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Yuan DF, Liu Y, Trabelsi T, Zhang YR, Li J, Francisco JS, Guo H, Wang LS. Probing the dynamics and bottleneck of the key atmospheric SO 2 oxidation reaction by the hydroxyl radical. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314819121. [PMID: 38285944 PMCID: PMC10861908 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314819121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
SO2 (Sulfur dioxide) is the major precursor to the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4), contributing to acid rain and atmospheric aerosols. Sulfuric acid formed from SO2 generates light-reflecting sulfate aerosol particles in the atmosphere. This property has prompted recent geoengineering proposals to inject sulfuric acid or its precursors into the Earth's atmosphere to increase the planetary albedo to counteract global warming. SO2 oxidation in the atmosphere by the hydroxyl radical HO to form HOSO2 is a key rate-limiting step in the mechanism for forming acid rain. However, the dynamics of the HO + SO2 → HOSO2 reaction and its slow rate in the atmosphere are poorly understood to date. Herein, we use photoelectron spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled HOSO2- anion to access the neutral HOSO2 radical near the transition state of the HO + SO2 reaction. Spectroscopic and dynamic calculations are conducted on the first ab initio-based full-dimensional potential energy surface to interpret the photoelectron spectra of HOSO2- and to probe the dynamics of the HO + SO2 reaction. In addition to the finding of a unique pre-reaction complex (HO⋯SO2) directly connected to the transition state, dynamic calculations reveal that the accessible phase space for the HO + SO2 → HOSO2 reaction is extremely narrow, forming a key reaction bottleneck and slowing the reaction rate in the atmosphere, despite the low reaction barrier. This study underlines the importance of understanding the full multidimensional potential energy surface to elucidate the dynamics of complex bimolecular reactions involving polyatomic reactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Fu Yuan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing401331, China
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Tarek Trabelsi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Yue-Rou Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing401331, China
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Computational Chemistry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM87131
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI02912
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Abstract
The HOSO2 radical was detected by microwave spectroscopy in a discharge plasma of a SO2/H2O gas mixture. The observed spectrum shows tunneling splittings due to the OH torsional motion. A least-squares analysis considering interactions between the two torsional sublevels of the ground vibronic state, 0+ and 0-, reproduces the observed transition frequencies with a standard deviation of ca. 3 kHz. The splitting between the two torsional sublevels is accurately determined to be 24.3 MHz for HOSO2 and 0.08 MHz for DOSO2. The potential barrier for the OH torsional motion is estimated to be 1150 cm-1 from a one-dimensional hindered rotor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nakajima
- Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Yasuki Endo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Rd., Hsinchu 300098, Taiwan.
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Krupa J, Wierzejewska M, Lundell J. Structure and IR Spectroscopic Properties of HNCO Complexes with SO 2 Isolated in Solid Argon. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216441. [PMID: 34770850 PMCID: PMC8587861 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FTIR spectroscopy was combined with the matrix isolation technique and quantum chemical calculations with the aim of studying complexes of isocyanic acid with sulfur dioxide. The structures of the HNCO⋯SO2 complexes of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 stoichiometry were optimized at the MP2, B3LYPD3, B2PLYPD3 levels of theory with the 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set. Five stable 1:1 HNCO⋯SO2 complexes were found. Three of them contain a weak N-H⋯O hydrogen bond, whereas two other structures are stabilized by van der Waals interactions. The analysis of the HNCO/SO2/Ar spectra after deposition indicates that mostly the 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complexes are present in argon matrices, with a small amount of the van der Waals structures. Upon annealing, complexes of the 1:2 stoichiometry were detected, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Krupa
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (J.L.); Tel.: +358-40-744-5270 (J.L.)
| | - Maria Wierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Jan Lundell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Correspondence: (J.K.); (J.L.); Tel.: +358-40-744-5270 (J.L.)
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Ryazantsev SV, Duarte L, Feldman VI, Khriachtchev L. VUV photochemistry of the H2O⋯CO complex in noble-gas matrices: formation of the OH⋯CO complex and the HOCO radical. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:356-365. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06954a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
VUV photolysis of the H2O⋯CO complexes leads to the formation of the OH⋯CO radical–molecule complexes and trans-HOCO radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Ryazantsev
- Department of Chemistry
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Moscow 119991
- Russia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Luís Duarte
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Helsinki
- FI-00014 Helsinki
- Finland
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Young NA. Main group coordination chemistry at low temperatures: A review of matrix isolated Group 12 to Group 18 complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Grzechnik K, Mielke Z. Structure and photochemistry of nitrous acid–methanethiol complexes in solid argon. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lesar A, Tavčar A. Atmospheric Reaction of the HOSO Radical with NO2: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11008-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204868k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonija Lesar
- Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Institute Jožef Stefan, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Tavčar
- Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Institute Jožef Stefan, Jamova c. 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Klopper W, Tew DP, González-García N, Olzmann M. Heat of formation of the HOSO2 radical from accurate quantum chemical calculations. J Chem Phys 2008; 129:114308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2973637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wierzejewska M, Olbert-Majkut A. Theoretical Studies of the Reaction Channels on the SO2/OH/NO Singlet Potential Energy Surface. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2790-6. [PMID: 17388382 DOI: 10.1021/jp067438r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) investigation of the SO2/OH/NO singlet potential energy surface (PES) has been performed with the aim to localize and describe the existing minima and transition states linking them. The systematic studies have revealed seven minima, with the trans-HONO-SO2 complex (1t) being the global minimum. Eight transition states between minima or between minima and the relevant reactant species have been described. Several available izomerization and dissociation routes have been identified and discussed. The most favorable association of HOSO2 and NO was found to be a barrierless process forming nitrososulfonic acids. Isomerizations between trans-, cis-, and gauche- nitrososulfonic acids (2t, 2c, and 2g) are possible with low-energy barriers. The HOSO2 and NO species can also react via another channels involving high-energy transition states to produce the HOSO-NO2 (3) and HNO-SO3 (4) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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Olbert-Majkut A, Mielke Z. Reactions of OH and NO radicals with 1,1-dichloroethylene in argon matrices. FTIR and theoretical studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:4773-82. [PMID: 17043721 DOI: 10.1039/b605677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HONO/1,1-dichloroethylene/Ar matrices were subjected to UV radiation (lambda > 340 nm) from a medium pressure mercury lamp. The products of the photolysis were studied experimentally by means of FTIR spectroscopy and theoretically using the ab initio MP2 method. Two conformers of 2-nitroso-2,2-dichloroethanol molecule have been identified as the final products of the double addition reaction of the OH, NO radicals to 1,1-dichloroethylene. The additional reactive species observed in the matrix is tentatively identified as an 1,1-dichloro-2-hydroxyethyl radical, an intermediate formed by single addition of OH to 1,1-dichloroethylene. The three photoproducts have been identified and observed for the first time. The identities of the products have been justified by comparison with the experiments with deuterated DONO and by performing concentration and annealing studies as well as by reference to the spectral data of related molecules. The results of the quantum mechanical calculations confirmed both the assignment of the new molecules and mechanism of the reaction observed in our experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Olbert-Majkut
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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