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Zhao D, He X, Li M, Wang B, Guo C, Rong C, Chattaraj PK, Liu S. Density functional theory studies of boron clusters with exotic properties in bonding, aromaticity and reactivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:24118-24124. [PMID: 34730137 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomic clusters are unique in many perspectives because of their size and structure features and are continuously being applied for different purposes. To unveil their unconventional properties, in this work, using neutral tetraboron clusters as illustrative examples, we study their exotic behaviors in bonding, aromaticity, and reactivity. We show that both double and triple bonds can be formed, ring current patterns can be totally different, and both electrophilic and nucleophilic reactivities can coexist simultaneously. These features are often in contrast with our conventional chemical wisdom and could enrich the possibility for their potential applications. The methodologies employed in this work can be readily applied to other systems. Our studies should help us better appreciate atomic clusters with many atypical properties and henceforth yield novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Zhao
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Yunnan University, Chenggong District, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, P. R. China.
| | - Xin He
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Chunna Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Chunying Rong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, P. R. China.
| | - Pratim K Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Shubin Liu
- Research Computing Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3420, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-3290, USA
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Schiel MA, García de la Concepción J, Domini CE, Cintas P, Silbestri GF. Formation of S-alkyl thiophenium ionic liquids: mechanistic rationale and structural relationships. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7772-7781. [PMID: 31389448 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The quaternization of thiophenes through S-alkylation reactions with iodoalkanes in the presence of silver salts opens the door to a new family of room-temperature ionic liquids, yet relatively unexplored in terms of chemical reactivity and applications. This computational study provides a mechanistic rationale that accounts for their formation. The results are consistent with the calculated energy barriers of the corresponding transition structures. Calculations indicate that the geometry at the sulfur atom goes from flat to tetrahedral during salt formation, and the electron delocalization of thiophene is greatly reduced, if not lost, as inferred from aromaticity indexes. Moreover, the rationale explains the influence of polarizable anions on S-alkylation and why alkyl substitution at the α-position of thiophenes gives rise to more stable species than unsubstituted derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Schiel
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Juan García de la Concepción
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Claudia E Domini
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
| | - Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, and IACYS-Unidad de Química Verde y Desarrollo Sostenible, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gustavo F Silbestri
- INQUISUR, Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona Girona, Spain
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Krygowski TM, Szatylowicz H, Stasyuk OA, Dominikowska J, Palusiak M. Aromaticity from the viewpoint of molecular geometry: application to planar systems. Chem Rev 2014; 114:6383-422. [PMID: 24779633 DOI: 10.1021/cr400252h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz M Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University , Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Moock KH, Wong KM, Boeré RT. 1,5,2,4,6,8-Dithiatetrazocine. Synthesis, computation, crystallography and voltammetry of the parent heterocycle. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:11599-604. [PMID: 21956480 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt11418b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prototypal 1,5,2,4,6,8-dithiatetrazocine has been synthesized for the first time by two routes: reaction of 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolium chloride with N,N,N'-tris(trimethylsilyl)formamidine in acetonitrile and reaction of 1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl radical with dioxygen in solution. Yields are low but single crystals could be obtained for an X-ray crystal structure determination which shows it to have the planar delocalized structure predicted by B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) hybrid DFT calculations. The crystal structure is strongly reminiscent of that of benzene in the same Pbca space group. Aromaticity is demonstrated by a (1)H NMR chemical shift of +9.70 ppm indicative of diamagnetic ring shielding and an intense low-energy optical absorption with λ(max) = 349 nm (MeOH). The voltammetric behaviour of the title compound is compared with that of 1,3λ(4)δ(2),5,2,4-trithiadiazepine; both resist electrochemical oxidation and reduction over a wide potential range as is typical for aromatic heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus H Moock
- Moock Environmental Solutions Ltd., 6a Mid Road, Blairlinn Industrial Estate, Cumbernauld, G67 2TT, UK.
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Alonso M, Herradón B. Substituent effects on the aromaticity of carbocyclic five-membered rings. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:1305-17. [DOI: 10.1039/b917343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Aromatic stability energy studies on five-membered heterocyclic C4H4M (M = O, S, Se, Te, NH, PH, AsH and SbH): DFT calculations. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-008-0169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Feixas F, Matito E, Poater J, Solà M. On the performance of some aromaticity indices: A critical assessment using a test set. J Comput Chem 2008; 29:1543-54. [PMID: 18270958 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Feixas
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Tersago K, Matuska V, Van Alsenoy C, Slawin AMZ, Woollins JD, Blockhuys F. Structure, bonding, aromaticity and reactivity of Roesky's sulfoxide. Dalton Trans 2007:4529-35. [PMID: 17928910 DOI: 10.1039/b706659g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and crystal structure of 1-oxo-1,2,4,3,5-trithiadiazole () has been studied experimentally by the determination of the crystal structure and theoretically at the DFT/B1B95/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory. The combination of the geometrical data with a number of properties of the title compound, consisting of orbital topologies, Hirshfeld charges and bond orders, aromaticity parameters and Fukui functions, led to a description of its structure, aromaticity and reactivity. In addition, the nature of the long sulfur-sulfur bond has been investigated. The bands in newly recorded infrared and Raman spectra have been assigned to the normal vibrations of the molecule, based on calculated vibrational data. The results of theoretical calculations of the 14N NMR chemical shifts have been compared to the experimentally obtained shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Tersago
- University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Alonso M, Herradón B. Neural Networks as a Tool To Classify Compounds According to Aromaticity Criteria. Chemistry 2007; 13:3913-23. [PMID: 17323387 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry, with many theoretical and practical implications. Although most organic compounds can be categorized as aromatic, non-aromatic, or antiaromatic, it is often difficult to classify borderline compounds as well as to quantify this property. Many aromaticity criteria have been proposed, although none of them gives an entirely satisfactory solution. The inability to fully arrange organic compounds according to a single criterion arises from the fact that aromaticity is a multidimensional phenomenon. Neural networks are computational techniques that allow one to treat a large amount of data, thereby reducing the dimensionality of the input set to a bidimensional output. We present the successful applications of Kohonen's self-organizing maps to classify organic compounds according to aromaticity criteria, showing a good correlation between the aromaticity of a compound and its placement in a particular neuron. Although the input data for the training of the network were different aromaticity criteria (stabilization energy, diamagnetic susceptibility, NICS, NICS(1), and HOMA) for five-membered heterocycles, the method can be extended to other organic compounds. Some useful features of this method are: 1) it is very fast, requiring less than one minute of computational time to place a new compound in the map; 2) the placement of the different compounds in the map is conveniently visualized; 3) the position of a compound in the map depends on its aromatic character, thus allowing us to establish a quantitative scale of aromaticity, based on Euclidean distances between neurons, 4) it has predictive power. Overall, the results reported herein constitute a significant contribution to the longstanding debate on the quantitative treatment of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Alonso
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General, C.S.I.C. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Makarov AY, Tersago K, Nivesanond K, Blockhuys F, Van Alsenoy C, Kovalev MK, Bagryanskaya IY, Gatilov YV, Shakirov MM, Zibarev AV. 5,6,7,8-Tetrafluoro-3λ4δ2,1,2,4-benzothiaselenadiazine, 5,6,7,8-Tetrafluoro-1,3λ4δ2,2,4-benzodithiadiazine, and Their Hydrocarbon Analogues: Molecular and Crystal Structures. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:2221-8. [PMID: 16499387 DOI: 10.1021/ic051534+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
5,6,7,8-Tetrafluoro-3lambda4delta2,1,2,4-benzothiaselenadiazine (1) is prepared by the intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization of C6F5SeN=S=NSiMe3 (2) mediated by CsF. According to an X-ray diffraction analysis, the heterocycle of 1 is bent along the Se(1)...N4 line by 6.0(2) degrees in the crystal. Despite the obvious similarities between 1 and its 1,3-dithia analogue (7) with respect to molecular composition and shape, the crystal packing of 1 is substantially different from that of 7. An interesting consequence of this is the inclusion of atmospheric N2 in the crystal lattice of the selenium derivative 1. The molecular structure and bonding of 1 have been investigated using quantum-chemical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311+G level of theory, and the results have been compared to those of 5,6,7,8-tetrafluoro-1,3lambda4delta2,2,4-benzodithiadiazine (7) and their hydrocarbon analogues (5 and 8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu Makarov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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