditions, ease-of-use, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and rapid signal response must be met. Generally, the analytical performance of colorimetric-based nanosensor systems is strongly dependent on the surface properties of the nanomaterial used in the colorimetric assay. The size and shape properties of metal NPs, surface functionalisation efficiency, and assay fabrication methods, are factors that influence the efficacy of colorimetric explosive nanosensor systems. This review reports on the design and analytical performances of colorimetric explosive sensor systems using metal NPs as optical signal transducers. The challenges of trace explosive detection, advances in metal NP colorimetric explosive design, limitations of each methods, and possible strategies to mitigate the problems are discussed.
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6
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Tawfik SM, Abd-Elaal AA, Lee YI. Selective dual detection of Hg 2+ and TATP based on amphiphilic conjugated polythiophene-quantum dot hybrid materials. Analyst 2021; 146:2894-2901. [PMID: 33720268 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00166c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The design of multifunctional sensors based on biocompatible hybrid materials consisting of conjugated polythiophene-quantum dots for multiple environmental pollutants is a promising strategy for the development of new monitoring technologies. Herein, we present a new approach for the "on-off-on" sensing of Hg2+ and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) based on amphiphilic polythiophene-coated CdTe QDs (PQDs, PLQY ∼78%). The emission of the PQDs is quenched by Hg2+ ions via electron transfer interactions. Based on the strong interaction between TATP and Hg2+ ions, the addition of TATP to the PQD-Hg2+ complex results in a remarkable recovery of the PQD emission. Under the optimized conditions, the PQD sensor shows a good linear response to Hg2+ and TATP with detection limits of 7.4 nM and 0.055 mg L-1, respectively. Furthermore, the "on-off-on" sensor demonstrates good biocompatibility, high stability, and excellent selectivity in the presence of other metal ions and common explosives. Importantly, the proposed method can be used to determine the level of Hg2+ and TATP in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah M Tawfik
- Department of Petrochemicals, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Ali A Abd-Elaal
- Department of Petrochemicals, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Yong-Ill Lee
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Blanco S, Macario A, García‐Calvo J, Revilla‐Cuesta A, Torroba T, López JC. Microwave Detection of Wet Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP): Non‐Covalent Forces and Water Dynamics. Chemistry 2020; 27:1680-1687. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana Blanco
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Alberto Macario
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José García‐Calvo
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Andrea Revilla‐Cuesta
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Tomas Torroba
- Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Universidad de Burgos 09001 Burgos Spain
| | - Juan Carlos López
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, IU CINQUIMA Universidad de Valladolid 47011 Valladolid Spain
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8
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To KC, Ben-Jaber S, Parkin IP. Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10804-10833. [PMID: 32790331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Explosive trace detection (ETD) technologies play a vital role in maintaining national security. ETD remains an active research area with many analytical techniques in operational use. This review details the latest advances in animal olfactory, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and Raman and colorimetric detection methods. Developments in optical, biological, electrochemical, mass, and thermal sensors are also covered in addition to the use of nanomaterials technology. Commercially available systems are presented as examples of current detection capabilities and as benchmarks for improvement. Attention is also drawn to recent collaborative projects involving government, academia, and industry to highlight the emergence of multimodal screening approaches and applications. The objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of ETD by highlighting challenges in ETD and providing an understanding of the principles, advantages, and limitations of each technology and relating this to current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Chuen To
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sultan Ben-Jaber
- Department of Science and Forensics, King Fahad Security College, Riyadh 13232, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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9
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Krivitsky V, Filanovsky B, Naddaka V, Patolsky F. Direct and Selective Electrochemical Vapor Trace Detection of Organic Peroxide Explosives via Surface Decoration. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5323-5330. [PMID: 30892020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect traces of highly energetic explosive materials sensitively, selectively, accurately, and rapidly could be of enormous benefit to civilian national security, military applications, and environmental monitoring. Unfortunately, the detection of explosives still poses a largely unmet arduous analytical problem, making their detection an issue of burning immediacy and a massive current challenge in terms of research and development. Although numerous explosive detection approaches have been developed, these methods are usually time-consuming, require bulky equipment, tedious sample preparation, a trained operator, cannot be miniaturized, and lack the ability to perform automated real-time high-throughput analysis, strongly handicapping their mass deployment. Here, we present the first demonstration of the "direct" electrochemical approach for the sensitive, selective, and rapid vapor trace detection of TATP and HMTD, under ambient conditions, unaffected by the presence of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide species, down to concentrations lower than 10 ppb. The method is based on the use of Ag-nanoparticles-decorated carbon microfibers air-collecting electrodes (μCF), which allow for the selective direct detection of the organic peroxide explosives, through opening multiple redox routes, not existent in the undecorated carbon electrodes. Finally, we demonstrate the direct and rapid detection of TATP and HMTD explosive species from real-world air samples.
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10
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Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide (TATP) Precursors with an Array of Sensors Based on MoS₂/RGO Composites. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19061281. [PMID: 30871286 PMCID: PMC6472037 DOI: 10.3390/s19061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is a self-made explosive synthesized from the commonly used chemical acetone (C₃H₆O) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). As C₃H₆O and H₂O₂ are the precursors of TATP, their detection is very important due to the high risk of the presence of TATP. In order to detect the precursors of TATP effectively, hierarchical molybdenum disulfide/reduced graphene oxide (MoS₂/RGO) composites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, using two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as template. The effects of the ratio of RGO to raw materials for the synthesis of MoS₂ on the morphology, structure, and gas sensing properties of the MoS₂/RGO composites were studied. It was found that after optimization, the response to 50 ppm of H₂O₂ vapor was increased from 29.0% to 373.1%, achieving an increase of about 12 times. Meanwhile, all three sensors based on MoS₂/RGO composites exhibited excellent anti-interference performance to ozone with strong oxidation. Furthermore, three sensors based on MoS₂/RGO composites were fabricated into a simple sensor array, realizing discriminative detection of three target analytes in 14.5 s at room temperature. This work shows that the synergistic effect between two-dimensional RGO and MoS₂ provides new possibilities for the development of high performance sensors.
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11
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Zhu QH, Zhang GH, Yuan WL, Wang SL, He L, Yong F, Tao GH. Handy fluorescent paper device based on a curcumin derivative for ultrafast detection of peroxide-based explosives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:13661-13664. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06737j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A useful and inexpensive fluorescent paper-based device was fabricated for ultrafast sensing of peroxide-based explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Hong Zhu
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Guo-Hao Zhang
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Wen-Li Yuan
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | | | - Ling He
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Fang Yong
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Guo-Hong Tao
- College of Chemistry
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
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12
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Li Z, Askim JR, Suslick KS. The Optoelectronic Nose: Colorimetric and Fluorometric Sensor Arrays. Chem Rev 2018; 119:231-292. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jon R. Askim
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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13
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Carlson K, Misra M, Mohanty S. Developments in Micro- and Nanotechnology for Foodborne Pathogen Detection. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:16-25. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2017.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Krista Carlson
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Manoranjan Misra
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Swomitra Mohanty
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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14
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Fu Y, Yao J, Xu W, Fan T, Jiao Z, He Q, Zhu D, Cao H, Cheng J. Schiff Base Substituent-Triggered Efficient Deboration Reaction and Its Application in Highly Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5507-12. [PMID: 27094518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The organic thin-film fluorescence probe, with the advantages of not polluting the analyte and fast response, has attracted much attention in explosive detection. Different with nitro explosives, the peroxide-based explosives are hardly to be detected because of their poor ultraviolet absorption and lack of an aromatic ring. As the signature compound of peroxide-based explosives, H2O2 vapor detection became more and more important. Boron ester or acid is considered to be a suitable functional group for the detection of hydrogen peroxide due to its reliable reactive activity. Its only drawback lies on its slow degradation velocity. In this work, we try to introduce some functional group to make the boron ester to be easily oxidized by H2O2. Herein, 4-(phenyl(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)amino)benzaldehyde (OTB) was synthesized and its imine derivatives, OTBXAs, were easily obtained just by putting OTB films in different primary amines vapors. OTBXAs show fast deboronation velocity in H2O2 vapor compared with OTB. The complete reaction time of (E)-N-phenyl-4-((propylimino)methyl)-N-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)aniline (OTBPA) was even shortened 40 times with a response time of seconds. The detection limit for H2O2 vapor was as low as 4.1 parts per trillion (ppt). Further study showed that it is a general approach to enhance the sensing performance of borate to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) vapor by introducing an imine into an aromatic borate molecule via a solid/vapor reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Fu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Junjun Yao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Tianchi Fan
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zinuo Jiao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qingguo He
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Defeng Zhu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Huimin Cao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Jiangong Cheng
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changning Road 865, Shanghai 200050, China
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15
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Hammer BAG, Müllen K. Dimensional Evolution of Polyphenylenes: Expanding in All Directions. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2103-40. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenton A. G. Hammer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Han Y, Jiang D, Zhang J, Li W, Gan Z, Gu J. Development, applications and challenges of ReaxFF reactive force field in molecular simulations. Front Chem Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Hill AR, Edgar M, Chatzigeorgiou M, Reynolds JC, Kelly PF, Creaser CS. Analysis of triacetone triperoxide complexes with alkali metal ions by electrospray and extractive electrospray ionisation combined with ion mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:265-274. [PMID: 26307706 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The complexation of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) with a range of alkali metals has been studied by electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry yield [M+Cat](+) ions for all of the alkali metals. The formation of [2TATP+Li+LiX](+) (X = Br, Cl) sandwich complexes was also observed. Collision cross- sections for the lithium-containing complexes of TATP were measured by travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry, and compared well with computationally determined structures. Extractive electrospray ionisation (EESI) using a lithium doped electrospray is demonstrated for the detection of TATP vapours desorbed from a metal surface. The limit of detection for EESI was shown to be 20 ng using the [TATP+Li](+) ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex R Hill
- Centr e for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Mark Edgar
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Maria Chatzigeorgiou
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK. m.chatzigeorgiou- 13@
| | - James C Reynolds
- Centre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Paul F Kelly
- Cent re for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Colin S Creaser
- C entre for Analytical Science, Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.
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18
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Hammer BAG, Moritz R, Stangenberg R, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. The polar side of polyphenylene dendrimers. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:4072-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The site-specific functionalization of poly(phenylene) dendrimers can produce macromolecules with a range of different polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Moritz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | | | - Klaus Müllen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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19
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Gerber M, Walsh G, Hopmeier M. Sensitivity of TATP to a TASER electrical output. J Forensic Sci 2014; 59:1638-41. [PMID: 25066579 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments were performed to evaluate and document the effect of a TASER ("stun gun") on triacetone triperoxide (TATP), an easily manufactured explosive used often in IEDs and suicide bombing vests. TATP samples were synthesized and subjected to several tests of their sensitivity. These samples were run through a BAM Friction test with a result of <0.5 N, Impact Test with a result of 5.8 ± 0.4 cm, and Electrostatic Discharge test with a result of 0.073 ± 0.018 J. In addition, TATP was shocked with a TASER in a variety of configurations. The TATP reacted in 17/17 tests when the TASER arced through the TATP and 0/4 times when the TATP was configured in such a way that the TATP was not subjected to the electrical arc. Based on the experimental data, TATP will readily explode in a variety of configurations by a TASER or similar device. Testing should be expanded, as the data presented here are limited to a single formulation of TATP. Just one of a large array of TASER-like devices by a single manufacturer were tested; other devices, scenarios and formulations of TATP and other likely threat materials should be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gerber
- Energetic Materials Research and Testing Center, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM, 87801
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20
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Supersensitive fingerprinting of explosives by chemically modified nanosensors arrays. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4195. [PMID: 24960270 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The capability to detect traces of explosives sensitively, selectively and rapidly could be of great benefit for applications relating to civilian national security and military needs. Here, we show that, when chemically modified in a multiplexed mode, nanoelectrical devices arrays enable the supersensitive discriminative detection of explosive species. The fingerprinting of explosives is achieved by pattern recognizing the inherent kinetics, and thermodynamics, of interaction between the chemically modified nanosensors array and the molecular analytes under test. This platform allows for the rapid detection of explosives, from air collected samples, down to the parts-per-quadrillion concentration range, and represents the first nanotechnology-inspired demonstration on the selective supersensitive detection of explosives, including the nitro- and peroxide-derivatives, on a single electronic platform. Furthermore, the ultrahigh sensitivity displayed by our platform may allow the remote detection of various explosives, a task unachieved by existing detection technologies.
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21
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Whetstone ZD, Kearfott KJ. A review of conventional explosives detection using active neutron interrogation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Capua E, Kumar TA, Tkachev M, Naaman R. The Molecular Controlled Semiconductor Resistor: A Universal Sensory Technology. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Askim JR, Mahmoudi M, Suslick KS. Optical sensor arrays for chemical sensing: the optoelectronic nose. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 42:8649-82. [PMID: 24091381 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review is presented on the development and state of the art of colorimetric and fluorometric sensor arrays. Optical arrays based on chemoresponsive colorants (dyes and nanoporous pigments) probe the chemical reactivity of analytes, rather than their physical properties. This provides a high dimensionality to chemical sensing that permits high sensitivity (often down to ppb levels), impressive discrimination among very similar analytes and exquisite fingerprinting of extremely similar mixtures over a wide range of analyte types, both in the gas and liquid phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon R Askim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S. Mathews Av., Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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24
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Ray RS, Sarma B, Mohanty S, Misra M. Theoretical and experimental study of sensing triacetone triperoxide (TATP) explosive through nanostructured TiO2 substrate. Talanta 2014; 118:304-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Bulatov V, Reany O, Grinko R, Schechter I, Keinan E. Time-resolved, laser initiated detonation of TATP supports the previously predicted non-redox mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:6041-8. [PMID: 23493859 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44662j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previously reported computational study of the decomposition pathways of triacetone triperoxide (TATP), 1, predicted that unlike most energetic materials, which involve self-combustion of fuel and oxidants, 1 decomposes via a thermoneutral, non-redox pathway that involves entropy burst. These predictions are now corroborated by time-resolved monitoring of deflagration or detonation of 1 using a fast video camera following initiation by a short pulse focused laser beam. While a fireball always accompanies the explosion of 1 under air, the formation of a fireball is totally prevented under a nitrogen atmosphere. These observations indicate that combustion of the gaseous primary products occurs as a secondary event only in the presence of exogenous oxygen. The composition of the product mixture was found to depend on the experimental conditions. With long pulse focused laser beam (150 μs at 1064 nm) at either 210 or 110 mJ, the small amounts of charcoal needed for initiation suggest that the energy required to initiate 1 by pulse laser is 4-10 mJ, much smaller than the energy required for initiation by either mechanical stress or electric discharge. This time-resolved study highlights the very unusual properties of the peroxide based explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery Bulatov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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26
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A novel array of chemiluminescence sensors for sensitive, rapid and high-throughput detection of explosive triacetone triperoxide at the scene. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:356-60. [PMID: 23608537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is relatively easy to make and has been used in various terrorist acts. Early but easy detection of TATP is highly desired. We designed a new type sensor array for H2O2. The unique CL sensor array was based on CeO2 nanoparticles' membranes, which have an excellent catalytic effect on the luminol-H2O2 CL reaction in alkaline medium. It exhibits a linear range for the detection of H2O2 from 1.0×10(-8) to 5.0×10(-5)M (R(2)=0.9991) with a 1s response time. The detection limit is 1.0×10(-9)M. Notably, the present approach allows the design of CL sensor array assays in a more simple, time-saving, long-lifetime, high-throughput, and economical approach when compared with conventional CL sensor. It is conceptually different from conventional CL sensor assays. The novel sensor array has been successfully applied for the detection of TATP at the scene.
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27
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Li X, Zhang Z, Tao L. A novel microarray chemiluminescence method based on chromium oxide nanoparticles catalysis for indirect determination of the explosive triacetone triperoxide at the scene. Analyst 2013; 138:1596-600. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00084b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Scott AM, Petrova T, Odbadrakh K, Nicholson DM, Fuentes-Cabrera M, Lewis JP, Hill FC, Leszczynski J. Molecular simulations of adsorption of RDX and TATP on IRMOF-1(Be). J Mol Model 2012; 18:3363-78. [PMID: 22271094 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The influence of different sorption sites of isoreticular metal-organic frameworks (IRMOFs) on interactions with explosive molecules is investigated. Different connector effects are taken into account by choosing IRMOF-1(Be) (IRMOF-1 with Zn replaced by Be), and two high explosive molecules: 1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine (RDX) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP). The key interaction features (structural, electronic and energetic) of selected contaminants were analyzed by means of density functional calculations. The interaction of RDX and TATP with different IRMOF-1(Be) fragments is studied. The results show that physisorption is favored and occurs due to hydrogen bonding, which involves the C-H groups of both molecules and the carbonyl oxygen atoms of IRMOF-1(Be). Additional stabilization of RDX and TATP arises from weak electrostatic interactions. Interaction with IRMOF-1(Be) fragments leads to polarization of the target molecules. Of the molecular configurations we have studied, the Be-O-C cluster connected with six benzene linkers (1,4-benzenedicarboxylate, BDC), possesses the highest binding energy for the studied explosives (-16.4 kcal mol(-1) for RDX and -12.9 kcal mol(-1) for TATP). The main difference was discovered to be in the preferable adsorption site for adsorbates (RDX above the small and TATP placed above the big cage). Based on these results, IRMOF-1 can be suggested as an effective material for storage and also for separation of similar explosives. Hydration destabilizes most of the studied adsorption systems by 1-3 kcal mol(-1) but it leads to the same trend in the binding strength as found for the non-hydrated complexes.
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29
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Density functional theory study of interactions of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) and triacetone triperoxide (TATP) with metal–organic framework (IRMOF-1(Be)). Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-011-9936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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30
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He C, Zhu D, He Q, Shi L, Fu Y, Wen D, Cao H, Cheng J. A highly efficient fluorescent sensor of explosive peroxide vapor via ZnO nanorod array catalyzed deboronation of pyrenyl borate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:5739-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Dubnikova F, Kosloff R, Oxley JC, Smith JL, Zeiri Y. Role of Metal Ions in the Destruction of TATP: Theoretical Considerations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10565-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2021616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faina Dubnikova
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ronnie Kosloff
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jimmie C. Oxley
- Chemistry Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - James L. Smith
- Chemistry Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Yehuda Zeiri
- Chemistry Division, Nuclear Research Center−Negev, P.O. Box 9001 Beer-Sheva, 84190 Israel
- Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, 84105 Israel
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32
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Mäkinen M, Nousiainen M, Sillanpää M. Ion spectrometric detection technologies for ultra-traces of explosives: a review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:940-973. [PMID: 21294149 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, explosive materials have been widely employed for various military applications and civilian conflicts; their use for hostile purposes has increased considerably. The detection of different kind of explosive agents has become crucially important for protection of human lives, infrastructures, and properties. Moreover, both the environmental aspects such as the risk of soil and water contamination and health risks related to the release of explosive particles need to be taken into account. For these reasons, there is a growing need to develop analyzing methods which are faster and more sensitive for detecting explosives. The detection techniques of the explosive materials should ideally serve fast real-time analysis in high accuracy and resolution from a minimal quantity of explosive without involving complicated sample preparation. The performance of the in-field analysis of extremely hazardous material has to be user-friendly and safe for operators. The two closely related ion spectrometric methods used in explosive analyses include mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). The four requirements-speed, selectivity, sensitivity, and sampling-are fulfilled with both of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mäkinen
- Laboratory of Applied Environmental Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science, University of Eastern Finland, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland.
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Li Z, Valentine SJ, Clemmer DE. Complexation of amino compounds by 18C6 improves selectivity by IMS-IMS-MS: application to petroleum characterization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:817-27. [PMID: 21472516 PMCID: PMC4140651 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Complexation of a series of related amino compounds by 18-crown-6 ether (18C6) is studied as a means of improving the resolution of mixtures by combinations of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques. Mixtures of the isomeric amines n-octylamine (NOA), dibutylamine (DBA), and diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) were electrosprayed to produce gaseous [M + H](+) ions. These species have overlapping mobilities and are not resolved by IMS. Addition of 18C6 yields [M + 18C6 + H](+) ion complexes that are resolved by IMS. In subsequent experiments, [M + 18C6 + H](+) ion complexes are separated according to their mobilities and specific species are selected and exposed to collisional activation. This analysis yields dissociation voltages that are inversely correlated with the number of separate substitutions on the nitrogen atom of the amino compounds; dissociation voltages of ~40, ~90, and ~150 V are obtained for the tri-, di-, and mono-substituted amino compounds DIPEA, DBA, and NOA, respectively. For these complexes, an inverse correlation is also observed with respect to the gas-phase basicities (GB) of the amino compounds (964, 935, and 895 kJ mol(-1), respectively). Studies of 18C6 complexes with a series of n-alkylamines (C( n )H(2n+3)N where n=3 to 18, respectively) show that dissociation voltages increase systematically (from ~140 to ~190 V) under the conditions employed. The sensitivity to collision energy provides an additional means of distinguishing between classes of compounds. The approach is extended as a means of separating nitrogen-containing compounds from petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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Xu M, Bunes BR, Zang L. Paper-based vapor detection of hydrogen peroxide: colorimetric sensing with tunable interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:642-7. [PMID: 21355618 DOI: 10.1021/am1012535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vapor detection of hydrogen peroxide still remains challenging for conventional sensing techniques, though such vapor detection implies important applications in various practical areas, including locating IEDs. We report herein a new colorimetric sensor system that can detect hydrogen peroxide vapor down to parts per billion level. The sensory materials are based on the cellulose microfibril network of paper towels, which provide a tunable interface for modification with Ti(IV) oxo complexes for binding and reacting with H(2)O(2). The Ti(IV)-peroxide bond thus formed turns the complex from colorless to bright yellow with an absorption maximum around 400 nm. Such complexation-induced color change is exclusively selective for hydrogen peroxide, with no color change observed in the presence of water, oxygen, common organic reagents or other chelating reagents. This paper-based sensor material is disposable and one-time use, representing a cheap, simple approach to detect peroxide vapors. The reported sensor system also proves the technical feasibility of developing enhanced colorimetric sensing using nanofibril materials that will provide plenty of room to enlarge the surface area (by shrinking the fiber size), so as to enhance the surface interaction with gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Utah , 383 Colorow Dr., Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, United States
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35
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Lin H, Suslick KS. A Colorimetric Sensor Array for Detection of Triacetone Triperoxide Vapor. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:15519-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja107419t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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36
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Petrova T, Michalkova A, Leszczynski J. Adsorption of RDX and TATP on IRMOF-1: an ab initio study. Struct Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-009-9542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Banerjee S, Mohapatra SK, Misra M, Mishra IB. The detection of improvised nonmilitary peroxide based explosives using a titania nanotube array sensor. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:075502. [PMID: 19417421 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/7/075502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop an efficient, reliable and highly selective sensor for the detection of improvised nonmilitary explosives. This paper describes the utilization of functionalized titania nanotube arrays for sensing improvised organic peroxide explosives such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP). TATP forms complexes with titania nanotube arrays (prepared by anodization and sensitized with zinc ions) and thus affects the electron state of the nanosensing device, which is signaled as a change in current of the overall nanotube material. The response is rapid and a signal of five to eight orders of magnitude is observed. These nanotube array sensors can be used as hand-held miniaturized devices as well as large scale portable units for military and homeland security applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Banerjee
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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Sigman ME, Clark CD, Painter K, Milton C, Simatos E, Frisch JL, McCormick M, Bitter JL. Analysis of oligomeric peroxides in synthetic triacetone triperoxide samples by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:349-356. [PMID: 19125413 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oligomeric peroxides formed in the synthesis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) have been analyzed by mass spectrometry utilizing both electrospray ionization (ESI) and chemical ionization (CI) to form sodiated adducts (by ESI) and ammonium adducts (by CI and ESI). Tandem mass spectrometry and deuterium isotopic labeling experiments have been used to elucidate the collision-induced dissociation (CID) mechanisms for the adducts. The CID mechanisms differ for the sodium and ammonium adducts and vary with the size of the oligoperoxide. The sodium adducts of the oligoperoxides, H[OOC(CH(3))(2)](n)OOH, do not cyclize under CID, whereas the ammonium adducts of the smaller oligoperoides (n < 6) do form the cyclic peroxides under CID. Larger oligoperoxide adducts with both sodium and ammonium undergo dissociation through cleavage of the backbone under CID to form acyl- and hydroperoxy-terminated oligomers of the general form CH(3)C(O)[OOC(CH(3))(2)](x)OOH, where x is an integer less than the original oligoperoxide degree of oligomerization. The oligoperoxide distribution is shown to vary batch-to-batch in the synthesis of TATP and the post-blast distribution differs slightly from the distribution in the uninitiated material. The oligoperoxides are shown to be decomposed under gentle heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sigman
- Department of Chemistry and National Center for Forensic Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 38216-2367, USA.
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Brauer B, Dubnikova F, Zeiri Y, Kosloff R, Gerber RB. Vibrational spectroscopy of triacetone triperoxide (TATP): anharmonic fundamentals, overtones and combination bands. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 71:1438-1445. [PMID: 18554978 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The vibrational spectrum of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is studied by the correlation-corrected vibrational self-consistent field (CC-VSCF) method which incorporates anharmonic effects. Fundamental, overtone, and combination band frequencies are obtained by using a potential based on the PM3 method and yielding the same harmonic frequencies as DFT/cc-pVDZ calculations. Fundamentals and overtones are also studied with anharmonic single-mode (without coupling) DFT/cc-pVDZ calculations. Average deviations from experiment are similar for all methods: 2.1-2.5%. Groups of degenerate vibrations form regions of numerous combination bands with low intensity: the 5600-5800 cm(-1) region contains ca. 70 overtones and combinations of CH stretches. Anharmonic interactions are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina Brauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Fritz Haber Institute for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E. Germain
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Michael J. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
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Oxley J, Smith J, Brady J, Dubnikova F, Kosloff R, Zeiri L, Zeiri Y. Raman and infrared fingerprint spectroscopy of peroxide-based explosives. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2008; 62:906-15. [PMID: 18702865 DOI: 10.1366/000370208785284420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study of the vibrational spectroscopy of peroxide-based explosives is presented. Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethyl-enetriperoxide-diamine (HMTD), now commonly used by terrorists, are examined as well as other peroxide-ring structures: DADP (diacetone diperoxide); TPTP [3,3,6,6,9,9-Hexaethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexaoxo-nonane (tripentanone triperoxide)]; DCypDp {6,7,13,14-Tetraoxadispiro [4.2.4.2]tetradecane (dicyclopentanone diperoxide)}; TCypDp {6,7,15,16,22,23-Hexaoxatrispiro[4.2.4.2.4.2] henicosane (tricyclopentanone triperoxide)}; DCyhDp {7,8,15,16-tetraoxadispiro [5.2.5.2] hexadecane (dicyclohexanone diperoxide)}; and TCyhTp {7,8,14,15,21,22-hexaoxatrispiro [5.2.5.2.5.2] tetracosane (tricyclohexanone triperoxide)}. Both Raman and infrared (IR) spectra were measured and compared to theoretical calculations. The calculated spectra were obtained by calculation of the harmonic frequencies of the studied compounds, at the density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/cc-pVDZ level of theory, and by the use of scaling factors. It is found that the vibrational features related to the peroxide bonds are strongly mixed. As a result, the spectrum is congested and highly sensitive to minor changes in the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmie Oxley
- Chemistry Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA.
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42
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Armitt D, Zimmermann P, Ellis-Steinborner S. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) degradation products. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:950-958. [PMID: 18320542 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the analysis and detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and other organic peroxides has increased in recent years. Also of interest is the degradation and decomposition of the peroxides, not only to gain more detailed chemical information from organic peroxide samples, but also to investigate possible new procedures or mechanisms for chemical neutralisation. This report investigates the chemical degradation products of TATP after it has been treated with different acids within a sealed system over a period of 14 days. The samples were collected and analysed by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and direct liquid injection gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results of the experiments indicate that the rate of chemical degradation of TATP and the products formed are dependent on the type of acid. The observed differences enables the type of acid used in the degradation process to be determined, provide complementary information to identify the presence of TATP, and possibly indicate new pathways that may be used to chemically neutralise TATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Armitt
- Weapons Systems Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, West Avenue, Edinburgh, South Australia, 5111, Australia.
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Laine DF, Roske CW, Cheng IF. Electrochemical detection of triacetone triperoxide employing the electrocatalytic reaction of iron(II/III)-ethylenediaminetetraacetate and hydrogen peroxide. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 608:56-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Eyler GN. Kinetic solvent effects on the thermal decomposition reaction of acetone triperoxide. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Schulte-Ladbeck R, Vogel M, Karst U. Recent methods for the determination of peroxide-based explosives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:559-65. [PMID: 16862379 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last few years, the need to determine peroxide-based explosives in solid samples and air samples has resulted in the development of a series of new analytical methods for triacetonetriperoxide (TATP, acetone peroxide) and hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine (HMTD). In this review, after a short introduction describing the state of the art in the field, these new analytical methods are critically discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on spectroscopic and mass spectrometric methods as well as on chromatographic techniques with selective detection schemes. The potential of these methods to analyse unknown solid samples that might contain one or more of the explosives and to analyse peroxide-based explosives in air is evaluated.
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Sigman ME, Clark CD, Fidler R, Geiger CL, Clausen CA. Analysis of triacetone triperoxide by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry by electron and chemical ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:2851-7. [PMID: 16941533 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and sub-nanogram detection limits are reported by ammonia positive ion chemical ionization (PICI), electron ionization (EI) and methane negative ion chemical ionization (NICI). Analysis by methane PICI and ammonia NICI gave detection limits in the low nanogram range. Analyses were carried out on (linear) quadrupole and ion trap instruments. Analysis of TATP by PICI using ammonia reagent gas is the preferred analytical method, producing low limits of detection as well as an abundant (greater than 60% of base peak) diagnostic adduct ion at m/z 240 corresponding to [TATP + NH4]+. Isolation of the [TATP + NH4]+ ion with subsequent collision-induced dissociation (CID) produces extremely low abundance product ions at m/z values greater than 60, and the m/z 223 ion corresponding to [TATP + H]+ was not observed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B88LYP/DVZP level indicate that dissociation of the complex to form NH4+ and TATP occurs at energies lower than peroxide bond dissociation, while protonation of TATP leads to cleavage of the ring structure. These results provide a method for pico-gram detection levels of TATP using commercial instrumentation commonly available in forensic laboratories. As a point of comparison, a detection limit of 15 ng was obtained by flame ionization detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, PO Box 162367, Orlando, FL 32816-2367, USA.
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Cotte-Rodríguez I, Chen H, Cooks RG. Rapid trace detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) by complexation reactions during desorption electrospray ionization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:953-5. [PMID: 16491173 DOI: 10.1039/b515122h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry is used for rapid, specific and sensitive detection of trace amounts of the notorious explosive TATP present on ambient surfaces by alkali metal complexation in a simple spray technique.
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van Duin ACT, Zeiri Y, Dubnikova F, Kosloff R, Goddard WA. Atomistic-Scale Simulations of the Initial Chemical Events in the Thermal Initiation of Triacetonetriperoxide. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:11053-62. [PMID: 16076213 DOI: 10.1021/ja052067y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To study the initial chemical events related to the detonation of triacetonetriperoxide (TATP), we have performed a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In these simulations we used the ReaxFF reactive force field, which we have extended to reproduce the quantum mechanics (QM)-derived relative energies of the reactants, products, intermediates, and transition states related to the TATP unimolecular decomposition. We find excellent agreement between the QM-predicted reaction products and those observed from 100 independent ReaxFF unimolecular MD cookoff simulations. Furthermore, the primary reaction products and average initiation temperature observed in these 100 independent unimolecular cookoff simulations match closely with those observed from a TATP condensed-phase cookoff simulation, indicating that unimolecular decomposition dominates the thermal initiation of the TATP condensed phase. Our simulations demonstrate that thermal initiation of condensed-phase TATP is entropy-driven (rather than enthalpy-driven), since the initial reaction (which mainly leads to the formation of acetone, O(2), and several unstable C(3)H(6)O(2) isomers) is almost energy-neutral. The O(2) generated in the initiation steps is subsequently utilized in exothermic secondary reactions, leading finally to formation of water and a wide range of small hydrocarbons, acids, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, and alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adri C T van Duin
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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Denekamp C, Gottlieb L, Tamiri T, Tsoglin A, Shilav R, Kapon M. Two Separable Conformers of TATP and Analogues Exist at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2005; 7:2461-4. [PMID: 15932223 DOI: 10.1021/ol050801c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] TATP gives rise to two separable conformations because the barrier for interconversion between them is relatively high at room temperature. This kind of behavior is rare in cyclic organic systems and is the result of poor overlap in the "flip-flop" transition state. The crystal structure of the analogous tricyclohexanone triperoxide also indicates the presence of two conformers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Denekamp
- Department of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Stambouli A, El Bouri A, Bouayoun T, Bellimam MA. Headspace-GC/MS detection of TATP traces in post-explosion debris. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 146 Suppl:S191-4. [PMID: 15639574 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe a HS-GC/MS method as a new analytical technique for the detection of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) traces in samples from post-explosion debris. We evaluate the optimum parameters for the analysis of this product with lowliness thermal decomposition and for the detection of TATP lesser than nanogram (.1 ng) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stambouli
- Laboratory of Forensic Sciences of Moroccan Gendarmerie Royale, BP 6597, Rabat Instituts, CP 10100 Rabat-Maroc, Morocco.
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