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Lim DJ. Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3955. [PMID: 34833254 PMCID: PMC8618133 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB) has been used in the textile industry since it was first extracted by the German chemist Heinrich Caro. Its pharmacological properties have also been applied toward the treatment of certain diseases such as methemoglobinemia, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and thyroid conditions requiring surgery. Recently, the utilization of MB as a safe photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received attention. Recent findings demonstrate that photoactivated MB exhibits not only anticancer activity but also antibacterial activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, due to the hydrophilic nature of MB, it is difficult to create MB-embedded nano- or microparticles capable of increasing the clinical efficacy of the PDT. This review aims to summarize fabrication techniques for MB-embedded nano and microparticles and to provide both in vitro and in vivo examples of MB-mediated PDT, thereby offering a future perspective on improving this promising clinical treatment modality. We also address examples of MB-mediated PDT in both cancer and infection treatments. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies are summarized here to document recent trends in utilizing MB as an effective photosensitizer in PDT. Lastly, we discuss how developing efficient MB-carrying nano- and microparticle platforms would be able to increase the benefits of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0012, USA
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2
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Elola MD, Rodriguez J. Solvation of Coumarin 480 within nano-confining environments: structure and dynamics. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:034702. [PMID: 25669402 DOI: 10.1063/1.4861586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrium and dynamical characteristics pertaining to the solvation of the fluorescent probe Coumarin 480 within different confining environments are investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Three kinds of confining systems are examined: (i) the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/isooctane/1-hexanol/water; cationic inverse micelle (IM) (ii) a CTAB/water direct micelle (DM), and (iii) a silica-surfactant nanocomposite, comprising a cylindrical silica pore (SP) containing small amounts of water and CTAB species adsorbed at the pore walls. The solvation structures in the three environments differ at a qualitative level: an exchange between bulk- and interface-like solvation states was found in the IM, whereas in the DM, the solvation states of the probe are characterized by its embedding at the interface, trapped among the surfactant heads and tails. Within the SP structure, the coumarin exhibits alternations between internal and interfacial solvation states that occur on a ∼20 ns time scale and operate via 90° rotations of its molecular plane. The solvation responses of the environment following a vertical excitation of the probe are also investigated. Solvation times resulted between 2 and 1000 times longer than those found in bulk water, with a fast-to-slow trend IM→DM→SP, which can be interpreted in terms of the solvation structures that prevail in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Elola
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Rodriguez
- Departamento de Física, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Avenida Libertador 8250, 1429 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rao VG, Ghatak C, Ghosh S, Mandal S, Sarkar N. Ionic-Liquid-Induced Changes in the Properties of Aqueous Zwitterionic Surfactant Solution: Solvent and Rotational Relaxation Studies. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:3690-8. [PMID: 22380872 DOI: 10.1021/jp300544j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Govind Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Chiranjib Ghatak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Surajit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sarthak Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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4
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Solvation dynamics of a surfactant probe in mesostructured silica-surfactant nanocomposites. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Yamaguchi A, Kamijo T, Teramae N. Characterization of the Inner Space of Mesostructured Silica by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2009. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.58.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
| | - Toshio Kamijo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
| | - Norio Teramae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
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Mondal SK, Sahu K, Bhattacharyya K. Study of Biological Assemblies by Ultrafast Fluorescence Spectroscopy. REVIEWS IN FLUORESCENCE 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-88722-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kamijo T, Yamaguchi A, Suzuki S, Teramae N, Itoh T, Ikeda T. Solvation Dynamics of Coumarin 153 in Alcohols Confined in Silica Nanochannels. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:11535-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8034743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Kamijo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, and Research Center for Compact Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, and Research Center for Compact Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Shintaro Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, and Research Center for Compact Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Norio Teramae
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, and Research Center for Compact Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Itoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, and Research Center for Compact Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
| | - Takuji Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan, and Research Center for Compact Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nigatake 4-2-1, Miyagino-ku, Sendai 983-8551, Japan
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Dash S, Mishra S, Patel S, Mishra BK. Organically modified silica: synthesis and applications due to its surface interaction with organic molecules. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 140:77-94. [PMID: 18321464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Silica gels can be chemically modified using organic precursors producing organically modified silica (ORMOSIL), a class of novel materials for hosting varieties of organic and inorganic substrates. Ormosil matrixed materials show an enhanced activity during catalysis, photochemical activities like absorption and emission, electrochemical sensitivities, sensing of gases, solvents, pH of solution and biomolecules, etc. Ormosil-based materials can be used as efficient protective coatings and can be utilized in designing wave guides that can carry out excellent photonic transmission of information. The synthetic and chemical modification of ormosil and some of the above applications have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukalyan Dash
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Engineering, Burla, 768 018, India
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Yamaguchi A, Amino Y, Shima K, Suzuki S, Yamashita T, Teramae N. Local environments of coumarin dyes within mesostructured silica-surfactant nanocomposites. J Phys Chem B 2007; 110:3910-6. [PMID: 16509675 DOI: 10.1021/jp0564086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The local environments surrounding dye molecules were studied with use of coumarin dyes in a mesostructured silica-surfactant nanocomposite, which was formed in a porous alumina membrane by a surfactant-templated method and has an average pore diameter of 3.4 nm. Coumarin dyes, such as coumarin 480 (C480), coumarin 343 (C343), and propylamide coumarin 343 (PAC343), were extracted into the silica-surfactant nanocomposite and time-resolved fluorescence spectra of these dyes were examined. C480 and C343 show slow dynamic Stokes shifts and the decay curve can be fitted by a biexponential function. The decay-time constants obtained from the fitting are almost identical for C480 and C343: 0.87 and 7.5 ns for C480, and 0.86 and 7.6 ns for C343. In contrast to these two coumarin dyes, short decay-time constants (0.50 and 4.8 ns) were obtained for PAC343 in the silica-surfactant nanocomposite. These results indicate that the local environments of C480 and C343 are almost identical but different from that of PAC343. By considering the origin of the dynamic Stokes shift and the mesostructure of the silica-surfactant nanocomposite, the location and microenvironment of coumarin dyes within the silica-surfactant nanocomposite are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamaguchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Ghosh S, Mandal U, Adhikari A, Dey S, Bhattacharyya K. Study of organized and biological systems using an ultrafast laser. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350701416888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Pal S, Bagchi B, Balasubramanian S. Hydration Layer of a Cationic Micelle, C10TAB: Structure, Rigidity, Slow Reorientation, Hydrogen Bond Lifetime, and Solvation Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:12879-90. [PMID: 16852599 DOI: 10.1021/jp0510793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a theoretical study of the structure and dynamics of the water layer (the hydration layer) present at the surface of the cationic micelle decyltrimethylammonium bromide (DeTAB) by using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The simulated micelle consisted of 47 surfactant molecules (and an equal number of bromide ions), in good agreement with the pioneering light scattering experiments by Debye which found an aggregation number of 50. In this micelle, three partially positively charged methyl groups of each surfactant headgroup face the surrounding water. The nature of the cationic micellar surface is found to play an important role in determining the arrangement of water which is quite different from that in the bulk or on the surface of an anionic micelle, like cesium perfluorooctanoate. Water molecules present in the hydration layer are found to be preferentially distributed in the region between the three partially charged methyl headgroups. It is found that both the translational and rotational motions of water exhibit appreciably slower dynamics in the layer than those in the bulk. The solvation time correlation function (TCF) of bromide ions exhibits a long time component which is found to originate primarily from the interaction of the probe with the micellar headgroups. Thus, the decay of the solvation TCF is controlled largely by the residence time of the probe in the surface. The residence time distribution of the water molecules also exhibits a slow time component. We also calculate the collective number density fluctuation in the layer and find a prominent slow component compared to the similar quantity in the bulk. This slow component demonstrates that water structure in the hydration layer is more rigid than that in the bulk. These results demonstrate that the slow dynamics of hydration layer water is generic to macromolecular surfaces of either polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Pal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India, and Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India
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Sen P, Mukherjee S, Patra A, Bhattacharyya K. Solvation Dynamics of DCM in a DPPC Vesicle Entrapped in a Sodium Silicate Derived Sol−Gel Matrix. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:3319-23. [PMID: 16851359 DOI: 10.1021/jp0455327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Solvation dynamics of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6(p-dimethylaminostyryl) 4H-pyran (DCM) has been studied in a dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) vesicle entrapped in a sodium silicate derived sol-gel glass. Solvation dynamics in DPPC in a sol-gel glass is described by two components of 350 +/- 50 ps (50%) and 2300 +/- 200 ps (50%) with a total dynamic Stokes shift of 1300 cm(-1). The fast component (350 ps) is similar to the fast component in a DPPC vesicle in bulk water (320 +/- 50 ps). This component may be ascribed to the dynamics of the water molecules inside the water pool of the vesicle. However, the slow component (2300 +/- 200 ps) is about 2.5 times slower compared to the slow component of solvation dynamics of DCM in a DPPC vesicle in bulk solvent (900 +/- 100 ps). The anisotropy decay of DCM in a DPPC vesicle both in sol-gel glass and in bulk water exhibits a very fast initial decay with a large residual anisotropy, which does not decay in approximately 10 ns. The time scale of anisotropy decay is very different from that of solvation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Sen
- Physical Chemistry Department, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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