1
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Cheon S, Cho WJ, Yi GR, Kang B, Oh SS. Ultrafast and Reversible Superwettability Switching of 3D Graphene Foams via Solvent-Exclusive Plasma Treatments. ACS NANO 2024; 18:24012-24023. [PMID: 39033415 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
For highly active electron transfer and ion diffusion, controlling the surface wettability of electrically and thermally conductive 3D graphene foams (3D GFs) is required. Here, we present ultrasimple and rapid superwettability switching of 3D GFs in a reversible and reproducible manner, mediated by solvent-exclusive microwave arcs. As the 3D GFs are prepared with vapors of nonpolar acetone or polar water exclusively, short microwave radiation (≤10 s) leads to plasma hotspot-mediated production of methyl and hydroxyl radicals, respectively. Upon immediate radical chemisorption, the 3D surfaces become either superhydrophobic (water contact angle = ∼170°) or superhydrophilic (∼0°), and interestingly, the wettability transition can be repeated many times due to the facile exchange between previously chemisorbed and newly introduced radicals via the formation of methanol-like intermediates. When 3D GFs of different surficial polarities are incorporated into electric double-layer capacitors with nonpolar ionic liquids or polar aqueous electrolytes, the polarity matching between graphene surfaces and electrolytes results in ≥548.0 times higher capacitance compared to its mismatching at ≥0.5 A g-1, demonstrating the significance of wettability-controlled 3D GFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Cheon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Won-Jang Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Gi-Ra Yi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Byoungwoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, South Korea
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2
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Groppo E, Rojas-Buzo S, Bordiga S. The Role of In Situ/ Operando IR Spectroscopy in Unraveling Adsorbate-Induced Structural Changes in Heterogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12135-12169. [PMID: 37882638 PMCID: PMC10636737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysts undergo thermal- and/or adsorbate-induced dynamic changes under reaction conditions, which consequently modify their catalytic behavior. Hence, it is increasingly crucial to characterize the properties of a catalyst under reaction conditions through the so-called "operando" approach. Operando IR spectroscopy is probably one of the most ubiquitous and versatile characterization methods in the field of heterogeneous catalysis, but its potential in identifying adsorbate- and thermal-induced phenomena is often overlooked in favor of other less accessible methods, such as XAS spectroscopy and high-resolution microscopy. Without detracting from these techniques, and while aware of the enormous value of a multitechnique approach, the purpose of this Review is to show that IR spectroscopy alone can provide relevant information in this field. This is done by discussing a few selected case studies from our own research experience, which belong to the categories of both "single-site"- and nanoparticle-based catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Rojas-Buzo
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry,
NIS Centre and INSTM, University of Torino, via Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy
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3
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Cruz CA, Monwar MM, Barr J, McDaniel MP. Identification of the Starting Group on the First PE Chain Produced by the Phillips Catalyst. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Cruz
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Phillips 66 Research Center, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - M. M. Monwar
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Phillips 66 Research Center, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - J. Barr
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Phillips 66 Research Center, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
| | - M. P. McDaniel
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP, Phillips 66 Research Center, Bartlesville, Oklahoma 74003, United States
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4
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The Effect of Al-Alkyls on the Phillips Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization: The Case of Diethylaluminum Ethoxide (DEALE). Top Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-018-1041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Copéret C, Allouche F, Chan KW, Conley MP, Delley MF, Fedorov A, Moroz IB, Mougel V, Pucino M, Searles K, Yamamoto K, Zhizhko PA. Bridging the Gap between Industrial and Well‐Defined Supported Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6398-6440. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Florian Allouche
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Current address: Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Murielle F. Delley
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Ilia B. Moroz
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Victor Mougel
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Current address: Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR CNRS 8229, Collège de FranceUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot 75005 Paris France
| | - Margherita Pucino
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Keith Searles
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Keishi Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pavel A. Zhizhko
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement CompoundsRussian Academy of Sciences Vavilov street 28 119991 Moscow Russia
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6
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Moussa S, Concepción P, Arribas MA, Martínez A. Nature of Active Nickel Sites and Initiation Mechanism for Ethylene Oligomerization on Heterogeneous Ni-beta Catalysts. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moussa
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Concepción
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - María A. Arribas
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Agustín Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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7
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Copéret C, Allouche F, Chan KW, Conley MP, Delley MF, Fedorov A, Moroz IB, Mougel V, Pucino M, Searles K, Yamamoto K, Zhizhko PA. Eine Brücke zwischen industriellen und wohldefinierten Trägerkatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Copéret
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Florian Allouche
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Ka Wing Chan
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Matthew P. Conley
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California, Riverside 501 Big Springs Road Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Murielle F. Delley
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Alexey Fedorov
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Ilia B. Moroz
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Victor Mougel
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, UMR CNRS 8229, Collège de FranceUniversité Pierre et Marie Curie 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot 75005 Paris Frankreich
| | - Margherita Pucino
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Keith Searles
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Keishi Yamamoto
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Pavel A. Zhizhko
- Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5 8093 Zürich Schweiz
- A. N. Nesmeyanow-Institut für Elementorganische VerbindungenRussische Akademie der Wissenschaften Vavilov str. 28 119991 Moskau Russland
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8
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Chen JJ, Zhang T, Zhang MQ, Liu QY, Li XN, He SG. Size-Dependent Reactivity of Nano-Sized Neutral Manganese Oxide Clusters toward Ethylene. Chemistry 2017; 23:15820-15826. [PMID: 28925004 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neutral manganese oxide clusters with the general composition Mn2 N O3 N+x (N=2-22; x=-1, 0, 1) with dimensions up to a nanosize were prepared by laser ablation and reacted with C2 H4 in a fast flow reactor. The size-dependent reactivity of C2 H4 adsorption on these clusters was experimentally identified and the adsorption reactivity decreases generally with an increase of the cluster size. Density functional theory calculations were performed to study the geometrical and electronic structures of the Mn2 N O3 N (N=1-6) clusters. The calculated results indicated that the coordination number and the charge distribution of the metal centers are responsible for the experimentally observed size-dependent reactivity. The highly charged Mn atoms with low coordination are preferential to adsorb C2 H4 . In contrast, the neutral manganese oxide clusters are completely inert toward the saturated hydrocarbon molecule C2 H6 . This work provides new perspectives to design related materials in the separation of hydrocarbon molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Na Li
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, CAS Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P.R. China
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9
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Barzan C, Piovano A, Braglia L, Martino GA, Lamberti C, Bordiga S, Groppo E. Ligands Make the Difference! Molecular Insights into CrVI/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst during Ethylene Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17064-17073. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Barzan
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piovano
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Luca Braglia
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
- IRC
“Smart Materials”, Southern Federal University, Zorge
Street 5, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
| | - Giorgia A. Martino
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- IRC
“Smart Materials”, Southern Federal University, Zorge
Street 5, Rostov-on-Don 344090, Russia
- Department
of Chemistry, CrisDi Interdepartmental Center, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, Turin I10125, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department
of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Center and INSTM Reference Center, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, Turin I10135, Italy
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10
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Spectroscopic Methods in Catalysis and Their Application in Well-Defined Nanocatalysts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-805090-3.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Barzan C, Bordiga S, Quadrelli EA, Groppo E. Reactivity of Hydrosilanes with the CrII/SiO2 Phillips Catalyst: Observation of Intermediates and Properties of the Modified CrII Sites. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0694-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Gierada M, Michorczyk P, Tielens F, Handzlik J. Reduction of chromia–silica catalysts: A molecular picture. J Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Chakrabarti A, Gierada M, Handzlik J, Wachs IE. Operando Molecular Spectroscopy During Ethylene Polymerization by Supported CrO x /SiO2 Catalysts: Active Sites, Reaction Intermediates, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Top Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-016-0546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Bordiga S, Lamberti C, Bonino F, Travert A, Thibault-Starzyk F. Probing zeolites by vibrational spectroscopies. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7262-341. [PMID: 26435467 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00396b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the most relevant aspects of vibrational spectroscopies (IR, Raman and INS) applied to zeolites and zeotype materials. Surface Brønsted and Lewis acidity and surface basicity are treated in detail. The role of probe molecules and the relevance of tuning both the proton affinity and the steric hindrance of the probe to fully understand and map the complex site population present inside microporous materials are critically discussed. A detailed description of the methods needed to precisely determine the IR absorption coefficients is given, making IR a quantitative technique. The thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process that can be extracted from a variable-temperature IR study are described. Finally, cutting-edge space- and time-resolved experiments are reviewed. All aspects are discussed by reporting relevant examples. When available, the theoretical literature related to the reviewed experimental results is reported to support the interpretation of the vibrational spectra on an atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bordiga
- Department of Chemistry, NIS and INSTM Reference Centers, University of Torino, Via Quarello 15, I-10135 Torino, Italy
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15
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Liu Z, He X, Cheng R, Eisen MS, Terano M, Scott SL, Liu B. Chromium Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization and Oligomerization. CATALYSIS AND KINETICS - MOLECULAR LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-419974-3.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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16
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Groppo E, Seenivasan K, Barzan C. The potential of spectroscopic methods applied to heterogeneous catalysts for olefinpolymerization. Catal Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cy20559a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Cheng R, Liu Z, Zhong L, He X, Qiu P, Terano M, Eisen MS, Scott SL, Liu B. Phillips Cr/Silica Catalyst for Ethylene Polymerization. POLYOLEFINS: 50 YEARS AFTER ZIEGLER AND NATTA I 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Zecchina A, Groppo E. Surface chromium single sites: open problems and recent advances. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2012.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The results of decades of studies on the Phillips chromium (Cr)/silica polymerization catalyst are briefly summarized. The application of several characterization methods has allowed a detailed knowledge of the structure and reactivity of Cr centres to be obtained. In particular, many aspects of this apparently simple single-site catalyst, including the heterogeneity, the modification of the ligand sphere upon interaction with many molecules and the initiation mechanism of the ethylene polymerization reaction, have been clarified. It is shown that based on the acquired knowledge, it is now possible to proceed further towards the intelligent modification of the ligand sphere with the scope to increase the reaction rate and selectivity. It is also illustrated that, besides polymerization/oligomerization reactions, it is possible to extend the study of Cr
II
reactivity towards new reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Zecchina
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Groppo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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19
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Barzan C, Groppo E, Quadrelli EA, Monteil V, Bordiga S. Ethylene polymerization on a SiH4-modified Phillips catalyst: detection of in situ produced α-olefins by operando FT-IR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2239-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23269c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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20
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Lamberti C, Zecchina A, Groppo E, Bordiga S. Probing the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts by in situ IR spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:4951-5001. [PMID: 21038053 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This critical review describes the reactivity of heterogeneous catalysts from the point of view of four simple, but essential for Chemistry, molecules (namely dihydrogen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide and ethylene) that are considered as probes or as reactants in combination with "in situ" controlled temperature and pressure Infrared spectroscopy. The fundamental properties of H(2), CO, NO and C(2)H(4) are shortly described in order to justify their different behaviour in respect of isolated sites in different environments, extended surfaces, clusters, crystalline or amorphous materials. The description is given by considering some "key studies" and trying to evidence similarities and differences among surfaces and probes (572 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Lamberti
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Materials Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin. Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
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21
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McDaniel MP. A Review of the Phillips Supported Chromium Catalyst and Its Commercial Use for Ethylene Polymerization. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(10)53003-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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22
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Damin A, Vitillo JG, Ricchiardi G, Bordiga S, Lamberti C, Groppo E, Zecchina A. Modeling CO and N2 Adsorption at Cr Surface Species of Phillips Catalyst by Hybrid Density Functionals: Effect of Hartree−Fock Exchange Percentage. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:14261-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp902650m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Damin
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P.Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino
| | - Jenny G. Vitillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P.Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino
| | - Gabriele Ricchiardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P.Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino
| | - Silvia Bordiga
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P.Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino
| | - Carlo Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P.Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino
| | - Elena Groppo
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P.Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino
| | - Adriano Zecchina
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM, and NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Via P.Giuria 7, I-10125 Torino
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23
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Abstract
New materials capable of storing hydrogen at high gravimetric and volumetric densities are required if hydrogen is to be widely employed as a clean alternative to hydrocarbon fuels in cars and other mobile applications. With exceptionally high surface areas and chemically-tunable structures, microporous metal-organic frameworks have recently emerged as some of the most promising candidate materials. In this critical review we provide an overview of the current status of hydrogen storage within such compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the relationships between structural features and the enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption, spectroscopic methods for probing framework-H(2) interactions, and strategies for improving storage capacity (188 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie J Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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24
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Chavan S, Bonino F, Vitillo JG, Groppo E, Lamberti C, Dietzel PDC, Zecchina A, Bordiga S. Response of CPO-27-Ni towards CO, N2 and C2H4. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9811-22. [DOI: 10.1039/b907258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Groppo E, Estephane J, Lamberti C, Spoto G, Zecchina A. Ethylene, propylene and ethylene oxide in situ polymerization on the Cr(II)/SiO2 system: A temperature- and pressure-dependent investigation. Catal Today 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2007.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Zecchina A, Groppo E, Bordiga S. Selective catalysis and nanoscience: an inseparable pair. Chemistry 2007; 13:2440-60. [PMID: 17294491 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Selective catalysts can be considered as nanomachines designed to perform the synthesis of molecules with high reaction activity and high selectivity. These properties arise from a precise control of the structure of the active sites, of the three-dimensional environment and of their relationship. In both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts the active site three-dimensional environment ensemble is always a complex structure resembling the tuneable structure of enzymes, which are the most efficient catalysts optimized by nature over billions of years. To illustrate this concept the structure of a few homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for alkenes hydrogenation and for olefin polymerization are chosen and discussed as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Zecchina
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Materials Chemistry, NIS (Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces) Centre of Excellence and INSTM Centro di Riferimento, University of Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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27
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Bordiga S, Regli L, Bonino F, Groppo E, Lamberti C, Xiao B, Wheatley PS, Morris RE, Zecchina A. Adsorption properties of HKUST-1 toward hydrogen and other small molecules monitored by IR. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:2676-85. [PMID: 17627311 DOI: 10.1039/b703643d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Among microporous systems metal organic frameworks are considered promising materials for molecular adsorption. In this contribution infrared spectroscopy is successfully applied to highlight the positive role played by coordinatively unsaturated Cu2+ ions in HKUST-1, acting as specific interaction sites. A properly activated material, obtained after solvent removal, is characterized by a high fraction of coordinatively unsaturated Cu2+ ions acting as preferential adsorption sites that show specific activities towards some of the most common gaseous species (NO, CO2, CO, N2 and H2). From a temperature dependent IR study, it has been estimated that the H2 adsorption energy is as high as 10 kJ mol(-1). A very complex spectral evolution has been observed upon lowering the temperature. A further peculiarity of this material is the fact that it promotes ortho-para conversion of the adsorbed H2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bordiga
- Dipartimento di Chimica IFM and NIS Centre of Excellence, Università di Torino, INSTM UdR Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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28
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29
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Chapter 6 Active Centers in Transition Metal Catalysts and Mechanisms of Polymerization Reactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2991(07)00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Damin A, Bonino F, Bordiga S, Groppo E, Lamberti C, Zecchina A. Vibrational Properties of CrIICenters on Reduced Phillips Catalysts Highlighted by Resonant Raman Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2006; 7:342-4. [PMID: 16389598 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Damin
- Department of IFM Chemistry, NIS Centre of Excellence and INSTM, UdR di Torino, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino (Italy)
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31
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Groppo E, Lamberti C, Cesano F, Zecchina A. On the fraction of CrII sites involved in the C2H4 polymerization on the Cr/SiO2 Phillips catalyst: a quantification by FTIR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:2453-6. [PMID: 16721428 DOI: 10.1039/b604515d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An estimation of the fraction of Cr(II) sites involved in the C(2)H(4) polymerization on a Cr(II)/SiO(2) Phillips catalyst has been obtained by means of in situ alternated CO adsorption and C(2)H(4) polymerization FTIR experiments: about 28% of the total surface sites react fast with C(2)H(4), while a lower fraction, which depends upon the temperature reaction conditions, is more slowly involved, in agreement with XANES results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Groppo
- Department of Inorganic, Physical and Materials Chemistry, INSTM centro di riferimento and NIS Centre of Excellence, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
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