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Bertolini S, Delcorte A. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Soft and Reactive Landing of Proteins Desorbed by Argon Cluster Bombardment. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6716-6729. [PMID: 38975731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to investigate the soft and reactive landing of hyperthermal velocity proteins transferred to a vacuum using large argon clusters. Experimentally, the interaction of argon cluster ion beams (Ar1000-5000+) with a target biofilm was previously used in such a manner to transfer lysozymes onto a collector with the retention of their bioactivity, paving the way to a new solvent-free method for complex biosurface nanofabrication. However, the experiments did not give access to a microscopic view of the interactions needed for their full understanding, which can be provided by the MD model. Our reactive force field simulations clarify the landing mechanisms of the lysozymes and their fragments on collectors with different natures (gold- and hydrogen-terminated graphite). The results highlight the conditions of soft and reactive landing on rigid surfaces, the effects of the protein structure, energy, and incidence angle before landing, and the adhesion forces with the collector substrate. Many of the obtained results can be generalized to other soft and reactive landing approaches used for biomolecules such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bertolini
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Delcorte
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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2
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Muramoto S, Graham DJ, Castner DG. ToF-SIMS analysis of ultrathin films and their fragmentation patterns. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. A, VACUUM, SURFACES, AND FILMS : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY 2024; 42:023416. [PMID: 38328692 PMCID: PMC10846908 DOI: 10.1116/6.0003249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic thin films are of great interest due to their intriguing interfacial and functional properties, especially for device applications such as thin-film transistors and sensors. As their thickness approaches single nanometer thickness, characterization and interpretation of the extracted data become increasingly complex. In this study, plasma polymerization is used to construct ultrathin films that range in thickness from 1 to 20 nm, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry coupled with principal component analysis is used to investigate the effects of film thickness on the resulting spectra. We demonstrate that for these cross-linked plasma polymers, at these thicknesses, the observed trends are different from those obtained from thicker films with lower degrees of cross-linking: contributions from ambient carbon contamination start to dominate the mass spectrum; cluster-induced nonlinear enhancement in secondary ion yield is no longer observed; extent of fragmentation is higher due to confinement of the primary ion energy; and the size of the primary ion source also affects fragmentation (e.g., Bi1 versus Bi5). These differences illustrate that care must be taken in choosing the correct primary ion source as well as in interpreting the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Muramoto
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
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3
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Bernstein V, Bekkerman A, Kolodney E. Gradual weakening down to complete disappearance of the velocity correlated cluster emission effect in keV collisions of C60 with light metallic targets: Microscopic insights via molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:054705. [PMID: 38341692 DOI: 10.1063/5.0180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The so-called velocity correlated cluster emission (VCCE) effect is the recently reported emission of large clusters with nearly the same velocity from an atomically heavy target (such as coinage metals) following a single C60- impact at the keV kinetic energy range. The effect was observed to get weaker for a meaningfully lighter target (Al) down to its complete disappearance for C60-Be impact. Microscopic insight into the subpicosecond evolution and thermalization of the impact induced energy spike (driving the effect) is achieved using molecular dynamics simulations. It is shown that the weakening of the VCCE effect for aluminum (toward its complete disappearance for Be) is due to ultrafast decay of the atomic number density within the spike nanovolume, thus not enabling the buildup of sufficient subsurface pressure as required for driving the correlated emission. For the Be target, an extremely rapid decay of nearly 90% of the initial density within 200 fs from impact is observed. This finding provides further support for the conclusion that the emission of the velocity correlated clusters as observed for the heavier targets takes place within an ultra-short time window of only a few hundreds of femtoseconds, roughly extending from 200 to 500 fs from impact. The lower bound is dictated by the requirement for a relatively slow rate of decay of number density, enabling the buildup of a sufficiently intense pressure spike. The upper bound is dictated by the cooling rate of the spike (still maintaining an extremely high temperature of kT ≥ 1 eV, as experimentally observed) and the onset of the evolution of the impact crater.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bernstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - A Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - E Kolodney
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Priebe A, Aribia A, Sastre J, Romanyuk YE, Michler J. 3D High-Resolution Chemical Characterization of Sputtered Li-Rich NMC811 Thin Films Using TOF-SIMS. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1074-1084. [PMID: 36534635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Massive demand for Li-ion batteries stimulates the research of new materials such as high-capacity cathodes, metal anodes, and solid electrolytes, which should ultimately lead to new generations of batteries such as all-solid-state batteries. Such material discovery often requires knowledge on lithium's content and local distribution in complex Li-containing systems, which is a challenging analytical task. The state-of-the-art time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is one of the few chemical analysis techniques allowing for parallel detection of all sample components and representing their distributions in 3D with nanoscale resolution. In this work, we explore the outstanding potential of TOF-SIMS for comprehensive chemical and nano-/micro-structural characterization of novel Li-rich nickel manganese cobalt oxide thin films, which are potential cathode materials for the future generation batteries. Off-stoichiometric thin films of Li- and Ni-rich layered oxide with the composition of LixNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (LR-NMC811, x > 1) were deposited using reactive magnetron sputtering. Such thin films do not contain any conductive additives or binders and therefore serve as model 2D systems to investigate compositional fluctuations, surface and interface phenomena, and their aging. TOF-SIMS revealed the presence of 400 ± 100 nm overlithiated grains and 100 ± 30 nm nanoparticles with an increased 7Li16O+ ion content in the buried part of LR-NMC811. The Li-rich agglomerates could potentially serve as Li reservoirs for compensating Li losses during cathode fabrication and cell operation. Interestingly, these sub-micron structures decomposed in time upon exposure to ambient conditions for 30 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Priebe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Abdessalem Aribia
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Sastre
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yaroslav E Romanyuk
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
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Ma S, Leng Y, Li X, Meng Y, Yin Z, Hang W. High spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging for spatial metabolomics: Advances, challenges, and future perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Kolodney E, Armon E, Bekkerman A, Bernstein V, Tsipinyuk B. Velocity correlated emission of secondary clusters by a single surface impact of a polyatomic ion: A new mechanism of clusters emission and subpicosecond probing of extreme spike conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:19634-19658. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00145d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Emission of secondary clusters off clean solid surfaces following impact of a projectile ion at kiloelectronvolt (keV) kinetic energies is important from both the practical and fundamental points of view....
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Hiraoka K, Sakai Y, Kubota H, Ninomiya S, Rankin-Turner S. An Investigation of the Non-selective Etching of Synthetic Polymers by Electrospray Droplet Impact/Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (EDI/SIMS). Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2022; 12:A0114. [DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | - Yuji Sakai
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi
| | | | | | - Stephanie Rankin-Turner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University
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Priebe A, Barnes JP, Edwards TEJ, Huszár E, Pethö L, Michler J. Elemental Characterization of Al Nanoparticles Buried under a Cu Thin Film: TOF-SIMS vs STEM/EDX. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12518-12527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Priebe
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas Edward James Edwards
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Emese Huszár
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Laszlo Pethö
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
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Macia̧żek D, Kański M, Postawa Z. Intuitive Model of Surface Modification Induced by Cluster Ion Beams. Anal Chem 2020; 92:7349-7353. [PMID: 32314909 PMCID: PMC7588020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Topography development is one of the main factors limiting the quality of depth profiles during depth profiling experiments. One possible source of topography development is the formation of self-organized patterns due to cluster ion beam irradiation. In this work, we propose a simple model that can intuitively explain this phenomenon in terms of impact-induced mass transfer. By coupling our model with molecular dynamics simulations, we can predict the critical incidence angle, which separates the smoothening and roughening regimes. The results are in quantitative agreement with experiments. It is observed that the problems arising from topography development during depth profiling with cluster projectiles can be mitigated by reducing the beam incidence angle with respect to the surface normal or increasing its kinetic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Macia̧żek
- Smoluchowski Institute of
Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Micha Kański
- Smoluchowski Institute of
Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of
Physics, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
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10
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Priebe A, Pethö L, Michler J. Fluorine Gas Coinjection as a Solution for Enhancing Spatial Resolution of Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Separating Mass Interference. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2121-2129. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Priebe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Laszlo Pethö
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
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11
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Kański M, Postawa Z. Effect of the Impact Angle on the Kinetic Energy and Angular Distributions of β-Carotene Sputtered by 15 keV Ar 2000 Projectiles. Anal Chem 2019; 91:9161-9167. [PMID: 31194505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations are used to model ejection of particles from β-carotene samples bombarded by 15 keV Ar2000. The effect of the incidence angle on the angular and kinetic energy distributions is investigated. It has been found that both of these distributions are sensitive to the variation of the incidence angle, particularly near the normal incidence. For impacts along the surface normal, material ejection is azimuthally symmetric, and a significant emission occurs along the surface normal. The kinetic energy distribution of intact molecules has a maximum near 1 eV and terminates below approximately 2 eV. An increase of the incidence angle breaks the azimuthal symmetry. Most of the intact molecules become ejected in the forward direction. The maximum in the polar angle distribution shifts toward large off-normal angles. In addition, the most probable kinetic energy of ejected molecules is significantly increased. The mechanisms of molecular emission responsible for the observed changes are delineated. The implications of the observed ejection characteristics for the utilization of large gas cluster projectiles in secondary neutral mass spectrometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kański
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , S. Lojasiewicza 11 , Kraków , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics , Jagiellonian University , S. Lojasiewicza 11 , Kraków , Poland
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12
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Armon E, Zemel E, Bekkerman A, Bernstein V, Tsipinyuk B, Kolodney E. Emission of velocity-correlated clusters in fullerene-solid single collision and diagnostics of the impact energized subsurface nanovolume. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:204705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5089874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E. Armon
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - E. Zemel
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - A. Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - V. Bernstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - B. Tsipinyuk
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - E. Kolodney
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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13
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Verkhoturov SV, Gołuński M, Verkhoturov DS, Czerwinski B, Eller MJ, Geng S, Postawa Z, Schweikert EA. Hypervelocity cluster ion impacts on free standing graphene: Experiment, theory, and applications. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:160901. [PMID: 31042896 DOI: 10.1063/1.5080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We present results from experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations obtained with C60 and Au400 impacting on free-standing graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene-supported molecular layers. The experiments were run on custom-built ToF reflectron mass spectrometers with C60 and Au-LMIS sources with acceleration potentials generating 50 keV C60 2+ and 440-540 keV Au400 4+. Bombardment-detection was in the same mode as MD simulation, i.e., a sequence of individual projectile impacts with separate collection/identification of the ejecta from each impact in either the forward (transmission) or backward (reflection) direction. For C60 impacts on single layer graphene, the secondary ion (SI) yields for C2 and C4 emitted in transmission are ∼0.1 (10%). Similar yields were observed for analyte-specific ions from submonolayer deposits of phenylalanine. MD simulations show that graphene acts as a trampoline, i.e., they can be ejected without destruction. Another topic investigated dealt with the chemical composition of free-standing GO. The elemental composition was found to be approximately COH2. We have also studied the impact of Au400 clusters on graphene. Again SI yields were high (e.g., 1.25 C-/impact). 90-100 Au atoms evaporate off the exiting projectile which experiences an energy loss of ∼72 keV. The latter is a summation of energy spent on rupturing the graphene, ejecting carbon atoms and clusters and a dipole projectile/hole interaction. The charge distribution of the exiting projectiles is ∼50% neutrals and ∼25% either negatively or positively charged. We infer that free-standing graphene enables detection of attomole to zeptomole deposits of analyte via cluster-SI mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitriy S Verkhoturov
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Bartlomiej Czerwinski
- Applied Physics, Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Eller
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | - Sheng Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
| | | | - Emile A Schweikert
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3144, USA
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14
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Chu KJ, Chen PC, You YW, Chang HY, Kao WL, Chu YH, Wu CY, Shyue JJ. Integration of paper-based microarray and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for parallel detection and quantification of molecules in multiple samples automatically. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1005:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Muramoto S, Bennett J. Low Temperature Plasma for the Preparation of Crater Walls for Compositional Depth Profiling of Thin Inorganic Multilayers. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017; 49:515-521. [PMID: 28584389 DOI: 10.1002/sia.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An indirect, compositional depth profiling of an inorganic multilayer system using a helium low temperature plasma (LTP) containing 0.2% (v/v) SF6 was evaluated. A model multilayer system consisting of four 10 nm layers of silicon separated by four 50 nm layers of tungsten was plasma-etched for (10, 20, and 30) s at substrate temperatures of (50, 75, and 100) °C to obtain crater walls with exposed silicon layers that were then visualized using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to determine plasma-etching conditions that produced optimum depth resolutions. At a substrate temperature of 100 °C and an etch time of 10 s, the FWHM of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Si layers were (6.4, 10.9, and 12.5) nm, respectively, while the 1/e decay lengths were (2.5, 3.7, and 3.9) nm, matching those obtained from a SIMS depth profile. Though artifacts remain that contribute to degraded depth resolutions, a few experimental parameters have been identified that could be used to reduce their contributions. Further studies are needed, but as long as the artifacts can be controlled, plasma etching was found to be an effective method for preparing samples for compositional depth profiling of both organic and inorganic films, which could pave the way for an indirect depth profile analysis of inorganic-organic hybrid structures that have recently evolved into innovative next-generation materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Muramoto
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Joe Bennett
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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17
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Bobrowska J, Pabijan J, Wiltowska-Zuber J, Jany BR, Krok F, Awsiuk K, Rysz J, Budkowski A, Lekka M. Protocol of single cells preparation for time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2016; 511:52-60. [PMID: 27318241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There are several techniques like time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF SIMS) that require a special protocol for preparation of biological samples, in particular, those containing single cells due to high vacuum conditions that must be kept during the experiment. Frequently, preparation methodology involves liquid nitrogen freezing what is not always convenient. In our studies, we propose and validate a protocol for preparation of single cells. It consists of four steps: (i) paraformaldehyde fixation, (ii) salt removal, (iii) dehydrating, and (iv) sample drying under ambient conditions. The protocol was applied to samples with single melanoma cells i.e. WM115 and WM266-4 characterized by similar morphology. The surface and internal structures of cells were monitored using atomic force, scanning electron and fluorescent microscopes, used to follow any potential protocol-induced alterations. To validate the proposed methodology for sample preparation, ToF SIMS experiments were carried out using C60(+) cluster ion beam. The applied principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that chemical changes on cell surface of melanoma cells were large enough to differentiate between primary and secondary tumor sites. Subject category: Mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Bobrowska
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Pabijan
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland
| | - Joanna Wiltowska-Zuber
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland
| | - Benedykt R Jany
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Franciszek Krok
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Kamil Awsiuk
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jakub Rysz
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Budkowski
- Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Cracow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Cracow, Poland.
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Abstract
Imaging MS can provide unique information about the distribution of native and non-native compounds in biological specimen. MALDI MS and secondary ion MS are the two most commonly applied imaging MS techniques and can provide complementary information about a sample. MALDI offers access to high mass species such as proteins while secondary ion MS can operate at higher spatial resolution and provide information about lower mass species including elemental signals. Imaging MS is not limited to two dimensions and different approaches have been developed that allow 3D molecular images to be generated of chemicals in whole organs down to single cells. Resolution in the z-dimension is often higher than in x and y, so such analysis offers the potential for probing the distribution of drug molecules and studying drug action by MS with a much higher precision – possibly even organelle level.
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Kim YP, Shon HK, Shin SK, Lee TG. Probing nanoparticles and nanoparticle-conjugated biomolecules using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:237-247. [PMID: 24890130 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bio-conjugated nanoparticles have emerged as novel molecular probes in nano-biotechnology and nanomedicine and chemical analyses of their surfaces have become challenges. The time-of-flight (TOF) secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has been one of the most powerful surface characterization techniques for both nanoparticles and biomolecules. When combined with various nanoparticle-based signal enhancing strategies, TOF-SIMS can probe the functionalization of nanoparticles as well as their locations and interactions in biological systems. Especially, nanoparticle-based SIMS is an attractive approach for label-free drug screening because signal-enhancing nanoparticles can be designed to directly measure the enzyme activity. The chemical-specific imaging analysis using SIMS is also well suited to screen nanoparticles and nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates in complex environments. This review presents some recent applications of nanoparticle-based TOF-SIMS to the chemical analysis of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Pil Kim
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Republic of Korea
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Storm S, Ogurreck M, Laipple D, Krywka C, Burghammer M, Di Cola E, Müller M. On radiation damage in FIB-prepared softwood samples measured by scanning X-ray diffraction. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2015; 22:267-272. [PMID: 25723928 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The high flux density encountered in scanning X-ray nanodiffraction experiments can lead to severe radiation damage to biological samples. However, this technique is a suitable tool for investigating samples to high spatial resolution. The layered cell wall structure of softwood tracheids is an interesting system which has been extensively studied using this method. The tracheid cell has a complex geometry, which requires the sample to be prepared by cutting it perpendicularly to the cell wall axis. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling in combination with scanning electron microscopy allows precise alignment and cutting without splintering. Here, results of a scanning X-ray diffraction experiment performed on a biological sample prepared with a focused ion beam of gallium atoms are reported for the first time. It is shown that samples prepared and measured in this way suffer from the incorporation of gallium atoms up to a surprisingly large depth of 1 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Storm
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Hamburg, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Ogurreck
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Daniel Laipple
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Christina Krywka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Manfred Burghammer
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Emanuela Di Cola
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Martin Müller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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21
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Liao HY, Tsai MH, Kao WL, Kuo DY, Shyue JJ. Effects of the temperature and beam parameters on depth profiles in X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and secondary ion mass spectrometry under C60+–Ar+ cosputtering. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:129-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Muramoto S, Rading D, Bush B, Gillen G, Castner DG. Low-temperature plasma for compositional depth profiling of crosslinking organic multilayers: comparison with C60 and giant argon gas cluster sources. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1971-1978. [PMID: 25132297 PMCID: PMC4155327 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE For organic electronics, device performance can be affected by interlayer diffusion across interfaces. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) can resolve buried structures with nanometer resolution, but instrument artifacts make this difficult. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) is suggested as a way to prepare artifact-free surfaces for accurate determination of chemical diffusion. METHODS A model organic layer system consisting of three 1 nm delta layers of 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP) separated by three 30 nm layers of tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of LTP etching for the preparation of crater edge surfaces for subsequent compositional depth profile analysis. This was compared with depth profiles obtained using an instrument equipped with an argon cluster sputter source. RESULTS The quality of the depth profiles was determined by comparing the depth resolutions of the BCP delta layers. The full width at half maximum gave depth resolutions of 6.9 nm and 6.0 nm using LTP, and 6.2 nm and 5.8 nm using argon clusters. In comparison, the 1/e decay length of the trailing edge gave depth resolutions of 2.0 nm and 1.8 nm using LTP, and 3.5 nm and 3.4 nm using argon clusters. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of the 1/e decay lengths showed that LTP can determine the thickness and composition of the buried structures without instrument artifacts. Although it does suffer from contaminant deposition, LTP was shown to be a viable option for preparing crater edges for a more accurate determination of buried structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Muramoto
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Brian Bush
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Greg Gillen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - David G. Castner
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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23
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Armon E, Bekkerman A, Cohen Y, Bernstein J, Tsipinyuk B, Kolodney E. Direct experimental observation of a new mechanism for sputtering of solids by a large polyatomic projectile: velocity-correlated cluster emission. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2014; 113:027604. [PMID: 25062236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.113.027604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have measured kinetic energy distributions of Ta(n)C(n)(+) (n=1-10) and Ag(n)(+) (n=1-9) cluster ions sputtered off Ta and Ag targets, following impact of C(60)(-) at 14 keV kinetic energy. A gradual increase of the most probable kinetic energies with increased size of the emitted cluster was observed (nearly the same velocity for all n values). This behavior is in sharp contrast to that reported for cluster emission induced by the impact of a monoatomic projectile. Our observation is in good agreement with a mechanism based on the new concept of a superhot moving precursor as the source of the emitted clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Armon
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - A Bekkerman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Y Cohen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - J Bernstein
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - B Tsipinyuk
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - E Kolodney
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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24
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Takaishi R, Hiraoka K. Electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry (EDI/SIMS) using mixed solvents of water/methanol and water/2-propanol as projectile droplets. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rio Takaishi
- University of Yamanashi; Clean Energy Reserch Center; 4-3-11 Takeda Kofu Yamanashi 400-8511 Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- University of Yamanashi; Clean Energy Reserch Center; 4-3-11 Takeda Kofu Yamanashi 400-8511 Japan
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25
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Seah MP, Spencer SJ, Shard AG. Depth resolution, angle dependence, and the sputtering yield of Irganox 1010 by coronene primary ions. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:11885-92. [PMID: 24010582 DOI: 10.1021/jp408168z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study is reported of the depth resolution and angle dependence of sputtering yields using the reference organic material, Irganox 1010, for a new coronene(+) depth profiling ion source at 8 and 16 keV beam energies. This source provides excellent depth profiles as shown by 8.5 nm marker layers of Irganox 3114. Damage occurs but may be ignored for angles of incidence above 70° from the surface normal, as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the C 1s peak structure. Above 70°, XPS profiles of excellent depth resolution are obtained. The depth resolution, after removal of the thickness of the delta layers, shows a basic contribution of 5.7 nm together with a contribution of 0.043 times the depth sputtered. This is lower than generally reported for cluster sources. The coronene(+) source is thus found to be a useful and practical source for depth profiling organic materials. The angle dependencies of both the undamaged and damaged materials are described by a simple equation. The sputtering yields for the undamaged material are described by a universal equation and are consistent with those obtained for C60(+) sputtering. Comparison with the sputtering yields using an argon gas cluster ion source shows great similarities, but the yields for both the coronene(+) and C60(+) primary ion sources are slightly lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Seah
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory , Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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26
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Gilbert JB, Rubner MF, Cohen RE. Depth-profiling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of interlayer diffusion in polyelectrolyte multilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6651-6. [PMID: 23569265 PMCID: PMC3637782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222325110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional organic thin films often demand precise control over the nanometer-level structure. Interlayer diffusion of materials may destroy this precise structure; therefore, a better understanding of when interlayer diffusion occurs and how to control it is needed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy paired with C60(+) cluster ion sputtering enables high-resolution analysis of the atomic composition and chemical state of organic thin films with depth. Using this technique, we explore issues common to the polyelectrolyte multilayer field, such as the competition between hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions in multilayers, blocking interlayer diffusion of polymers, the exchange of film components with a surrounding solution, and the extent and kinetics of interlayer diffusion. The diffusion coefficient of chitosan (M = ∼100 kDa) in swollen hydrogen-bonded poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayer films was examined and determined to be 1.4*10(-12) cm(2)/s. Using the high-resolution data, we show that upon chitosan diffusion into the hydrogen-bonded region, poly(ethylene oxide) is displaced from the film. Under the conditions tested, a single layer of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) completely stops chitosan diffusion. We expect our results to enhance the understanding of how to control polyelectrolyte multilayer structure, what chemical compositional changes occur with diffusion, and under what conditions polymers in the film exchange with the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael F. Rubner
- Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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27
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Kennedy PE, Postawa Z, Garrison BJ. Dynamics Displayed by Energetic C60 Bombardment of Metal Overlayers on an Organic Substrate. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2348-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303348y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, 104
Chemistry Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, ul. Reymonta 4, 30-059 Kraków,
Poland
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- Department of Chemistry, 104
Chemistry Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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28
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Thompson RJ, Fearn S, Tan KJ, Cramer HG, Kloc CL, Curson NJ, Mitrofanov O. Revealing surface oxidation on the organic semi-conducting single crystal rubrene with time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5202-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50310k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Donegan M, Browning M. A REVIEW RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SAMPLE IONIZATION INTERFACES USED IN MASS SPECTROMETRY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.714595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Browning
- a Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , Connecticut , USA
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30
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Kersting R, Breitenstein D, Hagenhoff B, Fartmann M, Heller D, Grehl T, Brüner P, Niehuis E. Surface characterization of nanoparticles: different surface analytical techniques compared. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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31
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Kobayashi D, Yamamoto Y, Isemura T. Time-of-flight SIMS depth profiling of Na in SiO2glass using C60sputter ion beam. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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32
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Paruch RJ, Garrison BJ, Postawa Z. Mixed MD simulation - analytical model analysis of Ag(111), C60repetitive bombardment in the context of depth profiling for dynamic SIMS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.4940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Paruch
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics; Jagiellonian University; ul. Reymonta 4; 30-059; Krakow; Poland
| | - Barbara J. Garrison
- Department of Chemistry; Penn State University; 104 Chemistry Building; University Park; PA; 16802; USA
| | - Zbigniew Postawa
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics; Jagiellonian University; ul. Reymonta 4; 30-059; Krakow; Poland
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33
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Chang CJ, Chang HY, You YW, Liao HY, Kuo YT, Kao WL, Yen GJ, Tsai MH, Shyue JJ. Parallel detection, quantification, and depth profiling of peptides with dynamic-secondary ion mass spectrometry (D-SIMS) ionized by C60+–Ar+ co-sputtering. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 718:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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34
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Muramoto S, Brison J, Castner DG. Exploring the surface sensitivity of TOF-secondary ion mass spectrometry by measuring the implantation and sampling depths of Bi(n) and C60 ions in organic films. Anal Chem 2012; 84:365-72. [PMID: 22084828 PMCID: PMC3259203 DOI: 10.1021/ac202713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The surface sensitivity of Bi(n)(q+) (n = 1, 3, 5, q = 1, 2) and C(60)(q+) (q = 1, 2) primary ions in static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) experiments were investigated for molecular trehalose and polymeric tetraglyme organic films. Parameters related to surface sensitivity (impact crater depth, implantation depth, and molecular escape depths) were measured. Under static TOF-SIMS conditions (primary ion doses of 1 × 10(12) ions/cm(2)), the 25 keV Bi(1)(+) primary ions were the most surface sensitive with a molecular escape depth of 1.8 nm for protein films with tetraglyme overlayers, but they had the deepest implantation depth (~18 and 26 nm in trehalose and tetraglyme films, respectively). The 20 keV C(60)(+2) primary ions were the second most surface sensitive with a slightly larger molecular escape depth of 2.3 nm. The most important factor that determined the surface sensitivity of the primary ion was its impact crater depth or the amount of surface erosion. The most surface sensitive primary ions, Bi(1)(+) and C(60)(+2), created impact craters with depths of 0.3 and 1.0 nm, respectively, in tetraglyme films. In contrast, Bi(5)(+2) primary ions created impact craters with a depth of 1.8 nm in tetraglyme films and were the least surface sensitive with a molecular escape depth of 4.7 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Muramoto
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Jeremy Brison
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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35
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Passarelli MK, Winograd N. Lipid imaging with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1811:976-90. [PMID: 21664291 PMCID: PMC3199347 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental advances in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) now allow for the examination and characterization of lipids directly from biological materials. The successful application of SIMS-based imaging in the investigation of lipids directly from tissue and cells are demonstrated. Common complications and technical pitfalls are discussed. In this review, we examine the use of cluster ion sources and cryogenically compatible sample handling for improved ion yields and to expand the application potential of SIMS. Methodological improvements, including pre-treating the sample to improve ion yields and protocol development for 3-dimensional analyses (i.e. molecular depth profiling), are also included in this discussion. New high performance SIMS instruments showcasing the most advanced instrumental developments, including tandem MS capabilities and continuous ion beam compatibility, are described and the future direction for SIMS in lipid imaging is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa K Passarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park
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36
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Detection of peptides in high concentration of salts by electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Asakawa D, Hiraoka K. Surface characterization and depth profiling of biological molecules by electrospray droplet impact/SIMS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Asakawa
- Graduate School in Nanobioscience; Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto; Kanazawa-ku; Yokohama; 236-0027; Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center; The University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11; Kofu; 400-8511; Japan
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38
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Effect of sample rotation on surface roughness with keV C60 bombardment in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) experiments. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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39
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Cohen Y, Bernshtein V, Armon E, Bekkerman A, Kolodney E. Formation and emission of gold and silver carbide cluster ions in a single C60- surface impact at keV energies: experiment and calculations. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:124701. [PMID: 21456689 DOI: 10.1063/1.3561317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Impact of fullerene ions (C(60)(-)) on a metallic surface at keV kinetic energies and under single collision conditions is used as an efficient way for generating gas phase carbide cluster ions of gold and silver, which were rarely explored before. Positively and negatively charged cluster ions, Au(n)C(m)(+) (n = 1-5, 1 ≤ m ≤ 12), Ag(n)C(m)(+) (n = 1-7, 1 ≤ m ≤ 7), Au(n)C(m)(-) (n = 1-5, 1 ≤ m ≤ 10), and Ag(n)C(m)(-) (n = 1-3, 1 ≤ m ≤ 6), were observed. The Au(3)C(2)(+) and Ag(3)C(2)(+) clusters are the most abundant cations in the corresponding mass spectra. Pronounced odd/even intensity alternations were observed for nearly all Au(n)C(m)(+/-) and Ag(n)C(m)(+/-) series. The time dependence of signal intensity for selected positive ions was measured over a broad range of C(60)(-) impact energies and fluxes. A few orders of magnitude immediate signal jump instantaneous with the C(60)(-) ion beam opening was observed, followed by a nearly constant plateau. It is concluded that the overall process of the fullerene collision and formation∕ejection of the carbidic species can be described as a single impact event where the shattering of the incoming C(60)(-) ion into small C(m) fragments occurs nearly instantaneously with the (multiple) pickup of metal atoms and resulting emission of the carbide clusters. Density functional theory calculations showed that the most stable configuration of the Au(n)C(m)(+) (n = 1, 2) clusters is a linear carbon chain with one or two terminal gold atoms correspondingly (except for a bent configuration of Au(2)C(+)). The calculated AuC(m) adiabatic ionization energies showed parity alternations in agreement with the measured intensity alternations of the corresponding ions. The Au(3)C(2)(+) ion possesses a basic Au(2)C(2) acetylide structure with a π-coordinated third gold atom, forming a π-complex structure of the type [Au(π-Au(2)C(2))](+). The calculation shows meaningful contributions of direct gold-gold bonding to the overall stability of the Au(3)C(2)(+) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Cohen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa 32000, Israel
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40
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Asakawa D, Hiraoka K. Study of the desorption/ionization mechanism in electrospray droplet impact secondary ion mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:655-660. [PMID: 21290452 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray droplet impact (EDI) secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry in which highly charged water clusters produced from an atmospheric-pressure electrospray are accelerated in vacuum by several kV and impact on the sample deposited on the metal substrate. The abundances of the secondary ions for C(60) and amino acids are measured as a function of the acceleration voltage of the primary charged water droplets. Two desorption/ionization mechanisms are suggested in the EDI ionization processes: low-energy and high-energy regimes. In the low-energy regime, the excess charges in the primary droplets play a role in the formation of secondary ions. In the high-energy regime, samples are ionized by the supersonic collision of the primary droplets with the sample. The yield of secondary ions increases by about three orders of magnitude with increase in the acceleration voltage of the primary droplets from 1.75 kV to 10 kV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Asakawa
- Clean Energy Research Center, The University of Yamanashi, Takeda, Kofu, Japan
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41
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Kato N, Kudo M. Simulation of fragmentation of arginine molecule aggregate by quantum molecular dynamics for TOF-SIMS spectral analysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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42
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Muramoto S, Brison J, Castner D. ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of Trehalose: The Effect of Analysis Beam Dose on the Quality of Depth Profiles. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011; 43:58-61. [PMID: 22016576 PMCID: PMC3194093 DOI: 10.1002/sia.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In static secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) experiments, an analysis dose of 10(12) ions/cm(2) typically produces optimum results. However, the same dose used in dual beam depth profiling can significantly degrade the signal. This is because during each analysis cycle a high-energy beam is rastered across the same x-y location on the sample. If a sufficient amount of sample is not removed during each sputter cycle, the subsequent analysis cycle will sample a volume degraded by the previous analysis cycles. The dimensionless parameter R' is used to relate the amount of damage accumulated in the sample to the amount of analysis beam dose used relative to the etching beam. Depth profiles from trehalose films spin-cast onto silicon wafers acquired using Bi(1) (+) and Bi(3) (+) analysis beams were compared. As R' increased, the depth profile and the depth resolution (interface width) both degraded. At R' values below 0.04 for both Bi(1) (+) and Bi(3) (+), the shape of the profile as well as the depth resolution (9 nm) indicated that dual beam analysis can be superior to C(60) single beam depth profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Muramoto
- University of Washington, Department of Chemical Engineering
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43
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Abstract
This article reviews the new physics and new applications of secondary ion mass spectrometry using cluster ion probes. These probes, particularly C(60), exhibit enhanced molecular desorption with improved sensitivity owing to the unique nature of the energy-deposition process. In addition, these projectiles are capable of eroding molecular solids while retaining the molecular specificity of mass spectrometry. When the beams are microfocused to a spot on the sample, bioimaging experiments in two and three dimensions are feasible. We describe emerging theoretical models that allow the energy-deposition process to be understood on an atomic and molecular basis. Moreover, experiments on model systems are described that allow protocols for imaging on biological materials to be implemented. Finally, we present recent applications of imaging to biological tissue and single cells to illustrate the future directions of this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Winograd
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
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Postawa Z, Rzeznik L, Paruch R, Russo MF, Winograd N, Garrison BJ. Depth profiling by cluster projectiles as seen by computer simulations. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Poerschke D, Wucher A. Depth profiling of anodic tantalum oxide films with gold cluster ions. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Asakawa D, Yoshimura K, Takeda S, Hiraoka K. Direct analysis of lipids in mouse brain using electrospray droplet impact/SIMS. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:437-443. [PMID: 20301169 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray droplet impact (EDI)/secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is a new desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry in which highly charged water clusters produced from the atmospheric-pressure electrospray are accelerated in vacuum by 10 kV and impact the sample deposited on the metal substrate. EDI/SIMS was shown to enhance intact molecular ion formation dramatically compared to conventional SIMS. EDI/SIMS has been successfully applied to the analysis of mouse brain without any sample preparation. Five types of lipids, i.e. phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol (PI), galactocerebroside (GC) and sulfatide (ST), were readily detected from mouse brain section. In addition, by EDI/SIMS, six different regions of the mouse brain (cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, striatum, medulla oblongata, cerebellar cortex and cerebellar medulla) were examined. While GCs and STs were found to be rich in white matter, PIs were rich in gray matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Asakawa
- Clean Energy Research Center, The University of Yamanashi, Takeda 4-3-11, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8511, Japan
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Mahoney CM. Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry of polymers and related materials. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:247-293. [PMID: 19449334 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (cluster SIMS) has played a critical role in the characterization of polymeric materials over the last decade, allowing for the ability to obtain spatially resolved surface and in-depth molecular information from many polymer systems. With the advent of new molecular sources such as C(60)(+), Au(3)(+), SF(5)(+), and Bi(3)(+), there are considerable increases in secondary ion signal as compared to more conventional atomic beams (Ar(+), Cs(+), or Ga(+)). In addition, compositional depth profiling in organic and polymeric systems is now feasible, without the rapid signal decay that is typically observed under atomic bombardment. The premise behind the success of cluster SIMS is that compared to atomic beams, polyatomic beams tend to cause surface-localized damage with rapid sputter removal rates, resulting in a system at equilibrium, where the damage created is rapidly removed before it can accumulate. Though this may be partly true, there are actually much more complex chemistries occurring under polyatomic bombardment of organic and polymeric materials, which need to be considered and discussed to better understand and define the important parameters for successful depth profiling. The following presents a review of the current literature on polymer analysis using cluster beams. This review will focus on the surface and in-depth characterization of polymer samples with cluster sources, but will also discuss the characterization of other relevant organic materials, and basic polymer radiation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Mahoney
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, Surface and Microanalysis Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8371, USA.
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Baer DR, Gaspar DJ, Nachimuthu P, Techane SD, Castner DG. Application of surface chemical analysis tools for characterization of nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:983-1002. [PMID: 20052578 PMCID: PMC2841528 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The important role that surface chemical analysis methods can and should play in the characterization of nanoparticles is described. The types of information that can be obtained from analysis of nanoparticles using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), low-energy ion scattering (LEIS), and scanning-probe microscopy (SPM), including scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), are briefly summarized. Examples describing the characterization of engineered nanoparticles are provided. Specific analysis considerations and issues associated with using surface-analysis methods for the characterization of nanoparticles are discussed and summarized, with the impact that shape instability, environmentally induced changes, deliberate and accidental coating, etc., have on nanoparticle properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Baer
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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Zhu Z, Nachimuthu P, Lea AS. Molecular Depth Profiling of Sucrose Films: A Comparative Study of C60n+ Ions and Traditional Cs+ and O2+ Ions. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8272-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900553z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Ponnusamy Nachimuthu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Alan S. Lea
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
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