1
|
Besalú-Sala P, Voityuk AA, Luis JM, Solà M. Evaluation of charge-transfer rates in fullerene-based donor-acceptor dyads with different density functional approximations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5376-5384. [PMID: 33645598 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06510b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The shift towards renewable energy is one of the main challenges of this generation. Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), based on donor-acceptor architectures, can help in this transition as they present excellent photovoltaic efficiencies yet cheap and simple manufacturing. For molecular heterojunction DSSCs, donor-acceptor pairs are linked in a covalent manner, which facilitates their tailoring and rational design. Nevertheless, reliable computational characterization of charge transfer rate constants (kCT) is needed to speed this development process up. In this context, the performance of time-dependent density functional theory for the calculation of kCT values in donor-acceptor fullerene-based dyads has not been benchmarked yet. Herein, we present a detailed analysis on the performance of seven well-known density functional approximations (DFAs) for this type of system, focusing on several parameters such as the reorganization energies (λ), electronic couplings (VDA), and Gibbs energies (ΔG0CT), as well as the final rate constants. The amount of exact exchange at short range (SR) and long range (LR) electron-electron distances (and the transition from the SR to LR) turned out to be key for the success of the prediction. The tuning of these parameters improves significantly the performance of current DFAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Besalú-Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Alexander A Voityuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain. and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang W, Zhao J, Tang G, Li X, Gurzadyan GG. Direct Observation of Long-Lived Upper Excited Triplet States and Intersystem Crossing in Anthracene-Containing Pt II Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7767-7773. [PMID: 31765165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exceptionally long-lived T2 states (7 ns) were observed with the N^N PtII bisacetylide complex (Pt-1) and trans-bis(phosphine) PtII bisacetylide complexes (Pt-2, Pt-3) containing anthryl acetylide ligands. For Pt-1, fluorescence of the anthryl moiety (An) was quenched and phosphorescence was observed. Under 350 nm excitation, the upper long-lived triplet state T2 (3An) was populated via ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) of S1 (1An) → T2 (3An) (within 0.2 ps). Interestingly, Pt-3, after population of the S1 state, emits strong fluorescence (ΦF = 89%); the poor ISC is due to the high-lying T2 (3An, 3.36 eV) versus S1 (1An, 2.55 eV) state and the large energy gap between S1 (1An, 2.55 eV) and T1 (3An, 1.32 eV) states. The population of the upper excited state S2 (1LLCT, 3.49 eV) turns to an efficient S2 → T2 → T1, and ISC yield increases by 55% compared with S0 → S1 excitation. These results present new in-depth insights into fundamental photochemistry of upper excited states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road , Dalian 116024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road , Dalian 116024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Geliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering , Dalian University of Technology , E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road , Dalian 116024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxin Li
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , F-209 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road , Dalian 116024 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gagik G Gurzadyan
- Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , F-209 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road , Dalian 116024 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bobrowska DM, Zubyk H, Regulska E, Romero E, Echegoyen L, Plonska-Brzezinska ME. Carbon nanoonion-ferrocene conjugates as acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3164-3176. [PMID: 36133599 PMCID: PMC9417719 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00135b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Many macromolecular systems, including carbon nanostructures (CNs), have been synthesized and investigated as acceptors in photovoltaic devices. Some CNs have shown interesting electrochemical, photophysical and electrocatalytic properties and have been used in energy and sustainability applications. This study focuses on the covalent functionalization of carbon nanoonion (CNO) surfaces with ferrocene moieties to obtain donor-acceptor systems involving CNOs as acceptors. The systems were synthesized and characterized by infrared, Raman, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption and electrochemical measurements. The HOMO-LUMO levels were calculated to evaluate the possibility of using these systems in photoactive devices. In this study, for the first time, the CNO-based derivatives were applied as acceptors in the active layer of photovoltaic devices. This study is the first to use large CNO-based derivatives as acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices, and a power conversion efficiency as high as 1.89% was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Bobrowska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok Ciolkowskiego 1K 15-245 Bialystok Poland
| | - Halyna Zubyk
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok Ciolkowskiego 1K 15-245 Bialystok Poland
| | - Elzbieta Regulska
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok Ciolkowskiego 1K 15-245 Bialystok Poland
| | - Elkin Romero
- University of Texas at El Paso 500 W University Ave., Chemistry and Computer Science Bldg. #2.0304 El Paso TX 79968-8807 USA
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- University of Texas at El Paso 500 W University Ave., Chemistry and Computer Science Bldg. #2.0304 El Paso TX 79968-8807 USA
| | - Marta E Plonska-Brzezinska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok Mickiewicza 2A 15-222 Bialystok Poland +48 85 748 5683
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghazvini Zadeh EH, Woodward AW, Richardson D, Bondar MV, Belfield KD. Stimuli-Responsive Cyclopenta[ef]heptalenes: Synthesis and Optical Properties. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
5
|
Piecuch P, Hansen JA, Staedter D, Faure S, Blanchet V. Communication: Existence of the doubly excited state that mediates the photoionization of azulene. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:201102. [PMID: 23742447 DOI: 10.1063/1.4808014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Piecuch
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
The remarkable influence of M2delta to thienyl pi conjugation in oligothiophenes incorporating MM quadruple bonds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:15247-52. [PMID: 18832150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807411105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligothiophenes incorporating MM quadruple bonds have been prepared from the reactions between Mo(2)(TiPB)(4) (TiPB = 2,4,6-triisopropyl benzoate) and 3',4'-dihexyl-2,2'-:5',2''-terthiophene-5,5''-dicarboxylic acid. The oligomers of empirical formula Mo(2)(TiPB)(2)(O(2)C(Th)-C(4)(n-hexyl)(2)S-(Th)CO(2)) are soluble in THF and form thin films with spin-coating (Th = thiophene). The reactions between Mo(2)(TiPB)(4) and 2-thienylcarboxylic acid (Th-H), 2,2'-bithiophene-5-carboxylic acid (BTh-H), and (2,2':5',2''-terthiophene)-5-carboxylic acid (TTh-H) yield compounds of formula trans-Mo(2)(TiPB)(2)L(2), where L = Th, BTh, and TTh (the corresponding thienylcarboxylate), and these compounds are considered as models for the aforementioned oligomers. In all cases, the thienyl groups are substituted or coupled at the 2,5 positions. Based on the x-ray analysis, the molecular structure of trans-Mo(2)(TiPB)(2)(BTh)(2) reveals an extended Lpi-M(2)delta-Lpi conjugation. Calculations of the electronic structures on model compounds, in which the TiPB are substituted by formate ligands, reveal that the HOMO is mainly attributed to the M(2)delta orbital, which is stabilized by back-bonding to one of the thienylcarboxylate pi* combinations, and the LUMO is an in-phase combination of the thienylcarboxylate pi* orbitals. The compounds and the oligomers are intensely colored due to M(2)delta-thienyl carboxylate pi* charge transfer transitions that fall in the visible region of the spectrum. For the molybdenum complexes and their oligomers, the photophysical properties have been studied by steady-state absorption spectroscopy and emission spectroscopy, together with time-resolved emission and transient absorption for the determination of relaxation dynamics. Remarkably, THF solutions the molybdenum complexes show room-temperature dual emission, fluorescence and phosphorescence, originating mainly from (1)MLCT and (3)MM(deltadelta*) states, respectively. With increasing number of thienyl rings from 1 to 3, the observed lifetimes of the (1)MLCT state increase from 4 to 12 ps, while the phosphorescence lifetimes are approximately 80 micros. The oligomers show similar photophysical properties as the corresponding monomers in THF but have notably longer-lived triplet states, approximately 200 micros in thin films. These results, when compared with metallated oligothiophenes of the later transition elements, reveal that M(2)delta-thienyl pi conjugation leads to a very small energy gap between the (1)MLCT and (3)MLCT states of <0.6 eV.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sandanayaka ASD, Watanabe N, Ikeshita KI, Araki Y, Kihara N, Furusho Y, Ito O, Takata T. Synthesis and photoinduced electron transfer processes of rotaxanes bearing [60]fullerene and zinc porphyrin: effects of interlocked structure and length of axle with porphyrins. J Phys Chem B 2007; 109:2516-25. [PMID: 16851251 DOI: 10.1021/jp045831w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three rotaxanes, with axles with two zinc porphyrins (ZnPs) at both ends penetrating into a necklace pending a C60 moiety, were synthesized with varying interlocked structures and axle lengths. The intra-rotaxane photoinduced electron transfer processes between the spatially positioned C60 and ZnP in rotaxanes were investigated. Charge-separated (CS) states (ZnP*+, C60*-)rotaxane are formed via the excited singlet state of ZnP (1ZnP*) to the C60 moiety in solvents such as benzonitrile, THF, and toluene. The rate constants and quantum yields of charge separation via 1ZnP decrease with axle length, but they are insensitive to solvent polarity. When the axle becomes long, charge separation takes place via the excited triplet state of ZnP (3ZnP*). The lifetime of the CS state increases with axle length from 180 to 650 ns at room temperature. The small activation energies of charge recombination were evaluated by temperature dependence of electron-transfer rate constants, probably reflecting through-space electron transfer in the rotaxane structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atula S D Sandanayaka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, CREST (JST), Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sandanayaka ASD, Taguri Y, Araki Y, Ishi-I T, Mataka S, Ito O. Photoinduced Charge Separation and Charge Recombination in the [60]Fullerene−Diphenylbenzothiadiazole−Triphenylamine Triad: Role of Diphenylbenzothiadiazole as Bridge. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:22502-12. [PMID: 16853931 DOI: 10.1021/jp053809c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced electron-transfer processes of the newly synthesized [60]fullerene-diphenylbenzothiadiazole-triphenylamine (C60-PBTDP-TPA) triad in polar and nonpolar solvents have been studied by using time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence measurements from picosecond to microsecond regions. By fluorescence lifetime measurements in picosecond time regions, excitation of the charge-transfer transition of the PBTDP-TPA moiety in C60-PBTDP-TPA induces energy transfer to the C60 moiety generating 1C60*-PBTDP-TPA, competitively with charge separation generating C60*--PBTDP-TPA*+. From 1C60*-PBTDP-TPA, which is generated directly and indirectly, charge separation occurs generating C60*--PBTDP-TPA*+ in polar solvents. The C60*--PBTDP-TPA*+ formed via the singlet excited states decayed within a few nanoseconds as revealed by the picosecond transient absorption spectra. In the nanosecond time region, C60*--PBTDP-TPA*+ is produced slowly, probably via 3C60*-PBTDP-TPA. Lifetimes of such slowly generated C60*--PBTDP-TPA*+ were longer than 1 micros, which are the longest values among the C60-bridge-TPA triad systems reported hitherto at room temperature. Roles of the PBTDP-TPA moiety with twisted intermolecular charge-transfer character playing as energy donor and electron donor in addition to the bridge have been disclosed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atula S D Sandanayaka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zeng HP, Wang T, Sandanayaka ASD, Araki Y, Ito O. Photoinduced Charge Separation and Charge Recombination in [60]Fullerene−Ethylcarbazole and [60]Fullerene−Triphenylamines in Polar Solvents. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:4713-20. [PMID: 16833812 DOI: 10.1021/jp050914d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecules of C60 covalently connected with N-ethylcarbazole (EtCz) and triphenylamine (TPA) have been synthesized. Photoinduced electron transfer in C60-EtCz and C60-TPA has been studied in polar and nonpolar solvents using time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence measurements. From the fluorescence lifetimes, the excited singlet state of the C60 moiety (1C60) of C60-TPA generates predominantly C60*--TPA*+, which decays quickly to the ground state within 6 ns even in polar solvents. In the case of C60-EtCz, on the other hand, about half of the 1C60 moiety generates short-lived C60*--EtCz*+, while the other half of the 1C60 moiety is transferred to the 3C60 moiety via intersystem crossing in dimethylformamide, in which the energy level of C60*--EtCz*+ is lower than that of 3C60. Thus, the charge separation takes place via 3C60 generating C60*--EtCz*+, having a lifetime as long as 300 ns, probably because of the triplet spin character of C60*--EtCz*+. A special property of the EtCz moiety to stabilize the hole in the charge-separated state was revealed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Functional Molecular, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Araki Y, Yasumura Y, Ito O. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Competitive with Energy Transfer of the Excited Triplet State of [60]Fullerene to Ferrocene Derivatives Revealed by Combination of Transient Absorption and Thermal Lens Measurements. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:9843-8. [PMID: 16852185 DOI: 10.1021/jp044410b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The quenching processes of the exited triplet state of fullerene (3C60) by ferrocene (Fc) derivatives have been observed by the transient absorption spectroscopy and thermal lens methods. Although 3C60 was efficiently quenched by Fc in the rate close to the diffusion controlled limit, the quantum yields (phi(et)) for the generation of the radical anion of C60 (C60*-) via 3C60 were quite low even in polar solvents; nevertheless, the free-energy changes (deltaG(et)) of electron transfer from Fc to 3C60 are sufficiently negative. In benzonitrile (BN), the phi(et) value for unsubstitued Fc was less than 0.1. The thermal lens method indicates that energy transfer from 3C60 to Fc takes place efficiently, suggesting that the excited triplet energy level of Fc was lower than that of 3C60. Therefore, energy transfer from 3C60 to ferrocene decreases the electron-transfer process from ferrocene to 3C60. To increase the participation of electron transfer, introduction of electron-donor substituents to Fc (phi(et) = 0.46 for decamethylferrocene in BN) and an increase in solvent polarity (phi(et) = 0.58 in BN:DMF (1:2) for decamethylferrocene) were effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Araki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Sandanayaka ASD, Matsukawa K, Ishi-i T, Mataka S, Araki Y, Ito O. Photoinduced Charge Separation and Charge Recombination in [60]Fullerene-(Benzothiadiazole-Triphenylamine) Based Dyad in Polar Solvents. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp045534r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atula S. D. Sandanayaka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kyohei Matsukawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ishi-i
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Mataka
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Araki
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| | - Osamu Ito
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira 2-1-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan, and Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE), Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-kohen, Kasuga 816-8580, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yeow EKL, Ziolek M, Karolczak J, Shevyakov SV, Asato AE, Maciejewski A, Steer RP. Sequential Forward S2−S2 and Back S1−S1 (Cyclic) Energy Transfer in a Novel Azulene−Zinc Porphyrin Dyad. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0465175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin K. L. Yeow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9, Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545, The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Marcin Ziolek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9, Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545, The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Jerzy Karolczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9, Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545, The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Sergey V. Shevyakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9, Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545, The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Alfred E. Asato
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9, Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545, The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Andrzej Maciejewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9, Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545, The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| | - Ronald P. Steer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5C9, Center for Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614 Poznan, Poland, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland, and Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, 2545, The Mall, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
| |
Collapse
|