1
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Anjalikrishna PK, Suresh CH. Utilization of the through-space effect to design donor-acceptor systems of pyrrole, indole, isoindole, azulene and aniline. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1340-1351. [PMID: 38108385 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03393g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) topology analysis reveals the underlying phenomenon of the through-space effect (TSE), which imparts electron donor-acceptor properties to a wide range of chemical systems, including derivatives of pyrrole, indole, isoindole, azulene, and aniline. The TSE is inherent in pyrrole owing to the strong polarization of electron density (PoED) from the formally positively charged N-center to the C3C4 bonding region. The N → C3C4 directional nature of the TSE has been effectively employed to design molecules with high electronic polarization, such as bipyrroles, polypyrroles, phenyl pyrroles, multi-pyrrolyl systems and N-doped nanographenes. In core-expanded structures, the direction of electron flow from pyrrole units towards the core leads to highly electron-rich systems, while the opposite arrangement results in highly electron-deficient systems. Similarly, the MESP analysis reveals the presence of the TSE in azulene, indole, isoindole, and aniline. Oligomeric chains of these systems are designed in such a way that the direction of electron flow is consistent across each monomer, leading to substantial electronic polarization between the first and last monomer units. Notably, these designed systems exhibit strong donor-acceptor characteristics despite the absence of explicit donor and acceptor moieties, which is supported by FMO analysis, APT charge analysis, NMR data and λmax data. Among the systems studied, the TSEs of many experimentally known systems (bipyrroles, phenyl pyrroles, hexapyrrolylbenzene, octapyrrolylnaphthalene, decapyrrolylcorannulene, polyindoles, polyazulenes, etc.) are unraveled for the first time, while numerous new systems (polypyrroles, polyisoindoles, and amino-substituted benzene polymers) are predicted to be promising materials for the creation of donor-acceptor systems. These findings demonstrate the potential of the TSE in molecular design and provide new avenues for creating functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthannur K Anjalikrishna
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Cherumuttathu H Suresh
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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2
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Matuszczyk D, Lee YJ, Kang S, Chmielewski PJ, Cybińska J, Kim D, Stępień M. π-Extended Hexapyrrolylbenzenes: Exploring Charge-Transfer Phenomena in Donor-Acceptor Propellers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302429. [PMID: 37624878 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
A family of propeller-shaped donor-acceptor hexapyrrolylbenzenes (HPBs) were designed and synthesized by sequential nucleophilic substitution of hexafluorobenzene with π-extended pyrroles. In particular, four hybrids were obtained, containing various combinations of electron-rich and electron-poor acenaphthylene-fused pyrroles. Additionally, to probe the efficiency of ortho transfer interactions, a system was designed containing unique donor and acceptor subunits spatially separated with four unfunctionalized pyrroles. DFT calculations showed propeller-shaped geometries of all HPB molecules and separation of frontier molecular orbitals between donor and acceptor subunits. Steady-state and time-resolved photophysical measurements revealed charge-transfer (CT) character of the emission with strong positive dependence on solvent polarity. The principal CT pathway involves ortho-positioned pairs of donors and acceptors and requires bending of the acceptor in the excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Matuszczyk
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
- Polski, Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii (PORT), ul. Stabłowicka147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Delage-Laurin L, Swager TM. Liquid Crystalline Magneto-Optically Active Peralkylated Azacoronene. JACS AU 2023; 3:1965-1974. [PMID: 37502152 PMCID: PMC10369420 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic Faraday rotators have gained significant attention in recent years as a promising alternative to traditional inorganic magneto-optical (MO) materials as a result of their lower cost, superior mechanical properties, and potential for large-scale deployment. This interest is peaked by the fact that a number of high symmetry, rigid, strongly optically absorbing organic chromophores display Verdet constants an order of magnitude higher than commercial inorganic Faraday rotators. Critical to the development of new generations of organic materials is the ability to organize them in optimal structures for optical coupling/measurements. We report herein the synthesis of a dodecyl-substituted hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (C12-HPHAC) displaying discotic liquid crystalline (LC) properties and large Faraday rotation. Thin films with a redox mixed C12-HPHAC/C12-HPHAC+2 composition display a discotic columnar LC phase, are stable to air and moisture in the solid and solution states, and achieve a maximum Verdet constant of 3.36 × 105 deg T-1 m-1 at 700 nm. This result is consistent with Serber's model of magnetic circular birefringence and displays one of the largest reported Verdet constants for organic materials in the UV-Vis range. The LC phase aligns the molecules and leads to gains in Verdet constants of up to 105% through the favorable orientation of the molecules' magnetic and electric transition dipole moments with respect to the applied magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Delage-Laurin
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute
for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy M. Swager
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute
for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Takase M, Takata T, Oki K, Mori S, Uno H. Substituent effects on paratropicity and diatropicity in π-extended hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7036-7043. [PMID: 37389264 PMCID: PMC10306074 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into the application of antiaromatic compounds as molecular materials is an attractive strategy in the development of electronic materials. Antiaromatic compounds have traditionally been considered to be unstable, and thus, the creation of stable antiaromatic compounds has been sought in the field of organic chemistry. Recently, some studies have been reported on the synthesis, isolation, and elucidation of the physical properties of compounds with stability and definitive antiaromatic properties. In general, antiaromatic compounds are considered to be more susceptible to substituents due to their inherently narrow HOMO-LUMO gap compared to aromatic compounds. However, there have been no studies examining substituent effects in antiaromatic compounds. In this study, we have developed a synthetic method to introduce various substituents into π-extended hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (homoHPHAC+), one of the stable and clearly antiaromatic compounds, and investigated the substituent effects on the optical, redox, and geometrical properties and paratropicity of a series of compounds. In addition, the properties of the two-electron oxidized form, homoHPHAC3+, were investigated. Control of electronic properties by introducing substituents into antiaromatic compounds provides a new design guideline for molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takase
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
- Research Unit on Molecular Materials Science for Toroidal π-Electron Systems, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Toranosuke Takata
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Research Unit on Molecular Materials Science for Toroidal π-Electron Systems, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University Matsuyama 790-8577 Japan
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5
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Takase M, Sagawa A, Mori S, Okujima T, Uno H. Pyrrole-Fused Azacoronene Analog with Sulfur Embedded in the Outer Periphery. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37256912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of sulfur-embedded hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (HPHAC) analog 2 and its corresponding desulfurized and rearranged compounds was achieved from tetrafluoroisothianaphthene. Structures of all the new π-skeletons were determined by X-ray crystallography. Comparison of the electronic spectrum of 2 with those of its derivatives revealed less involvement of the sulfur atom in π-conjugation. Similar to the reference HPHAC (1), compound 2 and its derivatives exhibited reversible oxidation behavior. The aromaticity of both neutral and dication states has been investigated through DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takase
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Research Unit on Molecular Materials Science for Toroidal π-Electron Systems, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Aiki Sagawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Research Unit on Molecular Materials Science for Toroidal π-Electron Systems, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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6
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Nebauer J, Neiß C, Krug M, Vogel A, Fehn D, Ozaki S, Rominger F, Meyer K, Kamada K, Guldi DM, Görling A, Kivala M. Oxidative Cyclodehydrogenation of Trinaphthylamine: Selective Formation of a Nitrogen-Centered Polycyclic π-System Comprising 5- and 7-Membered Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205287. [PMID: 35900162 PMCID: PMC9804279 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new type of nitrogen-centered polycyclic scaffold comprising a unique combination of 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings. The compound is accessible through an intramolecular oxidative cyclodehydrogenation of tri(1-naphthyl)amine. To the best of our knowledge this is the very first example of a direct 3-fold cyclization of a triarylamine under oxidative conditions. The unusual ring fusion motif is confirmed by X-ray crystallography and the impact of cyclization on the electronic and photophysical properties is investigated both experimentally and theoretically based on density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The formation of the unexpected product is rationalized by detailed mechanistic studies on the DFT level. The results suggest the cyclization to occur under kinetic control via a dicationic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nebauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Christian Neiß
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyChair of Theoretical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Marcel Krug
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Dominik Fehn
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyChair of General and Inorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Shuhei Ozaki
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)1-8-31 MidorigaokaIkeda, Osaka563-8577Japan
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin UniversitySanda669-1337Japan
| | - Frank Rominger
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyChair of General and Inorganic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Nanomaterials Research Institute (NMRI)National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)1-8-31 MidorigaokaIkeda, Osaka563-8577Japan
- Department of ChemistryGraduate School of Science and TechnologyKwansei Gakuin UniversitySanda669-1337Japan
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInterdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM)Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyChair of Theoretical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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7
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Nebauer J, Neiß C, Krug M, Vogel A, Fehn D, Ozaki S, Rominger F, Meyer K, Kamada K, Guldi DM, Görling A, Kivala M. Oxidative Cyclodehydrogenation of Trinaphthylamine: Selective Formation of a Nitrogen‐Centered Polycyclic π‐System Comprising 5‐ and 7‐Membered Rings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Nebauer
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Christian Neiß
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Marcel Krug
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Alexander Vogel
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Dominik Fehn
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Shuhei Ozaki
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Frank Rominger
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Fakultat fur Chemie und Geowissenschaften Organisch-Chemisches Institut GERMANY
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Kenji Kamada
- Kwansei Gakuin University - Kobe Sanda Campus: Kansei Gakuin Daigaku - Kobe Sanda Campus Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultat Department Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Andreas Görling
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultat Department Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Milan Kivala
- Ruprecht Karls Universitat Heidelberg Fakultat fur Chemie und Geowissenschaften Organisch-Chemisches Institute Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg GERMANY
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8
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Tanaka T, Kise K. Non-Planar Polycyclic Aromatic Molecules Including Heterole Units. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-22-982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Wu F, Oki K, Xue J, Mori S, Takase M, Shen Z, Uno H. Synthesis, Properties, and Packing Structures of Wing-Shaped N-Doped Nanographene in Various Oxidation States. Org Lett 2021; 24:80-84. [PMID: 34898222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rigid wing-shaped bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene-fused bis-hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (HPHAC) is synthesized, and subsequent chemical oxidation affords a stable biradical dication and an aromatic tetracation. The physicochemical properties and single-crystal structures in various oxidation states are characterized. The face-to-face π-stacked dimeric structures are observed in the neutral and dicationic states. The HPHAC flakes can act as aromatic walls in a tetracation state, producing enlarged induced magnetic shielding space through the superimposition effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.,State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kosuke Oki
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Jiaying Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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10
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Oki K, Takase M, Kobayashi N, Uno H. Synthesis and Characterization of Peralkylated Pyrrole-Fused Azacoronene. J Org Chem 2021; 86:5102-5109. [PMID: 33621082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c03042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A hexapyrrolohexaazacoronene (HPHAC) with 12 less-bulky peripheral ethyl groups than its aryl-containing HPHAC counterpart was synthesized to investigate the innate character of HPHAC. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that HPHAC had a planar structure and close packing because of CH-π interactions between the alkyl groups and the HPHAC core. Compared to the previously reported HPHAC decorated with 12 peripheral aryl groups, this electron-rich π-system exhibited reversible multistep oxidations at low potentials and easily formed mono- and dicationic salts and charge-transfer (CT) complexes with 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane. These oxidized species exhibited clear changes in the bond-length alternation of the pyrrole units in the crystal state, indicating charge and spin delocalization. The distinct upfield shift of the central carbon signal of the dication in the 13C NMR spectrum affirms the global aromaticity from the viewpoint of a magnetic criterion. In the UV-vis/NIR spectra, broad absorption in the NIR region was observed only for HPHAC2+ and not the structurally similar cyclo[6]pyrrole. Magnetic circular dichroism measurements and time-dependent density functional theory calculations revealed that the broad absorption was assigned to the CT transition from the central benzene ring to the outer pyrrole rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Nagao Kobayashi
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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11
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Navakouski M, Zhylitskaya H, Chmielewski PJ, Żyła-Karwowska M, Stępień M. Electrophilic Aromatic Coupling of Hexapyrrolylbenzenes. A Mechanistic Analysis. J Org Chem 2019; 85:187-194. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Navakouski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Halina Zhylitskaya
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła-Karwowska
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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12
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Oki K, Takase M, Mori S, Uno H. Synthesis and Isolation of Antiaromatic Expanded Azacoronene via Intramolecular Vilsmeier-Type Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16255-16259. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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13
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14
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Navakouski M, Zhylitskaya H, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Cybińska J, Stępień M. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Chiral Heteroaromatic Propellers with Small Optical Bandgaps. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:4929-4933. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Navakouski
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Halina Zhylitskaya
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
- PORT Polski Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii ul. Stabłowicka 147 54-066 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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15
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Navakouski M, Zhylitskaya H, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Cybińska J, Stępień M. Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Chiral Heteroaromatic Propellers with Small Optical Bandgaps. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Navakouski
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Halina Zhylitskaya
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
- PORT Polski Ośrodek Rozwoju Technologii ul. Stabłowicka 147 54-066 Wrocław Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział ChemiiUniwersytet Wrocławski ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 50-383 Wrocław Poland
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16
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Oki K, Takase M, Mori S, Shiotari A, Sugimoto Y, Ohara K, Okujima T, Uno H. Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Core-Expanded Azacoronene Analogue: A Twisted π-System with Two N-Doped Heptagons. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10430-10434. [PMID: 30068084 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A core-expanded, pyrrole-fused azacoronene analogue containing two unusual N-doped heptagons was obtained from commercially available octafluoronaphthalene and 3,4-diethylpyrrole in two steps as a heteroatom-doped nonplanar nanographene. Full fusion with the formation of the tetraazadipleiadiene framework and the longitudinally twisted structure was unambiguously confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The edge-to-edge dihedral angle along the acene moiety was 63°. This electron-rich π-system showed four reversible oxidation peaks. Despite the nonplanar structure, the Hückel aromaticity owing to a peripheral π-conjugation in the dicationic state was concluded from the bond-length alternation and nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) and anisotropy of the induced current density (ACID) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Oki
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
| | - Masayoshi Takase
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Advanced Research Support Center , Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
| | - Akitoshi Shiotari
- Department of Advanced Materials Science , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa 277-8561 , Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sugimoto
- Department of Advanced Materials Science , The University of Tokyo , Kashiwa 277-8561 , Japan
| | - Keishi Ohara
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okujima
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
| | - Hidemitsu Uno
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering , Ehime University , Matsuyama 790-8577 , Japan
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17
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Vij V, Bhalla V, Kumar M. Hexaarylbenzene: Evolution of Properties and Applications of Multitalented Scaffold. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9565-627. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Vij
- Department of Chemistry,
UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry,
UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry,
UGC Centre for Advanced Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
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18
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Stępień M, Gońka E, Żyła M, Sprutta N. Heterocyclic Nanographenes and Other Polycyclic Heteroaromatic Compounds: Synthetic Routes, Properties, and Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 117:3479-3716. [PMID: 27258218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 878] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensionally extended, polycyclic heteroaromatic molecules (heterocyclic nanographenes) are a highly versatile class of organic materials, applicable as functional chromophores and organic semiconductors. In this Review, we discuss the rich chemistry of large heteroaromatics, focusing on their synthesis, electronic properties, and applications in materials science. This Review summarizes the historical development and current state of the art in this rapidly expanding field of research, which has become one of the key exploration areas of modern heterocyclic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natasza Sprutta
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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19
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Xiang Y, Wang Q, Wang G, Li X, Zhang D, Jin W. Synthesis and coordination of star-shaped electron-deficient hexaheteroarylbenzene derivatives containing three pyrimidylbenzene derivatives. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Żyła M, Gońka E, Chmielewski PJ, Cybińska J, Stępień M. Synthesis of a peripherally conjugated 5-6-7 nanographene. Chem Sci 2015; 7:286-294. [PMID: 29861982 PMCID: PMC5952525 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03280f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of heteroaromatic nanographenes via 5-6-7 fusion enhances their NIR absorption and emission properties.
A heteroaromatic nanographene containing a unique assembly of five-, six- and seven-membered rings is synthesized using oxidative coupling of an indole-containing precursor. Near-infrared absorption and emission properties of the nanographene core are enhanced by peripheral expansion and ring fusion at all oxidation levels. The dicationic state shows distinct aromaticity originating from a peripheral π-conjugated circuit. A partially coupled intermediate, trapped in the synthesis of the 5-6-7 nanographene, is explored as a reference system, showing an unexpected reduction of the optical band gap due to intramolecular charge transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Żyła
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland .
| | - Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland .
| | - Piotr J Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland .
| | - Joanna Cybińska
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland . .,Department of Nanotechnology , Wrocław Research Centre EIT+ , ul. Stabłowicka 147 , 54-066 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii , Uniwersytet Wrocławski , ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14 , 50-383 Wrocław , Poland .
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21
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Lv LP, Wu ZS, Chen L, Lu H, Zheng YR, Weidner T, Feng X, Landfester K, Crespy D. Precursor-controlled and template-free synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles for supercapacitors. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06697b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis of hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles with high specific surface area and specific capacitance for supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Lv
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Zhong-Shuai Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Tianjin University
- 300072 Tianjin
- China
| | - Hao Lu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Yi-Ran Zheng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | | | - Daniel Crespy
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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22
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Gońka E, Chmielewski PJ, Lis T, Stępień M. Expanded Hexapyrrolohexaazacoronenes. Near-Infrared Absorbing Chromophores with Interrupted Peripheral Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:16399-410. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508963v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Gońka
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr J. Chmielewski
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Lis
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Stępień
- Wydział Chemii, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
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23
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Mitsudo K, Harada J, Tanaka Y, Mandai H, Nishioka C, Tanaka H, Wakamiya A, Murata Y, Suga S. Synthesis of hexa(furan-2-yl)benzenes and their π-extended derivatives. J Org Chem 2013; 78:2763-8. [PMID: 23438033 DOI: 10.1021/jo302652r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first synthesis of hexa(furan-2-yl)benzene derivatives is described. The RhCl3/i-Pr2NEt-catalyzed cyclotrimerization of di(furan-2-yl)acetylenes was an effective method for constructing hexa(furan-2-yl)benzene derivatives in good yields. Their π-extended derivatives were also synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling between hexakis(5-Bpinfuran-2-yl)benzene (Bpin = (pinacolato)boryl) and several aryl iodides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Mitsudo
- Division of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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24
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Buda M, Iordache A, Bucher C, Moutet JC, Royal G, Saint-Aman E, Sessler J. Electrochemical Syntheses of Cyclo[n]pyrrole. Chemistry 2010; 16:6810-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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25
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Matsumoto S, Akazome M, Qu S, Kobayashi T, Kanehiro M, Ogura K. Novel Formation of Dipyrrolo- and Diindolo[1,2-a:2’,1’-c]quinoxaline Derivatives and Their Optical Properties. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-09-s(s)51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Amii
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama Univeristy, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kenji Uneyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan, and Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama Univeristy, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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27
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28
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Vargová A, Hrnčariková K, Végh D, Lukeš V, Fedorko P, Rapta P. Intermolecular and intramolecular coupling in charged monosubstituted hexapyrrolylbenzenes. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Takase M, Enkelmann V, Sebastiani D, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Annularly fused hexapyrrolohexaazacoronenes: an extended pi system with multiple interior nitrogen atoms displays stable oxidation states. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:5524-7. [PMID: 17582806 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200701452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Takase
- Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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30
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Goze C, Ulrich G, Mallon LJ, Allen BD, Harriman A, Ziessel R. Synthesis and photophysical properties of borondipyrromethene dyes bearing aryl substituents at the boron center. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 128:10231-9. [PMID: 16881653 DOI: 10.1021/ja062405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several borondipyrromethene (Bodipy) dyes bearing an aryl nucleus linked directly to the boron center have been prepared under mild conditions. The choice of Grignard or lithio organo-metallic reagents allows the isolation of B(F)(aryl) or B(aryl)2 derivatives; where aryl refers to phenyl, anisyl, naphthyl, or pyrenyl fragments. A single crystal, X-ray structure determination for the bis-anisyl compound shows that the sp3 hybridized boron center remains pseudo-tetrahedral and that the B-C bond distances are 1.615 and 1.636 A. All compounds are electrode active but replacement of the fluorine atoms by aryl fragments renders the Bodipy unit more easily oxidized by 100 mV in the B(F)(aryl) and 180 mV in the B(aryl)2 compounds whereas reduction is made more difficult by a comparable amount. Strong fluorescence is observed from the Bodipy fluorophore present in each of the new dyes, with the radiative rate constant being independent of the nature of the aryl substituent. The fluorescence quantum yields are solvent dependent and, at least in some cases (aryl = anisyl or pyrenyl), nonradiative decay from the first-excited singlet state is strongly activated. There is no indication, however, for population of a charge-transfer state, in which the aryl substituent acts as donor and the Bodipy fragment functions as acceptor, that is strongly coupled to the ground state. Instead, it is conjectured that nonradiative decay involves a conformational change driven by the solvophobic effect. Thus, the rate of nonradiative decay in any given solvent increases with increasing surface accessibility (or molar volume) of the aryl substituent. Intramolecular energy transfer from pyrene or naphthalene residues to Bodipy is quantitative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Goze
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole de Chimie, Polymères, Matériaux (ECPM), 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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31
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Takase M, Enkelmann V, Sebastiani D, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Annularly Fused Hexapyrrolohexaazacoronenes: An Extended π System with Multiple Interior Nitrogen Atoms Displays Stable Oxidation States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200701452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Bucher C, Devillers CH, Moutet JC, Pécaut J, Sessler JL. Electrochemical synthesis of cyclo[8]pyrrole. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:3891-3. [PMID: 17268661 DOI: 10.1039/b606998c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The utility of an electrochemical oxidative strategy in the synthesis of expanded porphyrins is demonstrated by the preparation of cyclo[8]pyrrole in high yield via a bipyrrole C(2)-C(2)' coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Organique et de Photochimie Rédox, UMR CNRS 5630, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, FR CNRS 2607, Université Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041, Grenoble Cédex 9, France.
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33
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Sundararajan C, Falvey DE. Photorelease of Carboxylic Acids, Amino Acids, and Phosphates from N-Alkylpicolinium Esters Using Photosensitization by High Wavelength Laser Dyes. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:8000-1. [PMID: 15926809 DOI: 10.1021/ja050760f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visible light (>450 nm) is used to efficiently cleave carboxylic acids, amino acids, and phosphates from their N-methyl picolinium esters. Photolysis using pyrromethene dyes PM 546 and PM 597 and also coumarin 6 as photosensitizers effects release of carboxylic acids, N-protected amino acids, and phosphates in quantitative yields. The effective rate of photorelease by the dyes, Phiepsilon, was found to be as high as 4500 M-1 cm-1. The photorelease proceeds through photoinduced electron transfer from the dye sensitizers to the N-methyl picolinium group. Fluorescence quenching and laser flash photolysis experiments support the photoinduced electron-transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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34
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Wang P, Zakeeruddin SM, Moser JE, Grätzel M. A New Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Enhances the Conversion Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0355399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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