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Schütt F, Valencia AM, Cocchi C. First-Principle Characterization of Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Tin-Halide Monomers. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300983. [PMID: 38872489 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The growing interest in tin-halide semiconductors for photovoltaic applications demands in-depth knowledge of the fundamental properties of their constituents, starting from the smallest monomers entering the initial stages of formation. In this first-principles work based on time-dependent density-functional theory, we investigate the structural, electronic, and optical properties of tin-halide molecules SnXn 2-n, withn = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ${n = 1,2,3,4}$ and X=Cl, Br, I, simulating these compounds in vacuo as well as in an implicit solvent. We find that structural properties are very sensitive to the halogen species while the charge distribution is also affected by stoichiometry. The ionicity of the Sn-X bond is confirmed by the Bader charge analysis albeit charge displacement plots point to more complex metal-halide coordination. Particular focus is posed on the neutral molecules SnX2, for which electronic and optical properties are discussed in detail. Band gaps and absorption onset decrease with increasing size of the halogen species, and despite general common features, each molecule displays peculiar optical signatures. Our results are elaborated in the context of experimental and theoretical literature, including the more widely studied lead-halide analogs, aiming to contribute with microscopic insight to a better understanding of tin-halide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freerk Schütt
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ana M Valencia
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institute of Physics, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Physics Department and IRIS Adlershof, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Ran Y, Pang M, Shen W, Li M, He R. Vibrationally high-resolved electronic spectra of MCl2 (M=C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and photoelectron spectra of MCl2(.). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 167:1-11. [PMID: 27280730 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We systematically studied the vibrational-resolved electronic spectra of group IV dichlorides using the Franck-Condon approximation combined with the Duschinsky and Herzberg-Teller effects in harmonic and anharmonic frameworks (only the simulation of absorption spectra includes the anharmonicity). Calculated results showed that the band shapes of simulated spectra are in accordance with those of the corresponding experimental or theoretical ones. We found that the symmetric bend mode in progression of absorption is the most active one, whereas the main contributor in photoelectron spectra is the symmetric stretching mode. Moreover, the Duschinsky and anharmonic effects exert weak influence on the absorption spectra, except for PbCl2 molecule. The theoretical insights presented in this work are significant in understanding the photophysical properties of MCl2 (M=C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and studying the Herzberg-Teller and the anharmonic effects on the absorption spectra of new dichlorides of this main group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Ran
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Min Pang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rongxing He
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Kalugina YN, Thakkar AJ. Electric properties of stannous and stannic halides: How good are the experimental values? Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Bacskay GB. Spectroscopy and heats of formation of CXI (X = Br, Cl, F) iodocarbenes: quantum chemical characterisation of the X̃(1 A′), ã(3 A″) and Ã(1 A″) states. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2014.1000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Quantum chemical characterization of the $${\tilde{X}}(^{1} A_{1} )$$ X ~ ( 1 A 1 ) , $${\tilde{a}}(^{3} B_{1} )$$ a ~ ( 3 B 1 ) , $${\tilde{A}}(^{1} B_{1} )$$ A ~ ( 1 B 1 ) and $${\tilde{B}}(2{}^{1}A_{1} )$$ B ~ ( 2 1 A 1 ) states of diiodomethylene and the enthalpies of formation of diiodomethylene, iodomethylene and iodomethylidyne. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Zhang J, Wang G, Zheng Q, Ma J. Ab initio study and spectral simulation of the photodetachment processe of dichlorocarbene anion. Chem Phys Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Group 14 structural variations: perhalo derivatives of the “dimetallenes”: dicarbenes, disilenes, digermenes, distannenes, and diplumbenes. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Junxi L, Yanbin W, Qiang Z, Zhiyuan G, Guihua L. Theoretical investigation of the conventional CX1X2− (X1, X2=H, F, Cl, Br, and I) compounds. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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10
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Bundhun A, Ramasami P, Gaspar PP, Schaefer HF. Stannylenes: Structures, Electron Affinities, Ionization Energies, and Singlet–Triplet Gaps of SnX2/SnXY and XSnR/SnR2/RSnR′ Species (X; Y = H, F, Cl, Br, I, and R; R′ = CH3, SiH3, GeH3, SnH3). Inorg Chem 2012; 51:851-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201389y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Bundhun
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | - Peter P. Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130,
United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for
Computational Quantum
Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens,
Georgia 30602, United States
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11
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Bundhun A, Abdallah HH, Ramasami P, Schaefer HF. Germylenes: Structures, Electron Affinities, and Singlet−Triplet Gaps of the Conventional XGeCY3 (X = H, F, Cl, Br, and I; Y = F and Cl) Species and the Unexpected Cyclic XGeCY3 (Y = Br and I) Systems. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:13198-212. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1078955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Bundhun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hassan H. Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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12
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119Sn NMR spectroscopic and structural properties of transition metal complexes with terminal stannylene ligands. CR CHIM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Bundhun A, Ramasami P, Schaefer HF. Germylene Energetics: Electron Affinities and Singlet−Triplet Gaps of GeX2 and GeXY Species (X, Y = H, CH3, SiH3, GeH3, F, Cl, Br, I). J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:8080-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jp900735w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Bundhun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Ponnadurai Ramasami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius, and Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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14
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Yazidi O, Ben Houria A, Ben Lakhdar Z, Senent M, Hochlaf M. Electronic structure and spectroscopy of the cation. Chem Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Gourlaouen C, Gérard H, Piquemal JP, Parisel O. Understanding Lead Chemistry from Topological Insights: The Transition between Holo- and Hemidirected Structures within the [Pb(CO)n]2+ Model Series. Chemistry 2008; 14:2730-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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Gicquel M, Heully JL, Lepetit C, Chauvin R. Carbo-[3]oxocarbon and its isomers: evaluation of the stability and of the electron delocalization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3578-89. [DOI: 10.1039/b718817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Lee EPF, Dyke JM, Mok DKW, Chow WK, Chau FT. Ab initiocalculations on SnCl2 and Franck-Condon factor simulations of its ã-X̃ and B̃-X̃ absorption and single-vibronic-level emission spectra. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:024308. [PMID: 17640129 DOI: 10.1063/1.2749508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimum-energy geometries, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and relative electronic energies of some low-lying singlet and triplet electronic states of stannous dichloride, SnCl(2), have been computed employing the complete-active-space self-consistent-field/multireference configuration interaction (CASSCF/MRCI) and/or restricted-spin coupled-cluster single-double plus perturbative triple excitations [RCCSD(T)] methods. The small core relativistic effective core potential, ECP28MDF, was used for Sn in these calculations, together with valence basis sets of up to augmented correlation-consistent polarized-valence quintuple-zeta (aug-cc-pV5Z) quality. Effects of outer core electron correlation on computed geometrical parameters have been investigated, and contributions of off-diagonal spin-orbit interaction to relative electronic energies have been calculated. In addition, RCCSD(T) or CASSCF/MRCI potential energy functions of the X(1)A(1), ã(3)B(1), and B(1)B(1) states of SnCl(2) have been computed and used to calculate anharmonic vibrational wave functions of these three electronic states. Franck-Condon factors between the X (1)A(1) state, and the ã (3)B(1) and B (1)B(1) states of SnCl(2), which include anharmonicity and Duschinsky rotation, were then computed, and used to simulate the ã-X and B-X absorption and corresponding single-vibronic-level emission spectra of SnCl(2) which are yet to be recorded. It is anticipated that these simulated spectra will assist spectroscopic identification of gaseous SnCl(2) in the laboratory and/or will be valuable in in situ monitoring of SnCl(2) in the chemical vapor deposition of SnO(2) thin films in the semiconductor gas sensor industry by laser induced fluorescence and/or ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, when a chloride-containing tin compound, such as tin dichloride or dimethyldichlorotin, is used as the tin precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmond P F Lee
- Department of Building Services Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong
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19
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Huck LA, Leigh WJ. Substituent Effects on the Reactions of Diarylgermylenes and Tetraaryldigermenes with Acetic Acid and Other Lewis Bases in Hydrocarbon Solution. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om0609362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence A. Huck
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | - William J. Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
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20
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Oláh J, Proft FD, Veszprémi T, Geerlings P. Relationship between electrophilicity and spin-philicity of divalent and monovalent species of group 14 and 15 elements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Gourlaouen C, Piquemal JP, Parisel O. [Pb(H2O)]2+ and [Pb(OH)]+: Four-component density functional theory calculations, correlated scalar relativistic constrained-space orbital variation energy decompositions, and topological analysis. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:174311. [PMID: 16689575 DOI: 10.1063/1.2186994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the scope of studying the molecular implications of the Pb(2+) cation in environmental and polluting processes, this paper reports Hartree-Fock and density functional theory (B3LYP) four-component relativistic calculations using an all-electron basis set applied to [Pb(H(2)O)](2+) and [Pb(OH)](+), two complexes expected to be found in the terrestrial atmosphere. It is shown that full-relativistic calculations validate the use of scalar relativistic approaches within the framework of density functional theory. [Pb(H(2)O)](2+) is found C(2v) at any level of calculations whereas [Pb(OH)](+) can be found bent or linear depending of the computational methodology used. When C(s) is found the barrier to inversion through the C(infinityv) structure is very low, and can be overcome at high enough temperature, making the molecule floppy. In order to get a better understanding of the bonding occurring between the Pb(2+) cation and the H(2)O and OH(-) ligands, natural bond orbital and atoms-in-molecule calculations have been performed. These approaches are supplemented by a topological analysis of the electron localization function. Finally, the description of these complexes is refined using constrained-space orbital variation complexation energy decompositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique-UMR 7616 CNRS/UPMC, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Case Courrier 137-4, place Jussieu, F. 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
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22
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Joo H, Shevlin PB, McKee ML. Computational Study of Carbon Atom (3P and 1D) Reaction with CH2O. Theoretical Evaluation of 1B1 Methylene Production by C (1D). J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6220-30. [PMID: 16669692 DOI: 10.1021/ja060216m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet and triplet free energy surfaces for the reactions of C atom ((3)P and (1)D) with CH(2)O are studied computationally to evaluate the excited singlet ((1)B(1)) methylene formation from deoxygenation of CH(2)O by C ((1)D) atom as suggested by Shevlin et al. Carbon atoms can react by addition to the oxygen lone pair or to the C=O double bond on both the triplet and singlet surfaces. Triplet C ((3)P) atoms will deoxygenate to give CO plus CH(2) ((3)B(1)) as the major products, while singlet C ((1)D) reactions will form ketene and CO plus CH(2) ((1)A(1)). No definitive evidence of the formation of excited singlet ((1)B(1)) methylene was found on the singlet free energy surface. A conical intersection between the (1)A' and (1)A' ' surfaces located near an exit channel may play a role in product formation. The suggested (1)B(1) state of methylene may form via the (1)A' ' surface only if dynamic effects are important. In an effort to interpret experimental observation of products trapped by (Z)-2-butene, formation of cis- and trans-1,2-dimethylcyclopropane is studied computationally. The results suggests that "hot" ketene may react with (Z)-2-butene nonstereospecifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Antoniotti P, Borocci S, Bronzolino N, Giordani M, Grandinetti F. Cationic Germanium Fluorides: A Theoretical Investigation on the Structure, Stability, and Thermochemistry of GeFn/GeFn+ (n = 1−3). J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:4900-5. [PMID: 16599460 DOI: 10.1021/jp057064m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The structure, harmonic frequencies, enthalpies of formation, and dissociation energies of the GeF(n)(+) cations (n = 1-3) and of their neutral counterparts GeF(n) have been investigated at the MP2 and CCSD(T) levels of theory and discussed in connection with previous experimental and theoretical data. The CCSD(T,full)/cc-pVTZ-optimized geometries and MP2(full)/6-311G(d) harmonic frequencies are 1.744 A and 668.0 cm(-1) for GeF((2)Pi), 1.670 A and 798.6 cm(-1) for GeF(+)((1)Sigma(+)), 1.731 A/97.4 degrees and 267.0 (a(1))/673.1 (b(2))/690.6 (a(1)) cm(-1) for GeF(2)(C(2)(v),(1)A(1)), 1.666 A/116.9 degrees and 202.3 (a(1))/769.6 (a(1))/834.6 (b(2)) cm(-1) for GeF(2)(+)(C(2)(v),(2)A(1)), 1.706 A/112.2 degrees and 214.4 (e)/273.1 (a(1))/699.6 (a(1))/734.1 (e) cm(-1) for GeF(3)(C(3)(v),(2)A(1)), and 1.644 A and 211.4 (e')/229.9 (a(2)' ')/757.4 (a(1)')/879.3 (e') cm(-1) for GeF(3)(+)(D(3)(h),(1)A(1)). These calculated values are in excellent agreement with the experimental data reported for GeF, GeF(+), and GeF(2), and should be therefore of good predictive value for the still unexplored GeF(2)(+), GeF(3), and GeF(3)(+). The comparison of the CCSD(T,full)/cc-pVTZ enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K, -11.6 (GeF), -125.9 (GeF(2)), -180.4 (GeF(3)), 158.4 (GeF(+)), 134.1 (GeF(2)(+)), and 44.8 (GeF(3)(+)) kcal mol(-1), with the available experimental data, especially for the cations, shows discrepancies which suggest the need for novel and more refined measurements. On the other hand, the computed adiabatic ionization potentials of GeF, 7.3 eV, GeF(2), 11.2 eV, and GeF(3), 9.7 eV, are in good agreement with the available experimental estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Antoniotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Organica Applicata, Università degli Studi di Torino, C.so M. D'Azeglio 48, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Becerra R, Gaspar PP, Harrington CR, Leigh WJ, Vargas-Baca I, Walsh R, Zhou D. Direct detection of dimethylstannylene and tetramethyldistannene in solution and the gas phase by laser flash photolysis of 1,1-dimethylstannacyclopent-3-enes. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:17469-78. [PMID: 16332099 DOI: 10.1021/ja052675d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photochemistry of 1,1-dimethyl- and 1,1,3,4-tetramethylstannacyclopent-3-ene (4a and 4b, respectively) has been studied in the gas phase and in hexane solution by steady-state and 193-nm laser flash photolysis methods. Photolysis of the two compounds results in the formation of 1,3-butadiene (from 4a) and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene (from 4b) as the major products, suggesting that cycloreversion to yield dimethylstannylene (SnMe2) is the main photodecomposition pathway of these molecules. Indeed, the stannylene has been trapped as the Sn-H insertion product upon photolysis of 4a in hexane containing trimethylstannane. Flash photolysis of 4a in the gas phase affords a transient absorbing in the 450-520-nm range that is assigned to SnMe2 by comparison of its spectrum and reactivity to those previously reported from other precursors. Flash photolysis of 4b in hexane solution affords results consistent with the initial formation of SnMe2 (lambda(max) approximately 500 nm), which decays over approximately 10 micros to form tetramethyldistannene (5b; lambda(max) approximately 470 nm). The distannene decays over the next ca. 50 micros to form at least two other longer-lived species, which are assigned to higher SnMe2 oligomers. Time-dependent DFT calculations support the spectral assignments for SnMe2 and Sn2Me4, and calculations examining the variation in bond dissociation energy with substituent (H, Me, and Ph) in disilenes, digermenes, and distannenes rule out the possibility that dimerization of SnMe2 proceeds reversibly. Addition of methanol leads to reversible reaction with SnMe2 to form a transient absorbing at lambda(max) approximately 360 nm, which is assigned to the Lewis acid-base complex between SnMe2 and the alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Becerra
- Instituto de Quimica-Fisica Rocasolano, C.S.I.C., C/Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Dyke JM, Lee EPF, Mok DKW, Chau FT. A Combined Ab Initio/Franck-Condon Study of the Ã-?? Single-Vibronic-Level Emission Spectrum of CCl2 and the Photodetachment Spectrum of CCl2−. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2046-59. [PMID: 16208746 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art ab initio calculations have been carried out on the X1A1, ã3B1 and A1B1 states of CCl2 and the X2B1 state of CCl2-. Franck-Condon factors including anharmonicity have been calculated, between the CCl2 states, and between the CCl2- X2B1 state and the CCl2 states. They are used to simulate the A-X single-vibronic-level (SVL) emission spectra of CCl2 determined by M.-L. Lui et al. [PCCP 2003, 5, 352] and the 364 nm laser photodetachment spectrum of CCl2- obtained by R. L. Schwartz et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 8213]. Comparison between simulated and observed spectra confirms the vibrational assignments of the X2B1 SVL emission spectra and the T0 position of the A1B1 state of CCl2. For the photodetachment spectrum of CCl2-, spectral simulation shows that the higher binding energy ã3B1(CCl2) <-- X2B1(CCl2-) band is well separated from the X1A1(CCl2) <-- X2B1(CCl2-) band. It is concluded that the observed second band, which overlaps heavily with the X1A1(CCl2) <-- X2B1(CCl2-) band in the photodetachment spectrum of CCl2- cannot be assigned to the CCl2(ã3B1) + e --> CCl2-(X2B1) detachment process. Further ab initio calculations carried out in the present investigation support the suggestion that the second band in the 364 nm photodetachment spectrum of CCl2- is due to detachment from an excited state of CCl2-, a linear quartet state, to a triplet state of CCl2. These calculations identify the anionic state to be the lowest 4Sigmag- (4Sigma-) state, which photodetaches vertically to the 3Sigmag- (3Sigma-; adiabatically ã3B1) and/or 3Pi(u) (3Pi) states of CCl2 to give the second band observed in the 364 nm photodetachment spectrum of CCl2-.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Dyke
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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Chau FT, Mok DKW, Lee EPF, Dyke JM. The Singlet-Triplet Separation in CF2: State-of-the-Art Ab Initio Calculations and Franck-Condon Simulations Including Anharmonicity. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2037-45. [PMID: 16208745 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies and relative electronic energies of the X2B1 state of CF2- and the X1A1 and ã3B1 states of CF2 have been calculated. Core-electron effects on the computed minimum-energy geometries and relative electronic energies have been investigated, and relativistic contributions to the computed relative electronic energies calculated. Potential energy functions of the X2B1 state of CF2- and the X1A1 and ã3B1 states of CF2 have been determined, and anharmonic vibrational wavefunctions of these states calculated variationally. Franck-Condon factors including anharmonicity and Duschinsky rotation have been computed and used to simulate the ã-X emission spectrum of CF2 determined by S. Koda [Chem. Phys. Lett. 1978, 55, 353] and the 364 nm laser photodetachment spectrum of CF2- obtained by R. L. Schwartz et al. [J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 8213]. Comparison between theory and experiment shows that the theoretical approach benchmarked in the present study is able to give highly reliable positions for the CF2(X1A1) + e <-- CF2-(X2B1) and CF2(ã3B1) + e <-- CF2-(X2B1) bands in the photoelectron spectrum of CF2- and a reliable singlet-triplet gap for CF2. It is therefore concluded that the same theoretical approach should give reliable simulated CCl2(X1A1) + e <-- CCl2-(X2B1) and CCl2(ã3B1) + e <-- CCl2-(X2B1) bands in the photodetachment spectrum of CCl2- and a reliable singlet-triplet gap for CCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foo-tim Chau
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
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Puzzarini C, Coriani S, Rizzo A, Gauss J. Critical analysis of the spin-rotation constants of CF2 and CCl2: A theoretical investigation. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mok DKW, Chau FT, Lee EPF, Dyke JM. Ab Initio Calculations and Franck-Condon Simulation of the Absorption Spectra of GeCl2 Including Anharmonicity. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:719-31. [PMID: 15881589 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200400489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Geometrical parameters, vibrational frequencies and relative electronic energies of the X1A1, ã3B1 and A1B1 states of GeCl2 have been calculated at the CCSD(T) and/or CASSCF/MRCI level with basis sets of up to aug-cc-pV5Z quality. Core electron correlation and relativistic contributions were also investigated. RCCSD(T)/ aug-cc-pVQZ potential energy functions (PEFs) of the X1A1 and ã3B, states, and a CASSCF/MRCl/aug-cc-pVQZ PEF of the A1B1 state of GeCl2 are reported. Anharmonic vibrational wavefunctions of these electronic states of GeCl2, obtained variationally using the computed PEFs, are employed to calculate the Franck-Condon factors (FCFs) of the ã-X and A-X transitions of GeCl2. Simulated absorption spectra of these transitions based on the computed FCFs are compared with the corresponding experimental laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of Karolczak et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 60-70]. Excellent agreement is obtained between the simulated absorption spectrum and observed LIF spectrum of the ã-X transition of GeCl2, which confirms the molecular carrier, the electronic states involved and the vibrational assignments of the LIF spectrum. However, comparison between the simulated absorption spectrum and experimental LIF spectrum of the A-X transition of GeCl2 leads to a revision of vibrational assignments of the LIF spectrum and suggests that the X1A1 state of GeCl2 was prepared in the experimental work, with a non-Boltzmann vibrational population distribution. The X(0,0,1) level is populated over 4000 times more than expected from a Boltzmann distribution at 60 K, which is appropriate for the relative population of the other low-lying vibrational levels, such as the X(1,0,0) and X(0,1,0) levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K W Mok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom (Hong Kong).
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Touimi Benjelloun A, Daoudi A, Chermette * H. Ab initioand density functional theory study of lead complexes of atmospheric interest Pb(H2), Pb(OH), Pb(H2O), Pb(HO2) and Pb(OH)2. Mol Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970512331317282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tarczay G, Miller TA, Czakó G, Császár AG. Accurate ab initio determination of spectroscopic and thermochemical properties of mono- and dichlorocarbenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2005; 7:2881-93. [PMID: 16189607 DOI: 10.1039/b506790a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The best technically feasible values for the triplet-singlet energy gap and the enthalpies of formation of the HCCl and CCl2 radicals have been determined through the focal-point approach. The electronic structure computations were based on high-level coupled cluster (CC) methods, up to quadruple excitations (CCSDTQ), and large-size correlation-consistent basis sets, ranging from aug-cc-pVDZ to aug-cc-pV6Z, followed by extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. Small corrections due to core correlation, relativistic effects, diagonal Born-Oppenheimer correction, as well as harmonic and anharmonic zero-point vibrational energy corrections have been taken into account. The final estimates for the triplet-singlet energy gap, T0(ã), are 2170+/-40 cm-1 for HCCl and 7045+/-60 cm-1 for CCl2, favoring the singlet states in both cases. Complete quartic force fields in internal coordinates have been computed for both the X and ã states of both radicals at the frozen-core CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVQZ level. Using these force fields vibrational energy levels of {HCCl, DCCl, CCl2} up to {6000, 5000, 7000} cm-1 were calculated both by second-order vibrational perturbation theory (VPT2) and variationally. These results, especially the variational ones, show excellent agreement with the experimentally determined energy levels. The enthalpies of formation of HCCl (X1A') and CCl2(X1A1), at 0 K, are 76.28+/-0.20 and 54.54+/-0.20 kcal mol-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Tarczay
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518, Budapest 112, Hungary
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Lemierre V, Chrostowska A, Dargelos A, Baylère P, Leigh WJ, Harrington CR. Flash vacuum thermolysis of 3,4-dimethyl-1-germacyclopent-3-enes: UV photoelectron spectroscopic characterization of GeH2and GeMe2. Appl Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Leigh WJ, Harrington CR, Vargas-Baca I. Organogermanium Reactive Intermediates. The Direct Detection and Characterization of Transient Germylenes and Digermenes in Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:16105-16. [PMID: 15584746 DOI: 10.1021/ja046308y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylgermylene (Ph2Ge) and its Ge=Ge doubly bonded dimer, tetraphenyldigermene (6a), have been characterized directly in solution for the first time by laser flash photolysis methods. The germylene is formed via (formal) cheletropic photocycloreversion of 3,4-dimethyl-1,1-diphenylgermacyclopent-3-ene (4a), which is shown to proceed in high chemical (>95%) and quantum yield (phi = 0.62) by steady-state trapping experiments with methanol, acetic acid, isoprene, and triethylsilane. Flash photolysis of 4a in dry deoxygenated hexane at 23 degrees C leads to the prompt formation of a transient assigned to Ph2Ge (lambda(max) = 500 nm; epsilon(max) = 1650 M(-1) cm(-1)), which decays with second-order kinetics (tau approximately 3 micros), with the concomitant growth of a second transient species that is assigned to digermene 6a (tau approximately 40 micros; lambda(max) = 440 nm). Analogous results are obtained from 1,1-dimesityl- and 1,1-dimethyl-3,4-dimethylgermacyclopent-3-ene (4b and 4c, respectively), which afford Mes2Ge (tau approximately 20 micros; lambda(max) = 560 nm) and Me2Ge (tau approximately 2 micros; lambda(max) = 480 nm), respectively, as well as the corresponding digermenes, tetramesityl- (6b; lambda(max) = 410 nm) and tetramethyldigermene (6c; lambda(max) = 370 nm). The results for the mesityl compound are compared to the analogous ones from laser flash photolysis of the known Mes2Ge/6b precursor, hexamesitylcyclotrigermane. The spectra of the three germylenes and two of the digermenes are in excellent agreement with calculated spectra, derived from time-dependent DFT calculations. Absolute rate constants for dimerization of Ph2Ge and Mes2Ge and for their reaction with n-butylamine and acetic acid in hexane at 23 degrees C are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Leigh
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON Canada L8S 4M1.
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Wang L, Zhang J. Theoretical Study on the Thermochemistry of Chlorinated and Fluorinated Germanes and Their Radical Fragments. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp047036o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Kolonits M, Réffy B, Jancsó G, Hargittai M. Molecular Structure and Thermochemistry of Tin Dibromide Monomers and Dimers. A Computational and Electron Diffraction Study. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048667l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kolonits
- Structural Chemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary, and KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | - Balázs Réffy
- Structural Chemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary, and KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | - Gábor Jancsó
- Structural Chemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary, and KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Hargittai
- Structural Chemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös University, P.O. Box 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary, and KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary
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35
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Experimental chloride ion affinities and theoretical predictions for the absolute heats of formation of SiCl2 and SiClF. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Levy JB, Jancsó G, Hargittai M. Structure and Thermodynamics of the Tin Dichloride DimerA Computational Study. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036125i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack B. Levy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, POB 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary, and Structural Chemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös University, POB 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Jancsó
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, POB 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary, and Structural Chemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös University, POB 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Hargittai
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, KFKI Atomic Energy Research Institute, POB 49, Budapest H-1525, Hungary, and Structural Chemistry Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös University, POB 32, H-1518 Budapest, Hungary
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