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Fujiwara T, Takashika M, Hasegawa M, Ie Y, Aso Y, Aoyagi S, Otani H, Iyoda M. Small Structural Changes in the Alkyl Substituents of Macrocyclic π-Extended Thiophene Oligomers Causes a Key Effect on Their Stacking and Functional Properties. Chempluschem 2020; 84:694-703. [PMID: 31944018 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three new macrocyclic π-extended thiophene hexamers composed of four thienylene-ethynylene and two thienylene-vinylene units with or without four alkyl substituents have been synthesized. Despite similar shape-persistent structures in solution, the alkyl substituents control the solid-state structures and morphologies. The unsubstituted hexamer exhibited a planar conformation with a theoretically predicted structure in the solid state; however, the planar hexamer with four ethyl substituents formed a closely stacked columnar crystal structure to exhibit π-π interactions. Interestingly, the hexamer with four butyl substituents adopted both planar and twisted conformations in the solid state, exhibiting polymorphism based on induced-fit stacking of molecules. Thus, the butyl-substituted hexamer produces a mixture of yellow, orange, and red single crystals from toluene/acetone, and X-ray analysis revealed six different conformations. Consequently, the small structural difference in the macrocycles causes a key effect on their functional properties in the solid state, and their morphology governs electrical conductivity and organic field-effect-transistor activity. The polymorphism of the hexamers was applied to the switching of film morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masataka Takashika
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- School of Science, Kitasato University Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yutaka Ie
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshio Aso
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Shinobu Aoyagi
- Department of Information and Basic Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Otani
- Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiko Iyoda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University Hachioji, Tokyo, 192-0397, Japan
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2
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Cappuccino C, Mazzeo PP, Salzillo T, Venuti E, Giunchi A, Della Valle RG, Brillante A, Bettini C, Melucci M, Maini L. A synergic approach of X-ray powder diffraction and Raman spectroscopy for crystal structure determination of 2,3-thienoimide capped oligothiophenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3630-3636. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06679a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a Raman based approach for the rapid identification of the molecular conformation in a series of new 2,3-thienoimide capped quaterthiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Cappuccino
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- Via Selmi 2 – University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - P. P. Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche
- della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale
- Università of Parma
- Parma
- Italy
| | - T. Salzillo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-UdR Bologna
- Viale del Risorgimento
- 4 – University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - E. Venuti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-UdR Bologna
- Viale del Risorgimento
- 4 – University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Giunchi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-UdR Bologna
- Viale del Risorgimento
- 4 – University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - R. G. Della Valle
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-UdR Bologna
- Viale del Risorgimento
- 4 – University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Brillante
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari” and INSTM-UdR Bologna
- Viale del Risorgimento
- 4 – University of Bologna
- I-40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - C. Bettini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e per la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF) Via P. Gobetti 101
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - M. Melucci
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e per la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF) Via P. Gobetti 101
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - L. Maini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”
- Via Selmi 2 – University of Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
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3
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Ruiz C, López Navarrete JT, Ruiz Delgado MC, Gómez-Lor B. Triindole-bridge-triindole dimers as models for two dimensional microporous polymers. Org Lett 2015; 17:2258-61. [PMID: 25894922 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
New dimers with two triindole subunits bound together through different linkers (p-phenylene or diacetylene groups) have been synthesized and studied as model systems to determine the differences in the electron transfer ability of the two bridging units. Our results show that whereas a p-phenylene bridge nearly isolates the two subunits of the dimers a diacetylene bridge allows a high level of electronic connection between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Ruiz
- †Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Berta Gómez-Lor
- †Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Janeliunas D, Eelkema R, Nieto-Ortega B, Ramírez Aguilar FJ, López Navarrete JT, van der Mee L, Stuart MCA, Casado J, van Esch JH. Designing new symmetrical facial oligothiophene amphiphiles. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8435-42. [PMID: 24196136 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41645c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we designed a new class of symmetrical facial oligothiophene amphiphiles, which could be obtained in fewer steps than for previously reported analogues, but still possess the specific substituent sequence to control their backbone curvature. This novel design allows the late-stage introduction of hydrophilic groups, aiding both purification and ease of structure variation. Following the new synthetic scheme, symmetrical ter- and sexi-thiophenes were synthesized, analysed and their properties were compared to their non-symmetrical analogues. Surprisingly, the self-assembly behaviour in water, aggregate morphologies and photo-physical properties turned out to be significantly different despite the same ratio of hydrophilic and hydrophobic substituents. The new substitution pattern resulted in a drastic decrease of the critical aggregation concentration and an increase of the aggregate size. The symmetrical positioning of the substituents also heavily influenced the photo-physical properties. The changes were observed as large blue shifts in the absorption and emission spectra in water when compared to similar regio-regular oligothiophene amphiphiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dainius Janeliunas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628BL, Delft, The Netherlands.
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5
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Aragó J, Ponce Ortiz R, Nieto-Ortega B, Hernández V, Casado J, Facchetti A, Marks TJ, Viruela PM, Ortí E, López Navarrete JT. Carbonyl-Functionalized Quaterthiophenes: A Study of the Vibrational Raman and Electronic Absorption/Emission Properties Guided by Theoretical Calculations. Chemphyschem 2011; 13:168-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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6
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Michalski R, Sikora A, Adamus J, Marcinek A. Mechanistic Aspects of Radiation-Induced Oligomerization of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene in Ionic Liquids. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11552-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1067389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Michalski
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Sikora
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Adamus
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marcinek
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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8
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Malavé Osuna R, Hernández VÃ, López Navarrete JT, Aragó J, Viruela PM, Ortà E, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi S, Henssler JT, Matzger AJ. FT Raman and DFT Study on a Series of All-antiOligothienoacenes End-Capped with Triisopropylsilyl Groups. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:3069-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Malavé Osuna R, Ruiz Delgado M, Hernández V, López Navarrete J, Vercelli B, Zotti G, Novoa J, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi S, Henssler J, Matzger A. Oxidation of End-Capped Pentathienoacenes and Characterization of Their Radical Cations. Chemistry 2009; 15:12346-61. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Ie Y, Hirose T, Aso Y. Synthesis, properties, and FET performance of rectangular oligothiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b912744e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Yin J, Lin Y, Cao X, Yu GA, Liu SH. Novel photochromic macrocycles composed of thiophene and ethylene building blocks: synthesis, structure, and photochromic property. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Bouzzine S, Makayssi A, Hamidi M, Bouachrine M. Bridging effect on structural and optoelectronic properties of oligothiophene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Osuna RM, Ponce Ortiz R, Okamoto T, Suzuki Y, Yamaguchi S, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Thiophene- and Selenophene-Based Heteroacenes: Combined Quantum Chemical DFT and Spectroscopic Raman and UV−Vis−NIR Study. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7488-96. [PMID: 17564429 DOI: 10.1021/jp067262t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the characterization of a series of thiophene- and selenophene-based heteroacenes, materials with potential applications in organic electronics. In contrast to the usual alpha-oligothiophenes, these annelated oligomers have a larger band gap than most semiconductors currently used in the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and therefore they are expected to be more stable in air. The synthesis of these fused-ring molecular materials was motivated by the notion that a more rigid and planar structure should reduce defects (such as torsion about single bonds between alpha-linked units or S-syn defects) and thus improve pi-conjugation for better charge-carrier mobility. The conjugational properties of these heteroacenes have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, revealing that pi-conjugation increases with the increasing number of annelated rings. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, to assess information regarding the minimum-energy molecular structure, topologies, and absolute energies of the frontier molecular orbitals around the gap, vibrational normal modes related to the main Raman features, and vertical one-electron excitations giving rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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14
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Malavé Osuna R, Ponce Ortiz R, Ruiz Delgado MC, Nenajdenko VG, Sumerin VV, Balenkova ES, Hernández V, López Navarrete JT. Fourier Transform Raman and DFT Study of Three Annulated Oligothiophenes with Different Molecular Shapes. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:745-50. [PMID: 17328090 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we study the conjugation properties of three different thienoacenes, each of which has three or four fused thiophene rings, by means of Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The B3LYP/6-31G** vibrational analysis of all of the collected spectroscopic data evidences that the selective enhancement of a limited number of Raman scatterings is related to the occurrence in the three thienoacenes of a vibronic coupling between the lowest unoccupied frontier molecular orbital (LUMO) and some Raman-active skeletal nu(C==C) stretching modes of 1600-1300 cm(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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15
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Clarke TM, Gordon KC, Wagner P, Officer DL. Modulation of electronic properties in neutral and oxidized oligothiophenes substituted with conjugated polyaromatic hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:2385-97. [PMID: 17388320 DOI: 10.1021/jp066922r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The structural and electronic properties of neutral and oxidized terthiophenes substituted with polyaromatic systems have been investigated using a combination of both Raman and electronic absorption spectroscopy in conjunction with density functional theory calculations. Naphthylethenyl terthiophene exhibits structural and electronic properties, in both the neutral and oxidized species, that are dominated by the terthiophene backbone, in a manner similar to that previously reported for phenylethenylterthiophene. Anthracenylethenyl terthiophene, on the other hand, displays properties that are dominated by the anthracene group. Unlike both phenylethenyl and naphthylethenyl terthiophene, which have electronic absorption spectra dominated by transitions between molecular orbitals that are delocalized throughout the molecules, the absorption spectrum of anthracenylethenyl terthiophene consists of a simple addition of the absorption bands of the separate terthiophene and anthracenylethene chromophores. This is the result of a spatial partitioning of its molecular orbitals that effectively electronically decouples the anthracene and terthiophene moieties. Upon oxidation, the naphthylethenylterthiophene sigma-dimerizes to form sexithiophene charged species and spectral signatures of the sexithiophene backbone are evident in both the electronic absorption and resonance Raman spectra. In contrast, these signatures are absent in the corresponding spectra of the oxidized anthracenylethenylterthiophene, suggesting that the anthracene group is the primary site of the structural changes induced by oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey M Clarke
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Harriman A, Izzet G, Goeb S, De Nicola A, Ziessel R. Photophysical Properties of Ruthenium(II) Tris(2,2‘-bipyridine) Complexes Bearing Conjugated Thiophene Appendages. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:9729-41. [PMID: 17112269 DOI: 10.1021/ic060921w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A small series of ruthenium(II) tris(2,2'-bipyridine) complexes has been synthesized in which ethynylated thiophene residues are attached to one of the 2,2'-bipyridine ligands. The photophysical properties depend on the conjugation length of the thiophene-based ligand, and in each case, dual emission is observed. The two emitting states reside in thermal equilibrium at ambient temperature and can be resolved by emission spectral curve-fitting routines. This allows the properties of the two states to be evaluated in both fluid butyronitrile solution and a transparent KBr disk. It is concluded that both emitting states are of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) character, and despite the presence of conjugated thiophene residues, there is no indication for a low-lying pi,pi*-triplet state that promotes nonradiative decay of the excited-state manifold. A key feature of these systems is that the conjugation length imposed by the thiophene-based ligand helps to control the rate constants for both radiative and nonradiative decay from the two MLCT triplet states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, Bedson Building, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom.
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17
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Osuna RM, Zhang X, Matzger AJ, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Combined Quantum Chemical Density Functional Theory and Spectroscopic Raman and UV−vis−NIR Study of Oligothienoacenes with Five and Seven Rings. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5058-65. [PMID: 16610825 DOI: 10.1021/jp0607263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the characterization of novel oligothienoacenes with five and seven fused thiophene rings, materials with potential applications in organic electronics. In contrast to usual alpha-linked oligothiophenes, these fused oligothiophenes have a larger band gap than most semiconductors currently used in the fabrication of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and therefore they are expected to be more stable in air. The synthesis of these fused-ring oligomers was motivated by the notion that a more rigid and planar structure should reduce defects (such as torsion about single bonds between alpha-linked units or S-syn defects) and thus improve conjugation for better charge-carrier mobility. The conjugational properties of these two molecular materials have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, revealing that conjugation still increases in passing from the five-ring oligomer to that with seven-rings. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G level, to assess information regarding the minimum-energy molecular structure, topologies, and absolute energies of the frontier molecular orbitals (MOs.) around the gap, vibrational normal modes related to the main Raman features, and vertical one-electron excitations giving rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
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18
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Osuna RM, Ortiz RP, Ruiz Delgado MC, Sakamoto Y, Suzuki T, Hernandez V, López Navarrete JT. Synthesis and Characterization of Three Novel Perfluoro-oligothiophenes Ranging in Length from the Trimer to the Pentamer. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:20737-45. [PMID: 16853688 DOI: 10.1021/jp054205b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this Article, we report on the synthesis and full characterization of three perfluorinated oligothiophenes, ranging in length from the trimer to the pentamer (PF-nT, with n = 3, 4, or 5). The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis of the compounds showed that they can be both oxidized and reduced (i.e., they display a dual or amphoteric electrochemical behavior), with the reduction peaks positively shifted relative to those of the corresponding unsubstituted oligothiophenes. The electrochemically determined energy gaps are in agreement with those measured from the UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra in solution. The conjugational properties have been investigated by means of FT-Raman spectroscopy, both as pure solids and as dilute solutes in CH(2)Cl(2), revealing that: (i) pi-conjugation does not still reach saturation with chain length for the longest oligomer, and (ii) conformational distortions from a nearly coplanar arrangement of the successive thiophene units upon solution are not too large. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations have been performed, at the B3LYP/6-31G level, to assess information about the optimized molecular structure, equilibrium atomic charges distribution, energies and topologies of the frontier molecular orbitals (MO) around the gap, vibrational normal modes associated with the most outstanding Raman scatterings, and vertical one-electron excitations that give rise to the main optical absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Malavé Osuna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Malaga, 29071-Malaga, Spain
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Kawano SI, Fujita N, Shinkai S. Quater-, Quinque-, and Sexithiophene Organogelators: Unique Thermochromism and Heating-Free Sol-Gel Phase Transition. Chemistry 2005; 11:4735-42. [PMID: 15912544 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of quater-, quinque-, and sexithiophene derivatives bearing two cholesteryl groups at the alpha-position, which are abbreviated as 4 T-(chol)(2), 5 T-(chol)(2), and 6 T-(chol)(2), respectively, have been synthesized. It has been found that these oligothiophene derivatives act as excellent organogelators for various organic fluids and show the unique thermochromic behaviors through the sol-gel phase transition. It was shown on the basis of extensive investigations, performed with UV-visible spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), that these gelators self-assemble into the one-dimensional structures in the organogels, in which the pi-block moieties of the oligothiophenes are stacked in an H-aggregation mode. Surprisingly, an AFM image shows that 4 T-(chol)(2) forms unimolecular fibers in a left-handed helical sense, whereby one pitch of the helical fiber is constructed by 400-540 4 T-(chol)(2) molecules. Very interestingly, the conformational change in the oligothiophene moieties can be visually detected: for example, 6 T-(chol)(2) shows a specific absorption maximum in the gel (lambda(max) = 389 nm) and in the solution (lambda(max) = 439 nm). In addition, a sol-gel phase transition of the 6 T-(chol)(2) gel was implemented by addition of oxidizing and reducing reagents such as FeCl(3) and ascorbic acid, respectively. The stimuli-responsive functionality of the oligothiophene-based organogels makes them promising candidates for switchable opto- and electronic soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Kawano
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemisry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Scherlis DA, Marzari N. π-Stacking in Thiophene Oligomers as the Driving Force for Electroactive Materials and Devices. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3207-12. [PMID: 15740161 DOI: 10.1021/ja043557d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pi-stacking between aromatic oligomers has been extensively studied for many years, although the notion of exploiting this phenomenon as the driving force for molecular actuation has only recently emerged. In this work we examine with MP2 and Car-Parrinello ab initio calculations the actuation properties of a novel class of thiophene-based materials introduced by Swager et al. (Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 368; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 1142). The chemical ingredients of the assembly, calix[4]arenes and oligothiophenes, are screened separately to characterize the actuation mechanisms and design optimal architectures. In particular, ab initio methods are used to study pi-stacking in mixed-valence oligothiophene dimers, revealing strong interactions that can be turned on and off as a function of the electrochemical potential. We show how these interactions could be harnessed to achieve molecular actuation and investigate the response of an active unit in real time with first-principles molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian A Scherlis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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