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Monaco G, Summa FF, Zanasi R, Lazzeretti P. Electronic Current Density Induced by Uniform Magnetic Fields in Clarenes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401167. [PMID: 38656896 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Some planar and non-planar clarenes have been studied using maps of magnetically induced quantum-mechanical current density and tools from differential topology to assess their magnetic response in connection with recent results by Du and Wang. Bond current strengths have been computed to estimate quantitative measures. Isosurfaces of the divergence of induced Lorentz force density have been shown to provide useful additional criteria, especially in the case of non-planar clarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Monaco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Francesco F Summa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Riccardo Zanasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
| | - Paolo Lazzeretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, Fisciano, 84084, SA, Italy
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2
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Wahab A, Gershoni-Poranne R. COMPAS-3: a dataset of peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15344-15357. [PMID: 38758092 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We introduce the third installment of the COMPAS Project - a COMputational database of Polycyclic Aromatic Systems, focused on peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons. In this installment, we develop two datasets containing the optimized ground-state structures and a selection of molecular properties of ∼39k and ∼9k peri-condensed polybenzenoid hydrocarbons (at the GFN2-xTB and CAM-B3LYP-D3BJ/cc-pvdz//CAM-B3LYP-D3BJ/def2-SVP levels, respectively). The manuscript details the enumeration and data generation processes and describes the information available within the datasets. An in-depth comparison between the two types of computation is performed, and it is found that the geometrical disagreement is maximal for slightly-distorted molecules. In addition, a data-driven analysis of the structure-property trends of peri-condensed PBHs is performed, highlighting the effect of the size of peri-condensed islands and linearly annulated rings on the HOMO-LUMO gap. The insights described herein are important for rational design of novel functional aromatic molecules for use in, e.g., organic electronics. The generated datasets provide a basis for additional data-driven machine- and deep-learning studies in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wahab
- The Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- The Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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3
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An D, Zhang R, Zhu J, Wang T, Zhao Y, Lu X, Liu Y. From π-conjugated macrocycles to heterocycloarenes based on benzo[2,1- b:3,4- b']dithiophene (BDTh): size- and geometry-dependent host-guest properties. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4590-4601. [PMID: 38516086 PMCID: PMC10952093 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05074b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
π-Conjugated macrocycles have been highly attractive due to their challenging synthesis, fascinating aesthetic structure and unique physical and chemical properties. Although some progress has been made in synthesis, the study of π-macrocycles with different structural characteristics and supramolecular interactions still faces major challenges. In this paper, two new single-bond linked macrocycles (MS-4T/MS-6T) were reported, and the corresponding vinyl-bridged heterocycloarenes (MF-4T/MF-6T) were synthesized by the periphery fusion strategy. Further studies have indicated that the structure of these four macrocycles is determined by both size and curvature, showing unique variations from nearly planar to bowl and then to saddle. Interestingly, the nearly planar MS-4T with a small size and the rigid saddle-shaped MF-6T show no obvious response to fullerenes C60 or C70, while the bowl-shaped MS-6T and MF-4T demonstrate a strong binding affinity towards fullerenes C60 and C70. What's more, two kinds of co-crystals with capsule-like configurations, MS-6T@C60 and MS-6T@C70, have been successfully obtained, among which the former shows a loose columnar arrangement while the latter displays a unique three-dimensional honeycomb arrangement that is extremely rare in supramolecular complexes. This work systematically studies the π-conjugated macrocycles and provides a new idea for the development of novel host-guest systems and further multifunctional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue An
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiangyu Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Teng Wang
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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4
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Leyva-Parra L, Pino-Rios R, Inostroza D, Solà M, Alonso M, Tiznado W. Aromaticity and Magnetic Behavior in Benzenoids: Unraveling Ring Current Combinations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302415. [PMID: 37955853 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, an active research topic is the connection between Clar's rule, aromaticity, and magnetic properties of polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons. In the present work, we employ a meticulous magnetically induced current density analysis to define the net current flowing through any cyclic circuit, connecting it to aromaticity based on the ring current concept. Our investigation reveals that the analyzed polycyclic systems display a prominent global ring current, contrasting with subdued semi-local and local ring currents. These patterns align with Clar's aromatic π-sextets only in cases where migrating π-sextet structures are invoked. The results of this study will enrich our comprehension of aromaticity and magnetic behavior in such systems, offering significant insights into coexisting ring current circuits in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
| | - Diego Inostroza
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Departament of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M Aurèlia Campmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Departament of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Ruiz-Morales Y, Alvarez-Ramírez F. Usage of the Y-Rule and the Effect of the Occurrence of Heteroatoms (N, S) on the Frontier Molecular Orbitals Gap of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Asphaltene-PAHs. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200682. [PMID: 36720702 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the molecular- and colloidal-structure of asphaltenes has seen a major progress; however, there are still issues that require answer. One of them is the location of the heteroatoms in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fused aromatic ring (FAR) region of asphaltenes. Therefore, the effect on the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO-LUMO) energy-gap due to the addition of a heteroatom (N or S) to PAHs, which are candidates of the PAH region in asphaltenes, has been systematically analyzed by placing S or N in various sites of the PAH molecule. The S is introduced as a thiophenic ring in a bay region, while the N is introduced as a pyridinic-N, which are prevalent forms in the asphaltene-PAH. 174 PAHs are studied with five fused aromatic rings (5FAR) to 10FAR. The π-electron allocation in resonant π-sextets and isolated double bonds is obtained using the Y-rule. The frontier orbitals optical transition is calculated with the ZINDO/S method. Within a FAR family an increment of π-sextets produces and increase of the HOMO-LUMO energy-gap. There is a linear relationship between the Y-rule mapping (percentage of fraction of π-sextet bond divided by nFAR) and the HOMO-LUMO energy-gap. In addition, the effect on the frontier orbitals energy-gap and on the π-electronic allocation due to the presence of N and S is negligible; therefore, to reach conclusions related to the asphaltene-PAH based on conclusions reached for PAH systems, with no heteroatoms, is a reasonable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosadara Ruiz-Morales
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City, 07730, Mexico
| | - Fernando Alvarez-Ramírez
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City, 07730, Mexico
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6
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Abstract
Despite its great explanatory power in understanding the chemistry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and related systems, the Clar sextet rule still remains an intuitive and qualitative model with notable exceptions in some cases. Here we develop a quantitative theory of chemical resonance based on semilocalized Clar-type resonance structures (named the Clar resonators) consisting of variable numbers of Clar sextets and C═C bonds. The constructed wave functions of the Clar resonators are used to expand the actual wave function of the π-conjugated system obtained from a DFT or Hartree-Fock calculation. The resultant weights and one-electron energies of the Clar resonators can serve as a quantitative measure of the importance of these resonators. Implementing the theory in our open-source python code EzReson and applying it to over a thousand PAH molecules of different sizes and shapes, we show that the weight of the Clar resonators increases exponentially with increasing number of sextets and that their energy decreases linearly with the latter, thus confirming the general validity of the Clar rule. On the basis of such a large-scale resonance analysis, we propose three extended Clar rules, along with a unified quantitative model, that are able to evaluate the importance of all Clar resonators and the ring aromaticity for PAHs. Using the present theories, we uncover the essential role that the minor Clar resonators may play in correctly understanding the resonance stabilization and local aromaticity of rings, which was totally overlooked in the original Clar model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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7
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Wen Z, Karas LJ, Wu JIC. Hydrogen bonding interactions can decrease clar sextet character in acridone pigments. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9619-9623. [PMID: 34708853 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01720a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computed nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS), contour plots of isotropic magnetic shielding (IMS), and gauge-including magnetically induced current (GIMIC) plots suggest that polarization of the π-system of acridones may perturb the numbers and positions of Clar sextet rings. Decreasing numbers of Clar sextets are connected to experimental observations of a narrowing HOMO-LUMO gap and increased charge mobility in solid-state assemblies of quinacridone and epindolidione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
| | - Lucas José Karas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
| | - Judy I-Chia Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
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8
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Artigas A, Hagebaum-Reignier D, Carissan Y, Coquerel Y. Visualizing electron delocalization in contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13092-13100. [PMID: 34745540 PMCID: PMC8513938 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron delocalization in contorted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules was examined through 3D isotropic magnetic shielding (IMS) contour maps built around the molecules using pseudo-van der Waals surfaces. The resulting maps of electron delocalization provided an intuitive, yet detailed and quantitative evaluation of the aromatic, non aromatic, and antiaromatic character of the local and global conjugated cyclic circuits distributed over the molecules. An attractive pictural feature of the 3D IMS contour maps is that they are reminiscent of the Clar π-sextet model of aromaticity. The difference in delocalization patterns between the two faces of the electron circuits in contorted PAHs was clearly visualized. For π-extended contorted PAHs, some splits of the π system resulted in recognizable patterns typical of smaller PAHs. The differences between the delocalization patterns of diastereomeric chiral PAHs could also be visualized. Mapping IMS on pseudo-van der Waals surfaces around contorted PAHs allowed visualization of their superimposed preferred circuits for electron delocalization and hence their local and global aromaticity patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Artigas
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2 13397 Marseille France
| | | | - Yannick Carissan
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2 13397 Marseille France
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, ISM2 13397 Marseille France
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9
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Lampkin BJ, Karadakov PB, VanVeller B. Detailed Visualization of Aromaticity Using Isotropic Magnetic Shielding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames IA 50011 USA
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10
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Lampkin BJ, Karadakov PB, VanVeller B. Detailed Visualization of Aromaticity Using Isotropic Magnetic Shielding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19275-19281. [PMID: 33448542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
For many years, Clar's aromatic sextet theory has served as a qualitative method for assessing the aromatic character of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A new approach, based on the calculation of isotropic magnetic shielding (IMS) contour plots, is shown to provide a feature-rich picture of aromaticity that is both quantitative yet still easily interpreted. Chemists are visual creatures who are adept at discerning reactivity and chemical behavior from molecular structures. To quote Roald Hoffmann, "People like pictures. Chemists live off them." Thus, the detailed image analysis we present simultaneously provides quantitative assessment of electronic structure, which is still easy-to-understand through visual inspection, embedded in an aesthetically appealing and intuitive picture that draws the reader in. We provide novel computed IMS contour plots for a representative selection of aromatic molecules. Where Clar's static drawings capture only a partial sketch of the electronic properties of a molecule, IMS contour plots present a detailed, global landscape of a molecule that sums all possible resonance structures. This novel analysis allows us to correct certain drawbacks of Clar's analysis with respect to polycyclic aromatics and quantitatively assess the bonding and electronic structure of acene hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Peter B Karadakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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11
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Mitra A, Jana G, Agrawal P, Sural S, Chattaraj PK. Integrating firefly algorithm with density functional theory for global optimization of Al42− clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-2550-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Mansouri E, Yousefi V, Ebrahimi V, Eyvazi S, Hejazi MS, Mahdavi M, Mesbahi A, Tarhriz V. Overview of ultraviolet‐based methods used in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons analysis and measurement. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mansouri
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterBiomedicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Vahid Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterBiomedicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Vida Ebrahimi
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterBiomedicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Department of BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterBiomedicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- School of Advanced Biomedical SciencesTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Mehri Mahdavi
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterBiomedicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Asghar Mesbahi
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterBiomedicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research CenterBiomedicine InstituteTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyFaculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
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13
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Wen Z, Wu JIC. Antiaromaticity gain increases the potential for n-type charge transport in hydrogen-bonded π-conjugated cores. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2008-2011. [PMID: 31961352 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory computations suggest that formally non-aromatic organic dyes, like diketopyrrolopyrrole, naphthodipyrrolidone, indigo, and isoindigo, show increased [4n] π-antiaromatic character and decreased LUMO orbital energies upon hydrogen bonding, making them suitable molecular candidates for applications in n-type organic field effect transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wen
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry, USA.
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14
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Alvarez-Ramírez F, Ruiz-Morales Y. Database of Nuclear Independent Chemical Shifts (NICS) versus NICSZZ of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). J Chem Inf Model 2019; 60:611-620. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez-Ramírez
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City 07730, Mexico
| | - Yosadara Ruiz-Morales
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City 07730, Mexico
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15
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Aggregation Behavior of Model Asphaltenes Revealed from Large-Scale Coarse-Grained Molecular Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:2380-2396. [PMID: 30735393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fully atomistic simulations of models of asphaltenes in simple solvents have allowed the study of trends in aggregation phenomena to understand the underlying role played by molecular structure. The detail included at this scale of molecular modeling is, however, at odds with the required spatial and temporal resolution needed to fully understand asphaltene aggregation. The computational cost required to explore the relevant scales can be reduced by employing coarse-grained (CG) models, which consist of lumping a few atoms into a single segment that is characterized by effective interactions. In this work, CG force fields developed via the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT-γ) [ Müller , E. A. ; Jackson , G. Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng. 5 , 2014 , 405 - 427 ] equation of state (EoS) provide a reliable pathway to link the molecular description with macroscopic thermophysical data. A recent modification of the SAFT-VR EoS [ Müller , E. A. ; Mejía , A. Langmuir 33 , 2017 , 11518 - 11529 ], which allows for the parameterization of homonuclear rings, is selected as the starting point to develop CG models for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The new aromatic-core models, along with others published for simpler organic molecules, are adopted for the construction of asphaltene models by combining different chemical moieties in a group-contribution fashion. We apply the procedure to two previously reported asphaltene models and perform molecular dynamics simulations to validate the coarse-grained representation against benchmark systems of 27 asphaltenes in a pure solvent (toluene or heptane) described in a fully atomistic fashion. An excellent match between both levels of description is observed for the cluster size, radii of gyration, and relative-shape-anisotropy-factor distributions. We exploit the advantages of the CG representation by simulating systems containing up to 2000 asphaltene molecules in an explicit solvent investigating the effect of asphaltene concentration, solvent composition, and temperature on aggregation. By studying large systems facilitated by the use of CG models, we observe stable continuous distributions of molecular aggregates at conditions away from the two-phase precipitation point. As a further example application, a widely accepted interpretation of cluster-size distributions in asphaltenic systems is challenged by performing system-size tests, reversibility checks, and a time-dependence analysis. The proposed coarse-graining procedure is seen to be general and predictive and, hence, can be applied to other asphaltenic molecular structures.
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16
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Titaley IA, Walden DM, Dorn SE, Ogba OM, Massey Simonich SL, Cheong PHY. Evaluating Computational and Structural Approaches to Predict Transformation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1595-1607. [PMID: 30571095 PMCID: PMC7112720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) undergo transformation reactions with atmospheric photochemical oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals (OH•), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3). The most common PAH-transformation products (PAH-TPs) are nitrated, oxygenated, and hydroxylated PAHs (NPAHs, OPAHs, and OHPAHs, respectively), some of which are known to pose potential human health concerns. We sampled four theoretical approaches for predicting the location of reactive sites on PAHs (i.e., the carbon where atmospheric oxidants attack), and hence the chemoselectivity of the PAHs. All computed results are based on density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G(d) optimized structures and energies). The four approaches are (1) Clar's prediction of aromatic resonance structures, (2) thermodynamic stability of all OHPAH adduct intermediates, (3) computed atomic charges (Natural Bond order, ChelpG, and Mulliken) at each carbon on the PAH, and (4) average local ionization energy (ALIE) at atom or bond sites. To evaluate the accuracy of these approaches, the predicted PAH-TPs were compared to published laboratory observations of major NPAH, OPAH, and OHPAH products in both gas and particle phases. We found that the Clar's resonance structures were able to predict the least stable rings on the PAHs but did not offer insights in terms of which individual carbon is most reactive. The OHPAH adduct thermodynamics and the ALIE approaches were the most accurate when compared to laboratory data, showing great potential for predicting the formation of previously unstudied PAH-TPs that are likely to form in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A. Titaley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Daniel M. Walden
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Shelby E. Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - O. Maduka Ogba
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Staci L. Massey Simonich
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331 USA
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17
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Poidevin C, Paciok P, Heggen M, Auer AA. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and electronic structure theory investigation of platinum nanoparticles on carbon black. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:041705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5047666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Poidevin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Paul Paciok
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy With Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy With Electrons and Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander A. Auer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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18
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Solà M. Connecting and combining rules of aromaticity. Towards a unified theory of aromaticity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Chemistry Department Universitat de Girona Girona Spain
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19
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Kasun ZA, Sato H, Nie J, Mori Y, Bender JA, Roberts ST, Krische MJ. Alternating oligo( o, p-phenylenes) via ruthenium catalyzed diol-diene benzannulation: orthogonality to cross-coupling enables de novo nanographene and PAH construction. Chem Sci 2018; 9:7866-7873. [PMID: 30429996 PMCID: PMC6194800 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium(0) catalyzed diol-diene benzannulation is applied to the conversion of oligo(p-phenylene vinylenes) 2a-c, 5 and 6 to alternating oligo(o,p-phenylenes) 10a-c, 11-13. Orthogonality with respect to conventional palladium catalyzed biaryl cross-coupling permits construction of p-bromo-terminated alternating oligo(o,p-phenylenes) 10b, 11-13, which can be engaged in Suzuki cross-coupling and Scholl oxidation. In this way, structurally homogeneous nanographenes 16a-f are prepared. Nanographene 16a, which incorporates 14 fused benzene rings, was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. In a similar fashion, p-bromo-terminated oligo(p-phenylene ethane diol) 9, which contains a 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene core, is converted to the soluble, structurally homogeneous hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene 18. A benzothiophene-terminated pentamer 10c was prepared and subjected to Scholl oxidation to furnish the helical bis(benzothiophene)-fused picene derivative 14. The steady-state absorption and emission properties of nanographenes 14, 16a,b,d,e,h and 18 were characterized. These studies illustrate how orthogonality of ruthenium(0) catalyzed diol-diene benzannulation with respect to classical biaryl cross-coupling streamlines oligophenylene and nanographene construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Kasun
- University of Texas at Austin , Department of Chemistry , Austin , TX 78712 , USA . ;
| | - Hiroki Sato
- University of Texas at Austin , Department of Chemistry , Austin , TX 78712 , USA . ;
| | - Jing Nie
- University of Texas at Austin , Department of Chemistry , Austin , TX 78712 , USA . ;
| | - Yasuyuki Mori
- University of Texas at Austin , Department of Chemistry , Austin , TX 78712 , USA . ;
| | - Jon A Bender
- University of Texas at Austin , Department of Chemistry , Austin , TX 78712 , USA . ;
| | - Sean T Roberts
- University of Texas at Austin , Department of Chemistry , Austin , TX 78712 , USA . ;
| | - Michael J Krische
- University of Texas at Austin , Department of Chemistry , Austin , TX 78712 , USA . ;
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20
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Pomerantz AE, Crace E, Weng TC, Sokaras D, Nordlund D. Carbon Core Electron Spectra of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5730-5734. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan Crace
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Center for High Pressure Science & Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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21
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Oña-Ruales JO, Ruiz-Morales Y, Alvarez-Ramírez F, Wilson WB, Wise SA. The Influence of Aromaticity in Gas Chromatography Retention: The Case of Polycyclic Aromatic Sulfur Heterocycles. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3465-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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23
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Adkins EM, Miller JH. Towards a taxonomy of topology for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons: linking electronic and molecular structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:28458-28469. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Trends linking topology of PAH to their electronic properties are reported, evaluating how HOMO–LUMO gap depends on structure and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Adkins
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St
- Washington
- USA
| | - J. Houston Miller
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St
- Washington
- USA
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24
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Karton A. How reliable is DFT in predicting relative energies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers? comparison of functionals from different rungs of jacob's ladder. J Comput Chem 2016; 38:370-382. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Karton
- School of Chemistry and BiochemistryThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern Australia 6009 Australia
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25
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Identification and quantification of seven fused aromatic rings C26H14 peri-condensed benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from coal tar. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1442:83-93. [PMID: 26976350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A methodology for the characterization of groups of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using a combination of normal phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (NPLC/UV-vis) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the identification and quantification of seven fused aromatic rings C26H14 peri-condensed benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, in standard reference material (SRM) 1597a, complex mixture of PAHs from coal tar. The NPLC/UV-vis isolated the fractions based on the number of aromatic carbons and the GC/MS allowed the identification and quantification of five of the nine C26H14 PAH isomers; naphtho[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,pqr]perylene, naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, and dibenzo[cd,lm]perylene using a retention time comparison with authentic reference standards. For the other four benzenoid isomers with no available reference standards the following two approaches were used. First, the annellation theory was used to achieve the potential identification of benzo[qr]naphtho[3,2,1,8-defg]chrysene, and second, the elution distribution in the GC fractions was used to support the potential identification of benzo[qr]naphtho[3,2,1,8-defg]chrysene and to reach the tentative identifications of dibenzo[a,ghi]perylene, naphtho[7,8,1,2,3-pqrst]pentaphene, and anthra[2,1,9,8-opqra]naphthacene. It is the first time that naphtho[1,2,3,4-ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,ghi]perylene, dibenzo[b,pqr]perylene, naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, and dibenzo[cd,lm]perylene are quantified, and the first time that benzo[qr]naphtho[3,2,1,8-defg]chrysene is potentially identified, in any sample, in any context.
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26
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Martín-Martínez FJ, Fini EH, Buehler MJ. Molecular asphaltene models based on Clar sextet theory. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra05694a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asphaltene isomers proposed using Clar sextet theory. the new arrangement of aromatic rings optimizes the location of pi-sextets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Martín-Martínez
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Elham H. Fini
- Department of Civil
- Architectural and Environmental Engineering
- North Carolina A&T State University
- Greensboro
- USA
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM)
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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27
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Oña-Ruales JO, Ruiz-Morales Y. Extended Y-Rule Method for the Characterization of the Aromatic Sextets in Cata-Condensed Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:12262-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510180j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O. Oña-Ruales
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yosadara Ruiz-Morales
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City 07730, Mexico
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28
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Oña-Ruales JO, Ruiz-Morales Y. The Predictive Power of the Annellation Theory: The Case of the C32H16 Benzenoid Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5212-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge O. Oña-Ruales
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yosadara Ruiz-Morales
- Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, Mexico City 07730, Mexico
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29
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Bhattacharya D, Panda A, Misra A, Klein DJ. Clar Theory Extended for Polyacenes and Beyond. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4325-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502235p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Panda
- MARS, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77553, United States
- Department of Chemistry, J. K. College-Purulia, Post & District - Purulia, 723101, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Misra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, 734013, West Bengal, India
| | - Douglas J. Klein
- MARS, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77553, United States
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30
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Antony J, Alameddine B, Jenny TA, Grimme S. Theoretical Study of the Stacking Behavior of Selected Polycondensed Aromatic Hydrocarbons with Various Symmetries. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:616-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3075207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Antony
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße
4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bassam Alameddine
- Department of Mathematics and
Natural Sciences, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally 32093, Kuwait
| | - Titus A. Jenny
- Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700
Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstraße
4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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31
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Ośmiałowski B, Krygowski TM, Dominikowska J, Palusiak M. The effect of benzoannulation on the transition state and the proton transfer equilibrium in di(2-pyridyl)methane derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20108e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Asphaltenes, the most aromatic of the heaviest components of crude oil, are critical to all aspects of petroleum utilization, including reservoir characterization, production, transportation, refining, upgrading, paving, and coating materials. The asphaltenes, which are solid, have or impart crucial and often deleterious attributes in fluids such as high viscosity, emulsion stability, low distillate yields, and inopportune phase separation. Nevertheless, fundamental uncertainties had precluded a first-principles approach to asphaltenes until now. Recently, asphaltene science has undergone a renaissance; many basic molecular and nanocolloidal properties have been resolved and codified in the modified Yen model (also known as the Yen-Mullins model), thereby enabling predictive asphaltene science. Advances in analytical chemistry, especially mass spectrometry, enable the identification of tens of thousands of distinct chemical species in crude oils and asphaltenes. These and other powerful advances in asphaltene science fall under the banner of petroleomics, which incorporates predictive petroleum science and provides a framework for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Mullins
- Schlumberger-Doll Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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33
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Ruiz-Morales Y. Aromaticity in pericondensed cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined by density functional theory nucleus-independent chemical shifts and the Y-rule — Implications in oil asphaltene stability. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the stability of the fused aromatic region (FAR) in oil asphaltenes in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic stability is primary. Such an understanding is important if we are to get the optimal use from the heavy fraction of any crude oil. The FAR region is composed of pericondensed cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (CPPAHs) with N, S, and O heteroatoms. The Clar model, which states that the most important representation of a PAH is one having the maximum number of disjoint π-sextets, depicted by inscribed circles, and a minimum number of fixed double bonds, captures the essence of the kinetic and thermodynamic stability arguments. This model is readily employed for complex aromatics of the sort to be considered for asphaltenes. In the present research we prove that the aromaticity of CPPAHs can be assessed by using the qualitative easy-to-apply Y-rule. In the literature, it is proven that the Y-rule is applicable to elucidate the aromaticity of benzenoid PAHs and it has been validated for pericondensed benzenoid PAHs but not for pericondensed CPPAHs. Here, we verify that it is applicable for CPPAHs. The applicability of the Y-rule has been theoretically proven by comparing the π-electronic distribution obtained with it with the one obtained from nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. The importance of doing this is that due to the polydispersity in the composition of the oil asphaltenes, and to understand their aromatic core structure, it is necessary to be able to asses the aromaticity of many cyclopenta-fused PAHs (possibly more than 500), of different sizes (up to 15 rings between hexagons and pentagons), and different spatial rearrangements in a quick but realistic and effective way. To try to do this with NICS will be very time consuming and computationally expensive, especially in the case of big systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosadara Ruiz-Morales
- Programa de Ingeniería Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, México D.F. 07730, México. (e-mail: )
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Abstract
Eric Clar's ideas concerning "aromatic sextets" are extended to a quantitative format in terms of a polynomial called the "Clar 2-nomial", along with related derivative quantities. The quantification is successfully tested to make correlations with a selection of numerical data, including resonance energies, bond lengths, and NICS ring-aromaticity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Misra
- Texas A&M University at Galveston, MARS, 5007 Avenue U, Texas 77551, USA.
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35
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Langer P, Amiri S, Bodtke A, Saleh NNR, Weisz K, Görls H, Schreiner PR. 3,5,7,9-Substituted Hexaazaacridines: Toward Structures with Nearly Degenerate Singlet−Triplet Energy Separations. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5048-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8005123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Langer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Shadi Amiri
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Anja Bodtke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Nehad N. R. Saleh
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Klaus Weisz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
| | - Peter R. Schreiner
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany, Institut für Organische Chemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany, Institut für Biochemie, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 18, D
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Feixas F, Matito E, Poater J, Solà M. On the performance of some aromaticity indices: A critical assessment using a test set. J Comput Chem 2008; 29:1543-54. [PMID: 18270958 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Feixas
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Puchta R, Eldik R. Host–guest complexes of mixed glycol-phenanthroline cryptands: prediction of ion selectivity by quantum chemical calculations IV. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-007-9388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Hannisdal A, Orr R, Sjöblom J. Viscoelastic Properties of Crude Oil Components at Oil‐Water Interfaces. 2: Comparison of 30 Oils. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01932690601107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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McClaine JW, Oña JO, Wornat MJ. Identification of a new C28H14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as a product of supercritical fuel pyrolysis: Tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:175-83. [PMID: 17098241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene has been identified as a product of the supercritical pyrolysis of both toluene and Fischer-Tropsch synthetic jet fuel. This identification is based on HPLC/UV/MS data, which show that compound I, eluting immediately after five other C28H14 isomers, is also a C28H14 PAH. The UV spectrum of compound I has features of a benzenoid PAH, of which there are only eight C28H14 isomers. Four of these isomers--benzo[a]coronene, phenanthro[5,4,3,2-efghi]perylene, benzo[cd]naphtho[3,2,1,8-pqra]perylene, and benzo[pqr]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene--have already been identified as supercritical pyrolysis products by matching their UV spectra with those of respective reference standards. A fifth C28H14 PAH--benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, which does not have a reference standard--has also been recently identified through MS and UV data, use of annellation theory to predict UV spectral characteristics, and length-to-breadth ratio/retention time data. Of the remaining three isomers, bisanthene (IUPAC name phenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene) has been determined not to be present in our product mixture, as its UV spectrum does not match that of any of our product PAH. Using annellation theory, we predict the UV spectral characteristics of the two remaining C28H14 benzenoid isomers, for which there are no reference standards (tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene and naphthaceno[3,4,5,6,7-defghij]naphthacene). Results from this analysis show that the predicted UV spectral features of tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene match those of compound I--and that those of naphthaceno[3,4,5,6,7-defghij]naphthacene are inconsistent with those of compound I. The length-to-breadth ratio of tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene also agrees with compound I's HPLC elution behavior. This is the first time that tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene (IUPAC name phenanthro[2,1,10,9,8,7-pqrstuv]pentaphene) has been identified as a product of fuel pyrolysis or combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W McClaine
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, South Stadium Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Sebastiani D. Current Densities and Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift Maps from Reciprocal-Space Density Functional Perturbation Theory Calculations. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:164-75. [PMID: 16331722 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A method to calculate condensed-matter nucleus independent chemical shift maps (NICS maps) from first principles in the framework of density functional theory is presented. I use a pseudopotential plane-wave approach in which the electronic current density and the NICS map are obtained from an inverse Fourier transformation of the induced magnetic field represented in reciprocal space (G space). Due to its intrinsically periodic description, the method is suitable for isolated molecules (by using a supercell technique) and for condensed-phase systems like solids. The periodic NICS method was applied to hydrogen-bonded calixhydroquinone nanotubes, crystalline graphite, and two carbon nanotube systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sebastiani
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Dias JR. What Do We Know about C28H14 and C30H14 Benzenoid Hydrocarbons and Their Evolution to Related Polymer Strips? J Chem Inf Model 2006; 46:788-800. [PMID: 16563010 DOI: 10.1021/ci050298i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While critically reviewing the current status of what is known about C28H14 and C30H14 benzenoid isomers, which are ubiquitous pyrolytic constituents, some new insights will be presented. Representative isomers belonging to these benzenoid hydrocarbons are at the crossroads to homologous series that extend to infinite polymer strips that have been the object of numerous molecular modeling studies. The goal of these studies is to understand their potential electronic properties for material science applications. Along the way, some prior numerical results are supplemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Ray Dias
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri 64110-2499, USA.
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44
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Chen Z, Wannere CS, Corminboeuf C, Puchta R, Schleyer PVR. Nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) as an aromaticity criterion. Chem Rev 2005; 105:3842-88. [PMID: 16218569 DOI: 10.1021/cr030088+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2284] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongfang Chen
- Computational Chemistry Annex, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2525, USA.
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45
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Güell M, Poater J, Luis JM, Mó O, Yáñez M, Solà M. Aromaticity Analysis of Lithium Cation/ π Complexes of Aromatic Systems. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2552-61. [PMID: 16294351 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The changes in the local aromaticity of aromatic rings on complexation with lithium cation are discussed for a series of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by using, as probes of aromaticity, the para-delocalization index (PDI), the aromatic fluctuation index (FLU), the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity index (HOMA), and the nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS). In most cases, changes in the electronically based PDI and FLU indices are almost irrelevant. For this reason, the analysis is carried out mainly with the more sensitive HOMA and NICS descriptors. These indices indicate that changes in the local aromatic character of the different rings are small. In general, Li+ interacts more favorably with the ring having the largest pi charge, but there is no correlation between these magnitudes. The ring directly interacting with the lithium cation suffers a slight but significant reduction of aromaticity, while the reduction of the local aromaticity of the adjacent rings is minor. For those rings located further away from the ring directly connected to Li+, we found generally a small increase in aromaticity. Although there is no clear correlation between aromaticity and Li+ binding enthalpies, there is a rough correlation between the latter and the change in the aromaticity of the ring directly interacting with the metal cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Güell
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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46
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Randić M, Balaban AT. Partitioning of π-Electrons in Rings for Clar Structures of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons. J Chem Inf Model 2005; 46:57-64. [PMID: 16426040 DOI: 10.1021/ci050196s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resonance structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can be associated with numerical formulas by assigning pi-electrons of C=C double bonds to individual benzenoid rings. Each C=C double bond in a resonance structure assigns two pi-electrons to a ring in a fused-benzenoid system if it is not shared by adjacent rings and one pi-electron when it is common to two rings, obtaining thus a "local" characterization of rings in polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons. In the present contribution we extend this approach to the aromatic pi-sextet model of Clar, which offers an alternative description of benzenoid hydrocarbons. In this model local characteristics of individual benzenoid rings are based on partitioning of pi-electrons but only for those resonance structures (fewer in number) that contribute to Clar's formula of benzenoid hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Randić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia, and Texas A&M University Galveston, 77551, USA
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47
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Portella G, Poater J, Solà M. Assessment of Clar's aromatic π-sextet rule by means of PDI, NICS and HOMA indicators of local aromaticity. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Dias JR. PHENYL SUBSTITUTED BENZENOID HYDROCARBONS—RELATIONSHIPS OF THE LEAPFROG ALGORITHM IN REGARD TO CLAR'S SEXTET RULE, STRAIN–FREE, AND PERIMETER TOPOLOGY CONCEPTS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630590912572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Castro C, Chen Z, Wannere CS, Jiao H, Karney WL, Mauksch M, Puchta R, Hommes NJRVE, Schleyer PVR. Investigation of a Putative Möbius Aromatic Hydrocarbon. The Effect of Benzannelation on Möbius [4n]Annulene Aromaticity. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2425-32. [PMID: 15724997 DOI: 10.1021/ja0458165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first experimental example of a [4n]annulene derivative with one Mobius twist, 1, was synthesized recently [Ajami, D.; Oeckler, O.; Simon, A.; Herges, R. Nature 2003, 426, 819] and was purported to possess aromatic character. However, critical analysis of the published crystallographic data indicates that the Mobius [16]annulene core of 1 shows large bond alternation (Deltar up to 0.157 A). Delocalization in this core is inhibited by large dihedral angles, which hinders effective pi overlap. This conclusion is supported by computational results (B3LYP/6-311+G) on 1 and several less benzannelated derivatives, based on geometric (Deltar, Deltar(m), Julg A, HOMA) and magnetic (NICS, magnetic susceptibility exaltation) criteria of aromaticity. That benzannelation results in bond localization in the [16]annulene core is shown by additional computations on benzannelated derivatives of other Mobius aromatic species. Additionally, the aromatic stabilization energy (ASE) of 1 has been reinvestigated using two different procedures. Evaluation of uncorrected ISE(II) values of just the polyene bridge portion of 1 and its Huckel counterpart suggests that stabilization of 1 relative to its Huckel isomer is confined to the polyene bridge and is not due to a delocalized pi circuit. Furthermore, application of s-cis/s-trans corrections lowers the ISE(II) value of 1 from 4.0 kcal/mol to 0.6 kcal/mol, suggesting that 1 is nonaromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Francisco, 2130 Fulton Street, San Francisco, California 94117-1080, USA.
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