1
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Cai L, Xu B, Cheng J, Cong F, Riedel S, Wang X. N 2 cleavage by silylene and formation of H 2Si(μ-N) 2SiH 2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3848. [PMID: 38719794 PMCID: PMC11078988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48064-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fixation and functionalisation of N2 by main-group elements has remained scarce. Herein, we report a fixation and cleavage of the N ≡ N triple bond achieved in a dinitrogen (N2) matrix by the reaction of hydrogen and laser-ablated silicon atoms. The four-membered heterocycle H2Si(μ-N)2SiH2, the H2SiNN(H2) and HNSiNH complexes are characterized by infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum-chemical calculations. The synergistic interaction of the two SiH2 moieties with N2 results in the formation of final product H2Si(μ-N)2SiH2, and theoretical calculations reveal the donation of electron density of Si to π* antibonding orbitals and the removal of electron density from the π bonding orbitals of N2, leading to cleave the non-polar and strong NN triple bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Cai
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Juanjuan Cheng
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fei Cong
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstrasse 34-36, D-14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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2
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Lin SY, Chou SL, Tseng CM, Wu YJ. Far-UV absorption spectra of SiH 2 and dibridged Si 2H 2 isolated in solid argon. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:123060. [PMID: 37399612 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
We employ electron bombardment during the deposition of an Ar matrix containing a small proportion of SiH4 to generate various silicon hydrides. Subsequently, the irradiation of a matrix sample at 365 nm decomposes SiH2 and dibridged Si2H2 in solid Ar, which we identify through infrared spectroscopy. We further recorded the corresponding ultraviolet absorption spectra at each experimental stage. An intense band observed in the range of 170-203 nm is largely destroyed upon 365-nm photolysis, which is assigned to the C1B2 ← X1A1 transition of SiH2. Moreover, a moderate band observed in the region of 217-236 nm is reduced slightly, which is assigned to the 31B2 ← X1A1 transition of dibridged Si2H2. These assignments are made based on the observed photolytic behavior, and the prediction of the vertical excitation energies with the corresponding oscillator strengths by using time-dependent density functional theory and equation-of-motion coupled cluster theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Lin
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Chou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Tseng
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jong Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan; National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan.
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3
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Sigmund LM, Ehlert C, Gryn'ova G, Greb L. Stereoinversion of tetrahedral p-block element hydrides. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194113. [PMID: 35597652 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces of 15 tetrahedral p-block element hydrides were screened on the multireference level. It was addressed whether stereoinversion competes against other reactions, such as reductive H2-elimination or hydride loss, and if so, along which pathway the stereomutation occurs. Importantly, stereoinversion transition structures for the ammonium cation (C4v) and the tetrahydridoborate anion (Cs) were identified for the first time. Revisiting methane's Cs symmetric inversion transition structure with the mHEAT+ protocol revealed an activation enthalpy for stereoinversion, in contrast to all earlier studies, which is 5 kJ mol-1 below the C-H bond dissociation enthalpy. Square planar structures were identified lowest in energy only for the inversion of AlH4 -, but a novel stepwise Cs-inversion was discovered for SiH4 or PH4 +. Overall, the present contribution delineates essentials of the potential energy surfaces of p-block element hydrides, while structure-energy relations offer design principles for the synthetically emerging field of structurally constrained compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Ehlert
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH), Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany and Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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4
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Yang Z, Sun BJ, He C, Fatimah S, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Gas Phase Preparation of the Elusive Monobridged Ge(µ -H)GeH Molecule via Non-Adiabatic Reaction Dynamics. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103999. [PMID: 34929046 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hitherto elusive monobridged Ge( µ -H)GeH (X 1 A') molecule was prepared in gas phase through bimolecular reaction of atomic germanium (Ge) with germane (GeH 4 ). Merged with electronic structure calculations, this reaction was revealed to commence on the triplet surface with the formation of a van der Waals complex, followed by insertion of germanium into a germanium-hydrogen bond via a submerged barrier forming the triplet digermanylidene intermediate (HGeGeH 3 ); the latter underwent intersystem crossing from the triplet to singlet surface. On the singlet surface, HGeGeH 3 predominantly isomerized via two successive hydrogen shifts prior to unimolecular decomposition to Ge( µ -H)GeH isomer, which is in equilibrium with the vinylidene-type (H 2 GeGe) and di-bridged (Ge( µ -H 2 )Ge) isomers. This reaction leads to the formation of the cyclic dinuclear germanium molecules, which do not exist on the isovalent C 2 H 2 surface, deepening our understanding of the role of nonadiabatic reaction dynamics in preparing non-classical, hydrogen-bridged isomers carrying main group XIV elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Chemistry, 2545 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, 96822, Honolulu, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Chao He
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Chemistry, UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - Ralf I Kaiser
- University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2545 McCarthy Mall, 96822, Honolulu, UNITED STATES
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5
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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6
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Feldman VI, Ryazantsev SV, Kameneva SV. Matrix isolation in laboratory astrochemistry: state-of-the-art, implications and perspective. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Clark VHJ, Yurchenko SN. Modelling the non-local thermodynamic equilibrium spectra of silylene (SiH 2). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:11990-12004. [PMID: 34002738 PMCID: PMC8153040 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00839k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper sets out a robust methodology for modelling spectra of polyatomic molecules produced in reactive or dissociative environments, with vibrational populations outside local thermal equilibrium (LTE). The methodology is based on accurate, extensive ro-vibrational line lists containing transitions with high vibrational excitations and relies on the detailed ro-vibrational assignments. The developed methodology is applied to model non-LTE IR and visible spectra of silylene (SiH2) produced in a decomposition of disilane (Si2H6), a reaction of technological importance. Two approaches for non-LTE vibrational populations of the product SiH2 are introduced: a simplistic 1D approach based on the Harmonic approximation and a full 3D model incorporating accurate vibrational wavefunctions of SiH2 computed variationally with the TROVE (Theoretical ROVibrational Energy) program. We show how their non-LTE spectral signatures can be used to trace different reaction channels of molecular dissociations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H J Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
| | - Sergei N Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
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8
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Zhao J, Ji T, Xiao X, Wang X, Beckers H, Riedel S. Charge-Inverted Hydrogen-Bridged Bond in HCa(μ-H) 3E (E = Si, Ge, and Sn): Matrix Isolation Infrared Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14355-14366. [PMID: 32975409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy combined with quantum-chemical calculations were employed to study the reactions of calcium atoms with silane, germane, and stannane in a 4 K argon matrix. The ion pairs [HCa]+ and [EH3]- (E = Si, Ge, and Sn) in both the classical structure HCaEH3 and the bridged structure HCa(μ-H)3E were identified based on the H/D isotopic substitution experiments and quantum-chemical calculations. The results show that the reaction between ground-state Ca and EH4 proceeds inefficiently, and only after the photolytic activation of Ca atoms to the Ca(1P:4s4p) state does insertion occur to give HCaEH3, which rearranges to HCa(μ-H)3E upon photolysis. Topological analysis of the electronic structure suggests that the nonclassical structure HCa(μ-H)3E is formed by the electrostatic interaction with charge-inverted hydrogen bridge bond, while HCaEH3 is dominated by (HCa)+(EH3)- ion pair interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.,School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Institut fur Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Fabeckstrase 34/36, Berlin D-14195, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Institut fur Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Fabeckstrase 34/36, Berlin D-14195, Germany
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9
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Lin SY, Chou SL, Lin MY, Huang WJ, Huang TP, Wu YJ. Formation and IR spectrum of monobridged Si 2H 4 isolated in solid argon. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:204308. [PMID: 32486679 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The infrared (IR) spectrum of monobridged Si2H4 (denoted as mbr-Si2H4) isolated in solid Ar was recorded, and a set of lines (in the major matrix site) observed at 858.3 cm-1, 971.5 cm-1, 999.2 cm-1, 1572.7 cm-1, 2017.7 cm-1, 2150.4 cm-1, and 2158.4 cm-1 were characterized. The species was produced by the electron bombardment of an Ar matrix sample containing a small proportion of SiH4 during matrix deposition. Upon photolysis of the matrix samples using 365 nm and 160 nm light, the content of mbr-Si2H4 increased. The band positions, relative intensity ratios, and D-isotopic shift ratios of the observed IR features are generally in good agreement with those predicted by the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ method. In addition, the photochemistry of the observed products was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Chou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yeh Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jian Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ping Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jong Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, 101 Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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10
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Bhattacharyya P, Rai DK, Shukla A. Systematic First-Principles Configuration-Interaction Calculations of Linear Optical Absorption Spectra in Silicon Hydrides: Si 2H 2n ( n = 1-3). J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8619-8631. [PMID: 31508955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have performed first-principles electron-correlated calculations employing large basis sets to optimize the geometries and to compute linear optical absorption spectra of various low-lying conformers of silicon hydrides: Si2H2n, n = 1, 2, 3. The geometry optimization for various isomers was carried out at the coupled-cluster singles-doubles-perturbative-triples [CCSD(T)] level of theory, while their excited states and absorption spectra were computed using a large-scale multireference singles-doubles configuration-interaction approach, which includes electron-correlation effects at a sophisticated level. Our calculated spectra are the first ones for Si2H2 and Si2H4 conformers, while for Si2H6, we obtain excellent agreement with the experimental measurements, suggesting that our computational approach is reliable. Our calculated absorption spectra exhibit a strong structure-property relationship, suggesting the possibility of identifying various conformers based on their optical absorption fingerprints. Furthermore, we have also performed geometry optimization for the selected optically excited states, providing insights into their character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Bhattacharyya
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Deepak Kumar Rai
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
| | - Alok Shukla
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai , Mumbai 400076 , India
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11
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Ayoubi‐Chianeh M, Kassaee MZ. Toward triplet disilavinylidenes: A Hammett electronic survey for substituent effects on singlet‐triplet energy gaps of silylenes by DFT. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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12
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Zhao L, Hermann M, Schwarz WHE, Frenking G. The Lewis electron-pair bonding model: modern energy decomposition analysis. Nat Rev Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Liu X, Liu X, Wang X. Splitting of Hydrogen Sulfide by Group 14 Elements (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) in Excess Argon at Cryogenic Temperatures. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7023-7032. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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14
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Xu B, Li L, Shi P, Yu W, Zhao J, Wang X, Andrews L. Matrix-Infrared Spectra and Structures of HM–SiH3 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Te Atoms). J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:81-88. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b09635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Li Li
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peipei Shi
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School
of Chemical Science and Engineering and Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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15
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Chakkingal Parambil P, Hoffmann R. Donor–Acceptor Strategies for Stabilizing Planar Diplumbenes. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roald Hoffmann
- Dept. of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, Cornell University, 162 Sciences Drive, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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16
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Xu B, Shi P, Huang T, Wang X. Hydrogen-bridge Si(μ-H)3CeH and inserted H3SiCeH molecules: Matrix infrared spectra and DFT calculations for reaction products of silane with Ce atoms. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.05.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Xu B, Shi P, Huang T, Wang X, Andrews L. Double and Triple Si-H-M Bridge Bonds: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Theoretical Calculations for Reaction Products of Silane with Ti, Zr, and Hf Atoms. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3898-3908. [PMID: 28471677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectra of matrix isolated dibridged Si(μ-H)2MH2 and tribridged Si(μ-H)3MH molecules (M = Zr and Hf) were observed following the laser-ablated metal atom reactions with SiH4 during condensation in excess argon and neon, but only the latter species was observed with titanium. Assignments of the major vibrational modes, which included terminal MH, MH2 and hydrogen bridge Si-H-M stretching modes, were confirmed by the appropriate SiD4 isotopic shifts and density functional vibrational frequency calculations (B3LYP and BPW91). The Si-H-M hydrogen bridge bond is calculated as weak covalent interaction and compared with the C-H···M agostic interaction in terms of electron localization function (ELF) analysis and noncovalent interaction index (NCI) calculations. Furthermore, the different products of Ti, Zr, and Hf reactions with SiH4 are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Peipei Shi
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Tengfei Huang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, Tongji University , Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia 22904 United States
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18
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Silane activation by laser-ablated Be atoms: Formation of HBeSiH 3 and HBe(μ-H) 3 Si molecules. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Yang T, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Chao K, Sun B, Chang AHH, Nguyen TL, Stanton JF. Gas‐Phase Formation of the Disilavinylidene (H
2
SiSi) Transient. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Beni B. Dangi
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry Florida A&M University Tallahassee FL 32307 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Kang‐Heng Chao
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Thanh Lam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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20
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Yang T, Dangi BB, Kaiser RI, Chao K, Sun B, Chang AHH, Nguyen TL, Stanton JF. Gas‐Phase Formation of the Disilavinylidene (H
2
SiSi) Transient. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1264-1268. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Beni B. Dangi
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
- Department of Chemistry Florida A&M University Tallahassee FL 32307 USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawai'i at Manoa Honolulu HI 96822 USA
| | - Kang‐Heng Chao
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Bing‐Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Agnes H. H. Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Dong Hwa University Shoufeng Hualien 974 Taiwan
| | - Thanh Lam Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - John F. Stanton
- Department of Chemistry University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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21
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Zhao J, Xu B, Yu W, Wang X. Silicon Tetrahydroborate and Silylene Dihydroborate with Interelement B–H–Si and B═Si Bonds. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Shanghai
Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Shanghai
Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Shanghai
Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Shanghai
Key Lab of Chemical
Assessment and Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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22
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Tarczay G, Förstel M, Maksyutenko P, Kaiser RI. Formation of Higher Silanes in Low-Temperature Silane (SiH4) Ices. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8776-85. [PMID: 27513820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for the synthesis and identification of higher silanes (SinH2n+2, where n ≤ 19) is presented. Thin films of (d4-)silane deposited onto a cold surface were exposed under ultra-high-vacuum conditions to energetic electrons and sampled on line and in situ via infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. Gas phase products released by fractional sublimation in the warm-up phase after the irradiation were probed via a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer coupled with a tunable vacuum ultraviolet photon ionization source. The formation mechanisms of (higher) silanes were investigated by irradiating codeposited 1:1 silane (SiH4)/d4-silane (SiD4) ices, suggesting that both radical-radical recombination and radical insertion pathways contribute to the formation of disilane along with higher silanes up to nonadecasilane (Si19H40).
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Affiliation(s)
- György Tarczay
- Department of Chemistry and W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Marko Förstel
- Department of Chemistry and W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Pavlo Maksyutenko
- Department of Chemistry and W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry and W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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23
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Mohapatra C, Kundu S, Paesch AN, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Andrada DM, Frenking G, Roesky HW. The Structure of the Carbene Stabilized Si2H2 May Be Equally Well Described with Coordinate Bonds as with Classical Double Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10429-32. [PMID: 27494691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b07361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene stabilized Si2H2 has been isolated in the molecular form of composition (Me-cAAC:)2Si2H2 (1) and (Cy-cAAC:)2Si2H2 (2) at room temperature. Compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized from the reduction of HSiCl3 using 3 equiv of KC8 in the presence of 1 equiv of Me-cAAC: and Cy-cAAC:, respectively. These are the first molecular examples of Si2H2 characterized by single crystal X-ray structural analysis. Moreover, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and (1)H as well as (29)Si NMR data are reported. Furthermore, the structure of compound 1 has been investigated by theoretical methods. The theoretical analysis of 1 explains equally well its structure with coordinate bonds as with classical double bonds of a 2,3-disila-1,3-butadiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrajeet Mohapatra
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander N Paesch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032-Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-University Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35032-Marburg, Germany
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen , Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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24
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Abstract
This Review article deals with the synthesis and properties of inorganic hydrocarbon analogues: binary chemical species that contain heavier Group 14 elements (Si, Ge, Sn or Pb) and hydrogen as components. Rapid advances in our general knowledge of these species have enabled the development of industrially relevant processes such as the hydrosilylation of unsaturated substrates and the chemical vapor deposition of semi-conducting films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- Edmonton
- Canada
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25
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Präsang C, Scheschkewitz D. Reactivity in the periphery of functionalised multiple bonds of heavier group 14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 45:900-21. [PMID: 26503807 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heavier group 14 multiple bonds have intrigued chemists since more than a century. The synthesis of stable compounds with double and triple bonds with silicon, germanium, tin and lead had considerable impact on modern ideas of chemical bonding. These developments were made possible by the use of bulky substituents that provide kinetic and thermodynamic protection. Since about a decade the compatibility of heavier multiple bonds with various functional groups has moved into focus. This review covers multiply bonded group 14 species with at least one additional reactive site. The vinylic functionalities of groups 1 and 17, resulting in nucleophilic and electrophilic disila vinyl groups, respectively, are the most prevalent and well-studied. They have been employed repeatedly for the transfer of heavier multiple bonds to yield low-valent group 14 compounds with novel structural motifs. Vinylic functionalities of groups 2 to 16 and a few σ-bonded transition metal complexes are experimentally known, but their reactivity has been studied to a lesser extent. Donor-coordinated multiple bonds are a relatively new field of research, but the large degree of unsaturation as isomers of alkynes (as well as residual functionality in some cases) offers considerable possibility for further manipulation, e.g. for the incorporation into more extended systems. Heavier allyl halides constitute the major part of heavier multiple bonds with a functional group in allylic position and some examples of successful transformations are given. At present, remote functionalities are basically limited to para-phenylene functionalised disilenes. The reported use of the latter for further derivatisation might encourage investigations in this direction. In summary, the study of peripherally functionalised multiple bonds with heavier group 14 elements is already well beyond its infancy and may be an instrumental factor in awakening the potential of group 14 chemistry for applications in polymers and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Präsang
- Chair for General and Inorganic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Dudweiler, Am Markt Zeile 1, 66125 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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26
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Zhao L, Jones C, Frenking G. Reaction Mechanism of the Symmetry-Forbidden [2+2] Addition of Ethylene and Acetylene to Amido-Substituted Digermynes and Distannynes Ph2NEENPh2, (E=Ge, Sn): A Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2015; 21:12405-13. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Kranak VF, Lin YC, Karlsson M, Mink J, Norberg ST, Häussermann U. Structural and Vibrational Properties of Silyl (SiH3–) Anions in KSiH3 and RbSiH3: New Insight into Si–H Interactions. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2300-9. [PMID: 25668724 DOI: 10.1021/ic502931e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Verina F. Kranak
- Department of Materials and Environmental
Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuan-Chih Lin
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maths Karlsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Janos Mink
- Research Center of Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O.
Box 77, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
- Research Institute of Chemical and Process Engineering,
Faculty of Information Technology, University of Pannonia, P.O. Box 158, H-8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Stefan T. Norberg
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Häussermann
- Department of Materials and Environmental
Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Mottet M, Tecmer P, Boguslawski K, Legeza Ö, Reiher M. Quantum entanglement in carbon–carbon, carbon–phosphorus and silicon–silicon bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:8872-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a quantum entanglement analysis to dissect the bond orders in polyatomic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Mottet
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paweł Tecmer
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Örs Legeza
- Strongly Correlated Systems “Lendület” Research Group
- Wigner Research Center for Physics
- H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Markus Reiher
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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George MAR, Savoca M, Dopfer O. Infrared Spectrum of the Si3H8+Cation: Evidence for a Bridged Isomer with an Asymmetric Three-Center Two-Electron SiHSi Bond. Chemistry 2013; 19:15315-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Abstract
Full-dimensional variational calculations are reported for the isomerising disilyne molecule, Si2H2. Large-scale calculations using coordinates based on orthogonal satellite vectors permitted the computation of excited vibrational state energies and wavefunctions for all four isomeric forms: dibridged Si(H2)Si, monobridged Si(H)SiH, disilavinylidene H2SiSi, and trans-bent HSiSiH. Energies and wavefunctions have been determined for the lowest 2400 totally symmetric vibrational states; this set includes highly excited states above all three chemically relevant isomerisation barriers--up to about 8300 cm(-1) above the (dibridged) ground state. States strongly localised in the dibridged, monobridged, and disilavinylidene regions of the potential energy surface have been found as well as many partially or fully delocalised states. For the trans-bent form, only partially localised states have been identified. Comparisons are made with similar literature calculations on the isovalent acetylene-vinylidene system HCCH/H2CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Law
- Chemistry Department, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, United Kingdom.
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31
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Al-Rafia SMI, Momeni MR, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Brown A, Rivard E. Stable Complexes of Parent Digermene: An Inorganic Analogue of Ethylene. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400361n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Ibrahim Al-Rafia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Mohammad R. Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Alex Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan
Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
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32
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Serafin LM, Law MM, van Mourik T. Computational Studies of Bridging Structures and Isomerism in Substituted Disilynes. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:2697-705. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400324w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz M. Serafin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry,
University of St. Andrews,
North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Chemistry Department, University
of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark M. Law
- Chemistry Department, University
of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen, AB24 3UE, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja van Mourik
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry,
University of St. Andrews,
North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, Scotland, United Kingdom
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33
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Group 14 structural variations: perhalo derivatives of the “dimetallenes”: dicarbenes, disilenes, digermenes, distannenes, and diplumbenes. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Law MM, Fraser-Smith JT, Perotto CU. The potential energy surface of isomerising disilyne. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:6922-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40605e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Al-Rafia SMI, Malcolm AC, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Trapping the Parent Inorganic Ethylenes H2SiGeH2 and H2SiSnH2 in the Form of Stable Adducts at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8354-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Al-Rafia SMI, Malcolm AC, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Trapping the Parent Inorganic Ethylenes H2SiGeH2 and H2SiSnH2 in the Form of Stable Adducts at Ambient Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201103576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Cao J, Zhang Z, Zhang C, Bian W, Guo Y. Kinetic study on the H+SiH4 abstraction reaction using an ab initio potential energy surface. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:024315. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3521477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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38
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Abstract
Gold is known to be the noblest of all metals because of the relativistic stabilization of its outer 6s orbital. The relativistic effects also lead to destabilization of the 5d orbitals, reducing the 6s-5d energy gap and enhancing s-d hybridization. Therefore, in contrast to its lighter congeners, gold exhibits significant covalent bonding characters and a remarkable repertoire of chemistry, which are increasingly being exploited in catalysis and nanotechnology. This Perspective presents a brief account of recent experimental efforts in the author's laboratory using photoelectron spectroscopy that lead to direct observations of covalent bonding in several relatively simple Au compounds: Au oxides (AuO(-) and AuO(2)(-)), sulfides (AuS(-) and AuS(2)(-)), and the well-known Au(CN)(2)(-) complex. In a series of Au-Si and Au-B mixed clusters, it has also been found that gold atoms behave like H atoms, forming auro-silicon and auro-boron clusters with strong covalent bonding, analogous to the corresponding silicon and boron hydrides, such as the tetrahedral auro-silane (SiAu(4)) versus silane (SiH(4)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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39
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Akiba I, Terada N, Hashida S, Sakurai K, Sato T, Shiraishi K, Yokoyama M, Masunaga H, Ogawa H, Ito K, Yagi N. Encapsulation of a hydrophobic drug into a polymer-micelle core explored with synchrotron SAXS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7544-7551. [PMID: 20361731 DOI: 10.1021/la904355p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at the SPring-8 40B2 and 45XU beamlines was carried out on aqueous solutions of (PEG-P(Asp(Bzl))): partially benzyl-esterified poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(aspartic acid) with LE540 loaded up to 8.3 wt %, where LE540 is a very hydrophobic retinoid antagonist drug. The scattering profiles showed characteristic features for core-shell spherical micelles, confirming that P(Asp(Bzl)) forms a hydrophobic core and PEG forms a hydrophilic shell. Before the addition of LE540, a diffraction peak was observed around q = 4 nm(-1), where q is the magnitude of the scattering vector. This peak can be attributed to ordering between alpha-helices made of P(Asp(Bzl)), the so-called nonspecific hexatic arrangement. The P(Asp(Bzl)) helices disappeared as LE540 was added. This result can be interpreted by assuming a uniform distribution of LE540 in the core. By use of a core-shell spherical micelle model, the SAXS data could be well fitted for all of the samples. The analysis indicated that the core radius increases sigmoidally from 5.9 to 6.9 nm upon addition of LE540 whereas the shell radius stayed at 12.5-12.8 nm. The aggregation number that is the average number of PEG-P(Asp(Bzl))'s consisting of one micelle slightly increased from 145 to 182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Akiba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan.
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40
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μ- and μ4–η2 coordination of A2H2 (A=C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb) ligands with transition metals. Inorganica Chim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2008.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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Grant DJ, Dixon DA. Heats of Formation and Bond Dissociation Energies of the Halosilanes, Methylhalosilanes, and Halomethylsilanes. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:3656-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp811386v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Grant
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336
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42
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43
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Wang X, Andrews L. Silylidyne, HSi≡MoH3 and HSi≡WH3, and Silyl Metal Hydride, SiH3—CrH, Products in Silane Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6766-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ja710810x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319
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44
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Amicangelo JC, Dine CT, Irwin DG, Lee CJ, Romano NC, Saxton NL. Matrix isolation infrared observation of HxSi(N2)y (x = 0, 1, 2 and y = 1, 2) transient species using a 121-nm vacuum ultraviolet photolysis source. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:3020-30. [PMID: 18303865 DOI: 10.1021/jp076466m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet photolysis (121.6 nm) of silane in a nitrogen matrix at 12 K leads to the observation of several transient species, which have been characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Four transient species containing silicon and nitrogen have been observed (SiN2, Si(N2)2, HSiN2, and H2SiN2), and one transient species containing only silicon and hydrogen has been observed. The assignment of the infrared bands due to each of these species is accomplished by performing isotopic substitution experiments (SiD4, 15N2, and mixtures with SiH4 and 14N2), matrix annealing experiments, UV-visible photolysis experiments, by comparison with previous experimental matrix isolation frequencies, where available, and for HSiN2 and H2SiN2 by comparison to B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ-calculated vibrational frequencies. The observation and infrared assignment of the HSiN2 and H2SiN2 molecules in these experiments is significant in that HSiN2 has not been previously reported in the matrix isolation literature, and H2SiN2 has only been reported once previously by a different route of formation. The energetics of the overall formation pathways for the molecules observed in these experiments is discussed using B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Amicangelo
- School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, 4205 College Drive, Erie, Pennsylvania 16563-0203, USA.
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45
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46
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Maier G, Reisenauer HP, Glatthaar J, Zetzmann R. Complex of Silylene with Nitrogen: A Combined Matrix-Spectroscopic and Density Functional Theory Study. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:195-202. [PMID: 17441055 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The quest for a new and productive route to matrix-isolated silylene 1 has led to the observation that the presence of nitrogen is favorable, as under such conditions 1 is stabilized by formation of a donor-acceptor complex 1 x N2. Either matrix photolysis of diazidosilane or pulsed high-vacuum flash pyrolysis of 1,1,1-trimethyldisilane, followed by condensation of the products with nitrogen at 10 K, were applied as synthetic procedures. In a similar manner, complex 1 x CO can be generated. The results are supported by isotopic-labeling studies. The structural elucidation of the new species is based on the comparison of experimental IR and UV/Vis spectra with data from density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Maier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
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47
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Wang M, Sun X, Bian W, Cai Z. A global 12-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface and dynamical studies for the SiH4+H→SiH3+H2 reaction. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:234311. [PMID: 16821922 DOI: 10.1063/1.2203610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A global 12-dimensional ab initio interpolated potential energy surface (PES) for the SiH(4)+H-->SiH(3)+H(2) reaction is presented. The ab initio calculations are based on the unrestricted quadratic configuration interaction treatment with all single and double excitations together with the cc-pVTZ basis set, and the modified Shepard interpolation method of Collins and co-workers [K. C. Thompson et al., J. Chem. Phys. 108, 8302 (1998); M. A. Collins, Theor. Chem. Acc. 108, 313 (2002); R. P. A. Bettens and M. A. Collins, J. Chem. Phys. 111, 816 (1999)] is applied. Using this PES, classical trajectory and variational transition state theory calculations have been carried out, and the computed rate constants are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhui Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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48
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Sillars DS, Bennett CJ, Osamura Y, Kaiser RI. Infrared spectroscopic detection of the methylsilyl (CH3SiH2, X2A′) and the silylmethyl (CH2SiH3, X2A′) radicals and their partially deuterated counterparts in low temperature matrices. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2005.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Li X, Kiran B, Wang LS. Gold as Hydrogen. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Structures and Bonding in Disilicon Gold Clusters Si2Aun- and Si2Aun (n = 2 and 4) and Comparisons to Si2H2 and Si2H4. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4366-74. [PMID: 16833767 DOI: 10.1021/jp0512560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a previous communication, we showed that a single Au atom behaves like H in its bonding to Si in a series of Si-Au clusters, SiAu(n) (n = 2-4) (Kiran et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 2125). In this article, we show that the H analogy of Au is more general. We find that the chemical bonding and potential energy surfaces of two disilicon Au clusters, Si(2)Au(2) and Si(2)Au(4), are analogous to Si(2)H(2) and Si(2)H(4), respectively. Photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations are used to investigate the geometrical and electronic structures of Si(2)Au(2)(-), Si(2)Au(4)(-), and their neutral species. The most stable structures for both Si(2)Au(2) and Si(2)Au(2)(-) are found to be C(2)(v), in which each Au bridges the two Si atoms. For Si(2)Au(4)(-), two nearly degenerate dibridged structures in a cis (C(2)(h)) and a trans (C(2)(v)) configuration are found to be the most stable isomers. However, in the neural potential energy surface of Si(2)Au(4), a monobridged isomer is the global minimum. The ground-state structures of Si(2)Au(2)(-) and Si(2)Au(4)(-) are confirmed by comparing the computed vertical detachment energies with the experimental data. The various stable isomers found for Si(2)Au(2) and Si(2)Au(4) are similar to those known for Si(2)H(2) and Si(2)H(4), respectively. Geometrical and electronic structure comparisons with the corresponding silicon hydrides are made to further establish the isolobal analogy between a gold atom and a hydrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Physics, Washington State University, 2710 University Drive, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Bennett CJ, Sillars D, Osamura Y, Kaiser RI. Infrared spectroscopic identification of the methylsilylidyne (SiCH3, X2A″) and the silenyl (H2CSiH, X2A′) radicals in methane–silane matrices. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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